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EDUCATION• Educaton is an all
round drawing out of the best in child and man's body, mind and "spirit".
Aristotle
• The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.
DR. RADHA KRISHNAN
THE TEACHER WHO BECAME THE PRESIDENT OF INDIA
TEACHING• "Teaching is an
interactive process, primarily involving class room talk, which takes place between the teacher and pupils and occurs during certain definable activities".
TEACHING• "Teaching is the stimulation,
guidance direction and encouragement of learning"- BURTON
TEACHING
• "Teaching is th task of the teacher which is performed for the development of the child or learner".- ETHMAS P GREEN.
Concept of Teaching
TEACHER LEARNER
CHARACTERISTICS
TEACHING
PRINCIPLES
MAXIMS
• WORDS
• THEORIES
• PHILOSOPHIES
• EXPERIENCES
• OBSERVATION
PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING
PRINCIPLES
BURTON'S PRINCIPLES
ADHOE SANDE COMMITTEE
GENERAL PRINCIPLES
BURTON'S PRINCIPLES (1958)
• Bright students can learn things in a better way and dull students cannot learn.
• A motivated learner learns more readily than one is not motivated.
• Learning under intrinsic motivation is preferable to learning under extrinsic motivation.
• Learners require practice in fixing realistic goals for themselves. These goals should not be too high or too low.
• Tolerance for failure is the best, by giving a backlog of success.
• The personal history of the teacher may hamper or enhance learner ability to learn.
• Meaningful material & meaningful tasks are learned more quickly than nonsense material.
• Practice & repetition is much more useful for permanent learning.
• Knowledge of correct answers & results aid learning and function as feedback to the learner.
• If a learner himself discovers relationship between new & old tasks, the transfer of learning will be better.
• The retention can be encouraged by spaced or distracted recall of learning material.
ADHOE SANDE (1999)
• Teaching sets clear goals and intellectual challenge.
• It employs approriate teaching methods & strategies that actively involves the learner.
LEARNER
TEACHER TEACHING MATERIAL
• Teaching should communicate and interact effectively with students.
• It attends to the intellectual growth of the students while teaching.
• Teaching should respect diverse talents and learning styles of the students
• Teaching should incorporate learning beyond class room.
• It should reflect on, monitor and improve teaching practices.
GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING (10)
1. Principle of aim.
2. principle of activity or learning by diong.
3. Principle of linking with actual life and other subjects.
4. principle of planning.
5. Principle of interest or motivation
6. Principle of sympathy & kind atmosphere.
7. Principle of flexibility and co-operation.
8. Principle of diagnostic and remedial teaching.
9. Principle of looking ahead.
10. Principle of creativity.
MAXIMS OF TEACHING (11)
• 1. From konwn to unknown.
• 2. From easy to difficult.
• 3. Simple to complex.
• 4. Concrete to abstract.
• 5. Particular to general
• 6. Indefinite to definite.
• 7. Empirical to rational.
• 8. Psychological to logical.
• 9. Part to Whole .
• 10. Whole to part.
• 11. Near to far.
• 12. Inductive to deductive & deductive to inductive.
• 13. Actual to representative.
• 14. General to specific.
• 15. Observation to reasoning.
• 16. Analysis to synthesis.
• 17. Overview to details.
• 18. Follow nature.
METHODS OF TEACHING (17)
1. Lecture method.
2. Demonstration method.
3. Group discussion method.
4. Seminar.
5. Symposium.
6. Panel Discussion.
7. Role playing
• 8.Project method.• 9. Field Trip method.• 11. Computer Assisted Learning.• 12. Micro Teaching.• 13. Self Instructional Module.• 14. Simulation.• 15. Case Method.• 16. Clinical Teaching method.• 17. Nursing Rounds & Reports.
• 18. Workshop.
• 19. Exhibition.
• 20. Programmed Instruction.
• 21. Problem Based Learning.
• 22. Problem Solving.
• 23. Self Directed Learning.
• 24. Nursing Rounds.
• 25. Nursing Assignment.
• 27. Conference.(Nursing Care Conference, Individual
Conference, Health Team Conference).
• 28. Process Recording.• 29. Morning and Afternoon
Reports.• 30. Application of computers in
Nursing.
