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Training program on
Geometr ic Dimensioning andTolerancing
forHONEYWELL
TECHNOLOGIES Ltd.,
BANGALORE, 2527thAug05
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Introduction
to GD& T, Symbols, Terms
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COURSE OBJECTIVE
1. Be able to explain the main benefits ofG D & T
2. Develop a Solid foundation of GD&T
fundamentals3. Be able to properly apply all 14
geometric controls
4. Be able to demonstrate a workingknowledge of the applications of thePosition control
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What is GD&T
GD&T is a symbolic language
GD&T is a design tool
GD&T communicates design intent
GD&TAuthoritative document is
ASME Y14.5M-1994 which specifies the
proper application of GD&T
GD&T is going to stay in the industry
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When to use GD&T
When drawing and its interpretation must be same
When features are critical to function orinterchangeability
When it is important to avoid scrapping ofperfectly good parts
When it is important to reduce drawing changes
When functional gauging is required
When automated equipment is used When it is important to increase productivity
When companies want savings
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HISTORY OF GD&T
Drawings existed as far back as 6000 B.C.
Unit of measurement at that time is royal cubit.
During 4000 B.C standardized to 4000 B.C.
Manufacturing started in 1800s .
The total process was conducted under one roof,
communication among craftsmen was immediate and
constant.
Nothing less than perfection was good enough. There were variation, but back then measuring
instruments were not precise enough to identify them.
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Now Engineers understand the variation is
unavoidable.
The variation acceptable without impairing the
function of assembly is identified as tolerance.
This led to the development of Coordinate
dimensioning.
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ENGINEERING DRAWING
STANDARDS
1935- American Standards Association(ASA)published American Drawing and DraftingRoom Practices.
World war II- Stanley Parker of Royal Torpedo
Factory in Alexandria, Scotland createdpositional tolerancing with cylindricaltolerance zone rather than square tolerance
zone.1940-Draftsmens handbook by Chevrolet, U.S.
1944 &1948- British published DimensionalAnalysis of Engineering Design.
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1946- ASA published II edition ofAmerican
Standard Drawing and Drafting Room Practice.
1946- SAE published Aeronautical
Drafting Manual
1949- U.S Military published MIL-STD-8
1952- SAE Automotive Drafting Manual
1953- MIL_STDA revised.
1957- ASA Y14.5
1982- American National StandardsInstitute (ANSI) published ANSI Y14.5.
1994- ANSI Y14.5 Revised.
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I ntroduction to Geometr ic Dimensioning and
Tolerancing GD & T standards
ANSI Y 14.5M 1982
ISO 11011983
ASME Y14.5M -1994
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ISO 1101 -1983
(Technical Drawings-Geometrical Tolerancing-Tolerancing of Form, Orientation, Location and Run-out)
ANSI Y14.5
1982-American National Standards Institute (ANSI)published ANSI Y14.5
ASME Y14.5M-1994
ASME Y14.5M-1994 Revised.
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CO ORDINATE TOLERANCING
SYSTEM
Part feature is located (or defined) by means ofrectangular dimensions with given tolerances.
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THREE MAJOR SHORTCOMING OF
COORDINATE DIMENSIONING
1. Square or rectangular tolerance zones.
2. Fixed-size tolerance zones.
3. Ambiguous instruction for inspection.
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1.Square (or illogical )Tolerance Zones.
Diagonally more tolerance (0.707) than vertical and
horizontal direction (0.5)
More logical and functional approach is to allow same
tolerance on all sides, creating cylindrical tolerance
zone.
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COMPARISION BETWEEN GD&T
AND COORDINATE TOLERANCING.
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Cylindrical vs. RectangularTolerance Zones
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GEOMETRIC DIMENSIONING AND
TOLERANCING.
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Rectangular Tolerancing
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Rectangular Tolerance
Analysis
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Geometric Tolerancing
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Geometric Dimensioning
Tolerance Analysis
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2.Fixed-Size Tolerance zones
Function of a hole in assembly is , hole location iscritical when the hole is at minimum limit (MMC).
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If hole size is larger than its minimum size limit,
its location tolerance can be correspondingly
larger without affecting the part function.
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Co-ordinate tolerancing does not allow
for cylindrical tolerance zones and
tolerance hole that increase with the
hole size, lengthy notes have to be
added.
LMC
MMC
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3.AMBIGUOUS INSTRUCTION FOR
INSPECTORS
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Different ways to hold the part for inspection,
confusion for the inspector which surface to touch
the gage equipment first, second and third.
Consequence:
Good parts could be rejected or,Bad parts could be accepted.
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3 Benefits of GD & T
A. Cylindrical tolerance zones.
B. Maximum Mater ial Condition.
C. Datums specif ied in order of precedence.
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Type of dimension Appropriate
use
Poor use
Size
Chamfer
Radius
Locating part feature
Controlling angular
relationships
Defining the form of
part feature
COORDINATE DIMENSIONING USAGE
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Symbols, Terms, of GD& T
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Symbols
GD&T symbols are the essence of this graphic language.It is important not only to know each symbol, but also to
know how to apply these symbols to drawings
Terms
The names and definitions of many GD&T concepts are
very specific to this subject. In some cases they are verydifferent from general English usage
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Symbols of GD & T
Geometric characteristic symbolsare aset offourteen Symbols used in thelanguage of geometric tolerancing.
The symbols are divided into five
categories:1. Form
2. Profile
3. Orientation4. Location
5. Runout
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FEATURES
A feature is a general term applied toa physical portion of part, such as asurface, hole or slots,tabs.
An easy way to remember this termis to think of a feature as a part
surface.
S
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FEATURES
FEATURE OF SIZE
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FEATURE OF SIZE This is one cylindrical or spherical
surface, or set of two opposed elements or
parallel surfaces associated with sizedimension which has an axis, center lineor center planecontained within it.
Features of size are features, which dohave diameter or thickness.
These may be cylinders, such as shafts
and holes. They may also be slots,rectangular or flat parts, where twoparallel flat surfaces are considered toform a single feature.
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How many feature of size are there?
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FEATURE OF SIZE NON FEATURE OF SIZE
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EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL FOS
External FOS are comprised ofpartsurfaces that are external surfaces.
Like shaft diameter or width andheight of a planner surfaces.
Internal FOS is comprised of partsurfaces (or elements) that areinternal part surfaces.
like hole diameter or the width of aslot.
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Example:
FEATURE OF SIZE
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FEATURE OF SIZEDIMENSIONS
A feature of size dimension is a dimensionthat is associated with a feature of size.
ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE
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ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE= PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART.
TheActual Mating Envelope (AME) ofan external feature of size is a
similar perfect featurecounterpart ofthe smallest size that can becircumscribed about the feature so it
just contacts the surfaces at thehighest points with in the tolerancezone.
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Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an external
FOS
ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE
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ACTUAL MATING ENVELOPE
= PERFECT FEATURE COUNTERPART
The actual mating envelope (AME) ofan internal feature of sizeis a similar
perfect feature counterpart of thelargest size that can be inscribedwithin the feature so that it justcontacts the surfaces at their highest
points with in the tolerance zone.
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Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal FOS
Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internal
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Actual Mating Envelope (AME) of an internalFOS
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MATERIAL CONDITIONS
A geometric tolerance can be specified to
apply at the largest size, smallest size oractual size of a feature of size.
Maximum Material Condition (MMC)Maximum material condition is thecondition in which a feature of sizecontains the maximumamount of material
everywhere within the stated limits ofsize.
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MMC
MMC of external Feature Of Size
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MMC
MMC of internal Feature Of Size
LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION
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LEAST MATERIAL CONDITION(LMC)
Least material condition is the condition inwhich a feature of size contains the leastamount of material everywhere within thestated limits of size .
LEASTMATERIALCONDITION
Regardless of feature size
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Regardless of feature size(RFS)
Regardless of feature size is the term thatindicates a geometric tolerance applies atany increment of size of the feature withinits size tolerance. NO Bonus tolerance
RFS applied only to size features, such ashole, shafts, pins, etc.; feature which havean axis, centerplane or centerline.
Symbol : S
Material Condition Usage
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Material Condition Usage Each material condition is used for
different functional reasons.
Geometric tolerances are often specifiedto apply at MMC when the function of aFOS is assembly.
Geometric tolerances are often specifiedto apply at LMC to insure a minimumdistance on a part.
Geometric tolerances are often specifiedto apply at RFS to insure symmetrical
relationships.
MODIFIERS
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MODIFIERS
Modifiers communicate additionalinformation about the drawing or
Tolerancing of a part.
There are nine common modifiers
used in geometric tolerancing.
Ei ht difi
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Eight modifiers
PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE
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PROJECTED TOLERANCE ZONE Symbol: P
The projected tolerance zone modifierchanges thelocation of the tolerance zone on the part.
It projects the tolerance zone above the part surface.
Height of the projected tolerance zone should be
equal to the max. thickness of the mating part.
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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH A
PROJECTED TOLERENCE ZONE SYMBOL
U i P j t d T l Z
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Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
A projected tolerance zone is a tolerance zone
that is projected above the part surface.A projected tolerance zone modifier is specified
as P
Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
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A projected tolerance zone is used to limit theperpendicularity of a hole to ensure assembly with
mating part.
Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
(Contd..)
Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
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Using a Projected Tolerance Zone
(contd.)
TANGENT PLANE MODIFIER
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TANGENT PLANE MODIFIER
The tangent plane modifier denotes that only the
tangent plane of the toleranced surface needs to bewithin this tolerance zone.
DIAMETER MODIFIER ( )
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DIAMETER MODIFIER ( )
The diameter symbol is used two
ways: inside a feature control frame asa modifier to denote the shape of thetolerance zone, or outside the featurecontrol frame to simply replace the
word "diameter.
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Inside the featurecontrol frame
Outside the featurecontrol frame
Reference modifier ( )
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Reference modifier ( )
The modifier for reference is simply
the method of denoting thatinformation is for reference only.
The information is not to be used formanufacturing or inspection.
To designate a dimension or otherinformation as reference, thereference information is enclosed inparentheses.
Reference
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ReferenceExample:
RADIUS MODIFIER (R)
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RADIUS MODIFIER (R)
Arcs are dimensioned with radius symbol
on drawings. A radius is a straight line extending from
the center of an arc or a circle to itssurface.
The Symbol for a radius is "R.
When the "R" symbol is used, it creates azone defined by two arcs.
The part surface must lie within this zone.
The part surface may have flats orreversals within the tolerance zone.
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Radius modifier
Controlled Radius (CR)
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Controlled Radius (CR)
The symbol for a controlled radius is "CR.
it creates a tolerance zone defined by two
arcs.
The part surface must be within the
crescent-shaped tolerance zone and be anarc without flats or reversals.
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CONTROL RADIUS
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DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
DATUM IDENTIFYING
LETTER
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DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS ON A FEATURE
SURFACE AND AN EXTENSION LINE
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PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOLS
ON FEATURES OF SIZE
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PLACEMENT OF DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL IN
CONJUNCTION WITH A FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
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DATUM TARGET SYMBOL
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BASIC DIMESNSION SYMBOL
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SYMBOL INDICATING THE SPECIFIED TOLERANCE
IS A STATISTICAL GEOMETRIC TOLERANCE
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BETWEEN SYMBOL
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COUNTERBORE OR
SPOTFACE SYMBOL
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COUNTERSINK SYMBOL
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DIMENSION ORIGIN
SYMBOL
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DEPTH SYMBOL
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SQUARE SYMBOL
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SYMBOL FOR ALL AROUND
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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME WITH FREE
STATE SYMBOL
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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
Feature Control Frame
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Feature Control Frame
Geometric tolerances are specified
on a drawing through the use of afeature control frame.
Symbol of
Geometric Tol.
Zone of
ToleranceP.D S.D T.D
W or w/o zone Modifier
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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
INCORPORATING A DATUM REFERENCE
SYMBOL
Feature Control Frame
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Feature Control Frame
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The Feature Control Frame
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Feature Control Frames Attached to Features
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Feature Control Frames Attached to Features
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Feature Control Frames Attached to Features
Datum Features Symbols Attached to Features
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Datum Features Symbols Attached to Features
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ORDER OF PRECEDENCE OF DATUM
REFERENCE
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MULTIPLE FEATURE CONTROL FRAMES
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COMBINED FEATURE CONTROL FRAME
AND DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT
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RULES, BONUS TOLERANCE,
VIRTUAL CONDI TION
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1. Understand Rules of GD &T
Rule #1 and Rule #2.
2. Understand the concepts of basicdimensions, virtual condition, inner and
outer boundary, worst-case boundary
and bonus tolerance.
Rules
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There are four rules that apply to drawings in
general, and to GD&T in particular. They specify
some relationships that occur on drawing
Symbols, Terms and rules are the basics of GD&T.They are the alphabet, the definitions and the syntax
of this language
RULE # 1
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When no geometr ic tolerance isspeci f ied, the dimensional tolerance
con t ro ls thegeometr ic formas well as
the size. No element of the featureshal l extend beyond the MMC
boundary of perfect form. The form
tolerance increases as the actual size
of the feature departs from MMC
towards LMC
RULE # 1
R l #1
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Rule #1
Rule #1 is referred to as the "Individual Featureof Size Rule."
In industry the Rule #1 is paraphrased as
perfect form at MMC or the envelope rule.
Where only a tolerance of size is specified, the
limits of size of an individual feature prescribe
the extent to which variations in its form as well
as in its size are allowed.
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An example of effects of Rule #1 on a planar
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p p
FOS.
In Rule #1 the words perfect form mean
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In Rule #1, the words perfect form mean
perfect flatness, straightness, circularity and
cylindricity. In other words if the feature of sizeis produced at MMC, it is required to have
perfect form.
TECHNOTE For features of size, where
only a tolerance of size is specified, the
surfaces shall not extend beyond a boundary
(envelope) of perfect form at MMC.
INSPECTING A FEATURE OF SIZE
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When inspecting a FOS that is controlled by Rule
#1, both its size and form need to be verified. The
MMC size and the Rule #1 envelope can be
verified with a Go gage. A Go gage is made to
the MMC limit of the FOS and has perfect form.
Go gage must be at least as long as the FOS it isverifying.
The minimum size (LMC) of a FOS can be
measured with a No-Go gage.A No-Go gage is made to the LMC limit of the
FOS.
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Rule #1
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1. What straightness tolerance is implied in the drawing above?______________
2. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.010, it must be straight within whattolerance?
______________
3. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.015, it must be straight within whattolerance?
______________4. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.020, it must be straight within whattolerance?
______________
5. If the pin is produced at a diameter of 1.000, it must be straight within whattolerance?
______________
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RULE # 2 (1994 standard)
RFS automatical ly applies to individual
tolerances and to datum feature of size.
MMC & LMC must be specif ied where
Required.
Rule #2a is an alternative practice of Rule #2 according
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to which RFS may be specified as a symbol in feature
control frames if desired and applicable.
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RULE # 3(1982 Standard)
For al l other geometr ic controls, RFS
automatically applies
RULE # 4
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RULE # 4
All geometr ic tolerances specif ied for screw
threads apply to the axis of the thread
der ived from the pitch diameter.
Exceptions must be specif ied by a note (such as
Major Dia or Minor Dia).
Al l geometr ic tolerances specif ied for gears and
splines must designate the specif ic feature(such
as Major Dia or M inor Dia) at which each
applies.
RULE # 5
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RULE # 5
(Vi r tual Condition Rule)
Where a datum feature of size is
controlled by a geometr ic tolerance and
is specified as a secondary or tertiarydatum, the datum applies at virtual
condition with respect to
ORIENTATION.
INTRODUCTION TO: VIRTUAL CONDITION
AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
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AND BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Definition
Virtual Condition (VC): is a worst-case boundary
generated by the collective effects of a feature ofsize at MMC or at LMC and the geometric
tolerance for that material condition.
The VC of a FOS includes effects of the size,orientation, and location for the FOS.
Inner Boundary (IB) is a worst-case boundary
f f
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generated by the smallest feature of size minus
the stated geometric tolerance (and any additional
tolerance, if applicable).
Outer Boundary (OB) is a worst-case boundary
t d b th l t f t f i l th
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generated by the largest feature of size plus the
stated geometric tolerance (and any additional
tolerance, if applicable).
Worst-Case Boundary (WCB) is a general term to
refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the
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refer to the extreme boundary of a FOS that is the
worst-case for assembly. Depending upon the part
dimensioning, a worst-case boundary can be avirtual condition, inner boundary, or outer
boundary.
Worst-Case Boundary when no Geometric Tolerances are specified.
TECHNOTEIf a feature control frame is appliedto a feature (a surface) it does not affect its WCB If
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to a feature (a surface), it does not affect its WCB. If
a feature control frame is applied to a FOS (an axis
or centerplane), it does affect its WCB.
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MMC Virtual Condition
The virtual condition (or WCB) is the extreme
boundary that represents the worst-case for
functional requirements, such as clearance or
assembly with a mating part.
In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin
or a shaft the VC (or WCB) is determined by
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VC = MMC + Geometric Tol.
or a shaft, the VC (or WCB) is determined by
formula:
In the case of an internal FOS, such as a hole,
the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:
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VC = MMC
Geometric Tol.
the VC (or WCB) is determined by formula:
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RFS inner and outer boundary
When a geometric tolerance that contains no
modifiers (RFS default per Rule #2) in the
tolerance portion of the feature control frame is
applied to a FOS, the inner or outer boundary (or
worst-case boundary) of the FOS is affected.
In the case of an external FOS, such as a pin or
a shaft the OB (or WCB) is determined by the
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OB = MMC + Geometric Tol.
a shaft, the OB (or WCB) is determined by the
formula:
In case of an internal FOS, such as a hole, the
IB (or WCB) is determined by the formula:
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IB (or WCB) is determined by the formula:
IB = MMC Geometric Tol.
Multiple virtual conditions
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p
On complex industrial drawings, it is common to
have multiple geometric controls applied to a
FOS. When this happens, the feature of sizemay have several virtual conditions.
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Panel A shows the size tolerance requirements of Rule #1.
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Panel B shows the virtual condition those results
from the perpendicularity control. This control
produces a 10.3 dia. boundary relative to thedatum plane A.
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Panel C shows the virtual condition that results
from positional control. This control produces a
10.4 dia. boundary relative to datums A, B and C.
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Multiple Virtual
Conditions.
INTRODUCTION TO BONUS
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TOLERANCE
When the actual mating size of the FOS departs
from MMC (towards LMC) an increase in the
stated tolerance- equal to the amount of the
departure- is permitted. This increase or extra
tolerance is called the bonus tolerance.
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The bonus tolerance concept applies to any geometric
control that uses the MMC (or LMC) modifiers in the
tolerance portion of the feature control frame.
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The maximum amount of bonus tolerancepermissible is equal to the difference between
the MMC and the LMC of the tolerance FOS.
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TECHNOTE-BONUS TOLERANCE
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Maximum Material Condition
MMC E i
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MMC Exercise
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Virtual Condition Rule
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Virtual Condition Calculation
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DATUM REFERENCE
FRAMES
DATUM SYSTEMS
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DATUM SYSTEMS
(PLANAR DATUM )
Set of symbols and rules that communicates to the
drawing user how dimensional measurements are to
be made.
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Datum Plane
WHY DATUM SYSTEM?
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WHY DATUM SYSTEM?
First, it allows the designer to specify which part
surfaces are to contact the inspection equipment
for the measurement of a dimension.
Second, the datum system allows the designer to
specify, in which sequence the part is to contact
the inspection equipment for the measurement of adimension.
BENEFITS OF DATUM SYSTEM
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BENEFITS OF DATUM SYSTEM
-It aids in making repeatable dimensionalmeasurements.
-It aids in communicating part functional relationships.-It aids in making the dimensional measurement as
intended by the designer.
CONSEQUENCES
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CONSEQUENCES
-Good parts are rejected
-Bad parts are accepted
DATUMS(PLANAR)
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DATUMS(PLANAR)
DATUM
DATUM FEATURE
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
SIMULATED DATUM
DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
DATUM SELECTION
DATUM
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DATUM
A datumis a theoretically exact plane, point or axisfrom which a dimensional measurement is made.
A Datum is the true geometric counter partof a datum
feature
A true geometric counter part is the theoretical perfectboundary or best fit tangent plane of a datum feature.
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DATUM FEATURE
A datum feature is a part feature that exists on the
part and contacts a datum.
SIMULATED DATUM
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SIMULATED DATUM
A simulated datum is the plane established by the
inspection equipment.
DATUM FEATURE SIMULATOR
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A datum feature simulator is the inspection equipment
that includes the gage elements used to establish the
simulated datum.
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DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
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DATUM FEATURE SYMBOL
The symbol used to specify a datum feature on adrawing is called the datum feature symbol.
FOUR WAYS OF REPRESENTING PLANAR DATUMS
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DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE
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CONTROL FRAME
The drawing must communicate when and how
the datums should be used. This is typically donethrough the use of feature control frames.
DATUM REFERENCE IN FEATURE CONTROL
FRAME
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DATUM SELECTION
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DATUM SELECTION
Datum features are selected on the basis of part function andassembly requirements.
Datum features often orient (stabilize) and locate the part in its
assembly.
DATUM SELECTION
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DATUM REFRENCE FRAME
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A datum reference frame is a set of three mutually
perpendicular datum planes.
The datum reference frame provides direction as
well as an origin of dimensional measurements.
DATUM REFRENCE FRAME
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DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)
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The planes of a datumreference frame havezero perpendicularitytolerance to each other
by definition.
The 90angle betweendatum planes arebasic.
DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)
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( )
When making a location measurement on a part
feature, the six degrees of freedom are restricted
by using a datum reference frame.
The method of bringing a part into contactwith the planes of the datum reference frame
has a significant impact on the measurement of
the part dimensions.
DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)
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Primary datum: This establishes the orientation of
the part(stablise the part )to the datum reference
frame.
The part contacts the datum plane with at least
three points of contact.
The primary datum restricts three degree of
freedom
DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)
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Secondary datum: This locates the part(restricts
part movement) within the datum reference frame.
Requires a minimum of two points of contact with
the secondary datum.
The Secondary datum restricts two additionaldegree of freedom
DATUM REFRENCE FRAME(contd)
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Tertiary datum: This locates the part(restricts part
movement) within the datum reference frame.
Requires a minimum of one points of contact with
the secondary datum.
The tertiary datum restricts the last remainingdegree of freedom
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Datums
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THE 3-2-1 RULE
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The 3-2-1 rule defines the minimum number
of points of contact required.
The 3-2-1 rule only applies on a part with
all planar datums.
Datum-related versus FOS dimensions
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Only dimensions that are related to a datum
reference frame through geometric tolerances
should measure in a datum reference frame.
If a dimension is not associated to a datum
reference frame with a geometric tolerance, then
there is no specification on how to locate the partin the datum frame.
DATUM REFRENCE FRAME
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Datum-related versus FOS dimensions(contd)
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INCLINED DATUM FEATURES
An inclined datum feature is a datum feature that
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is at an angle other than 90, relative to the other
datum features.
MULTIPLE DATUM REFERENCE FRAMES
A part may have as many datum reference frames as needed to
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define its functional relationships.
COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES
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COPLANAR SURFACES.
COPLANAR DATUM FEATURES.
-In this case, a datum feature symbol is attachedto a profile control.
-The profile control limits the flatness and
co planarity of the surfaces.
COPLANAR DATUM
FEATURES(contd )
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FEATURES(contd)
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DATUM AXIS&
DATUM CENTER PLANE
INTRODUCTION
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Here Feature of Size
is used as a datum
features
When a diameter is
used as a datum
feature, It results in adatum axis
When a planar is used
as a datum feature, it
results in a datum
center planeDescribe the datum that results from a FOS datum feature
3 Ways for representing an axis as
datum
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Datum identification symbol can be touching the surface of a
diameter to specify axis as the datum
Describe the ways to specify an axis as a datum.
3 Ways for representing an axis asdatum (Contd.)
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Datum identification symbol can be touching the beginning
of a leader line of FOS to specify an datum axis
3 Ways for representing an axis as
datum (Contd.)
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Datum identification symbol can be touching the feature
control frame to specify an axis or centre plane as datum
Datum identification symbol can be inline with
2 Ways for representing a centre plane asdatum
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Datum identification symbol can be inline with
dimension line to specify on axis or centre plane asdatum
Describe the ways to specify an centre plane as a datum.
2 Ways for representing a centre plane as
datum (Contd.)
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Datum identification symbol can replace one side of thedimension line and arrow head
Datum Terminology
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Datum feature A
Datum feature
simulator / Gauge
element
Simulated datum
axis A
Simulated datum
Feature A
FOS datum feature referenced at
MMC
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FOS datum feature referenced at
MMC (Contd)
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MMC (Contd)
The gauging equipment that serves as the datumfeature simulatoris a fixed size
The datum axis or center plane is the axis or center
plane of the gage element
The size of the true geometric counterpart of the
datum feature is determined by the specified MMC
limit of size or, in certain cases, its MMCvirtual
condition
FOS datum feature referenced at
MMC (Contd)
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MMC (Contd)
Referencing a FOS datum at MMC has two effects
on the part gaging :
The gage is fixed in size
The part may be loose (shift) in the gage
List two effects of referencing a FOS datum at MMC
Datum axis MMC primary
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Draw the datum feature simulator for an external and
internal FOS datum feature (MMC primary).
Datum centre plane MMC primary
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Datum axis MMC secondary
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Draw the datum feature simulator for an FOS datum
feature (MMC secondary with virtual condition)
Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,
Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
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Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,
Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
(Contd )
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(Contd)
When referencing the datums with the face primary,
diameter secondary (MMC), and slot tertiary (MMC),
the following conditions apply:
The part will have a minimum of three points of
contact with the primary datum plane
The datum feature simulators will be fixed size gage
elements.
The datum axis is the axis of the datum feature
simulator
Datum axis secondary (MMC) ,
Datum centre plane tertiary (MMC)
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(Contd) The datum axis is perpendicular to the primary datum
plane
Depending upon the datum feature's actual matingsize, a datum shift may be available.
Second and third datum planes are to be associated
with the datum axis
The tertiary datum center plane is the center plane of
the tertiary datum feature simulator
Datum sequence
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Panel-A
Explain how changing the datum reference sequence in a feature
control frame affects the part and gauge
Datum sequence (contd) Panel A
An adjustable gauge is required
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An adjustable gauge is required.
No datum shift is permissible on datum feature A The part is oriented in the gage by datum feature A
Datum feature B will have a minimum of one pointcontact with its datum feature simulator
The orientation of the holes will be relative todatum axis A
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Panel B
Datum feature
simulator for
datum plane B
Panel B Datum feature B will have 3- point contact with its
d l
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datum plane
The part is oriented in the gauge by datum feature B
The orientation of holes will be relative to datum
plane B
An adjustable gauge is required and no datum shift is
permissible on datum feature A
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Panel C
Virtual
condition=10.2
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Cylindrical Datum Features
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Establishing Datums
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Multiple Datum Features
Datum Quiz
True or False (Circle one)
T F 1. A datum is a theoretically exact geometric reference.
T F 2 Primary datums provide feature orientation
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T F 2. Primary datums provide feature orientation.
T F 3. Datums exist on the part itself.
T F 4. Simulated Datums are established by processing or inspection
equipment.
T F 5. Surface plates and V-blocks may be used to establish simulateddatums.
T F 6. Datum features are theoretically exact surfaces.
T F 7. In certain cases, the 1982 & 1994 standards allow implied datums.
T F 8. A datum reference frame consists of three mutually perpendicular
planes
T F 9. Multiple datum features are shown like this
T F 10. The letters I,O and Q are not used for datum symbols
A-B
DATUM EXERCISE
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Establishing Datums
Datum Exercise
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DATUM TARGETS
Datum targets are symbols that describe the shape,size and location of gauge elements that used to
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size and location of gauge elements that used to
establish datum planes or axes. Datum targets are shown on the part surfaces on a
drawing, but they actually do not exist on a part.
Datum targets can be specified to simulate apoint,
line or area contact on a part. The use of datum targets allows a stable and
repeatable relationship for a part with its gauge.
Datum targets should be specified on parts where it is
not practical (or possible) to use an entire surface as adatum feature.
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS
A datum target application uses two of symbols:
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A datum target application uses two of symbols:
1.A datum target identification symbol
2.Symbols that denote which type ofgauge elements are to be used.
The leader line from the symbol specifies whetherthe datum target exists on the surface shown or onthe hidden surface side of the part.
Three symbols used to denote the type of gauge
element in a datum target application are thesymbols for a target point, a target line, and atarget area.
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)
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DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)
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A datum target point is specified by an X shaped
symbol, consisting of a pair of lines intersecting at
90.
Basic dimensions should used be used to locatedatum target points relative each other and the
other datums on the part.
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)
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Datum target point
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)
Datum target line
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Datum target line
DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)
Datum target areas
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DATUM TARGETS SYMBOLS(contd.)
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Creating a partial reference frame from
offset surfaces(contd)
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FEATURE CONTROL FRAME PLACEMENT
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In terp ret the f latness contro l .
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Interpret the straigh tness con trol .
Interpret the circular ity con trol .
Interpret the cyl ind r ic i ty contro l.
FORM CONTROLS
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Flatness. c
Straightness.
Circularity.
Cylindricity. g
FLATNESSSYMBOL :-
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ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO PARALLEL PLANES
STRAIGHTNESSSYMBOL :-
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ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- CYLINDER
CIRCULARITYSYMBOL :-
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ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO COPLANAR
CONCENTRIC CIRCLES
CYLINDRICITYSYMBOL :-
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ZONE OF TOLERANCE :- TWO COAXIAL CYLINDERS
FLATNESS
Definition : Flatnessis the condition of a
surface having all of its elements in one plane
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surface having all of its elements in one plane.
The tolerance zone for a flatness control is
three-dimensional.
General representation
Interpretation of Flatness tolerance :
It consists of two parallel planes within which
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all the surface elements must lie. Thedistance between the parallel planes is equal
to the flatness control tolerance value.
Rule #1 Effect on FlatnessWhenever Rule #1 applies to a feature of size that
consists of two parallel planes, an automatic
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indirect flatness control exists for both surfaces.
Rule #1 Effect on FlatnessWhen the feature of size is at MMC, both surfaces
must be perfectly flat.
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As the feature departs from MMC, a flatness errorequal to the amount of the departure is allowed.
Flatness Control Application
Some examples of when a designer usesflatness control on a drawing are to provide a
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flat surface: For a gasket or seal.
To attach a mating part.
For better contact with a datum plane.
When these types of applications areinvolved, the indirect flatness control that resultsfrom Rule #1 is often not sufficient to satisfy thefunctional requirements of the part surface.
This is when a flatness control is specified ona drawing:
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Inspecting FlatnessEstablish the first plane of the tolerance zone
by placing the part surface on a surface plate
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that has a small hole.
The surface plate becomes the true counterpart
of the controlled feature. A dial indicator is set in
the small hole.
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The tip of the dial indicator traces a path acrossthe entire part surface.
Then the part is moved over the hole at random.
If the FIM (full indicator movement) is larger
than the flatness tolerance value at any point on
the path, then the surface flatness is not within its
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specification.
STRAIGHTNESS :
Definition : Straightness of a line elementis
the condition where each line element (or
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axis or center plane) is a straight line.The tolerance zone for a straightness control
(as a surface line element control) is two-
dimensional.
General Representation :
General Representation
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Interpretation (Straightness applied to the
surface element)
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Rule#1s Effects on Surface Straightness
Whenever Rule #1 is in effect, an automatic
indirect straightens control exists for the surface
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line elements.
Rule#1s Effects on Surface Straightness When the feature of size is at MMC, the line
elements must be perfectly straight. As
the FOS departs from MMC a straightness error
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p g
equal to the amount of the departure is allowed.
Interpretation (Straightness applied to the
axis)
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0.2
0.2mm
Straightness at MMC Application A common reason for
applying a straightness
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control at MMC to aFOS on a drawing is to
insure the function of
assembly.
Whenever the MMCmodifier is used in a
straightness control, it
means the stated
tolerance applies whenthe FOS is produced at
MMC.
Straightness at MMC Application An important benefit
becomes available
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when straightness isapplied at MMC: extra
tolerance is
permissible.
As the FOS departsfrom MMC towards
LMC, a bonus
tolerance becomes
available.
Inspecting a Straightness Control (Appliedto a FOS at MMC)
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Definition: Circularity is a condition where all
CIRCULARITY
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points of a surface of revolution, at any Section
perpendicular to a common axis, are equidistant
from that axis.
General representation:
0.2
39.0
38.5
Example :
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A circularity controlis a geometric tolerance that
Circularity control :
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limits the amount of circularity on a part surface.
It specifies that each circular element of a
features surface must lie within a tolerance zone
of two coaxial circles.It also applies independently at each cross
section element and at a right angle to the feature
axis.
The radial distance between the circles is equal to
the circularity control tolerance value.
INTERPRETATION
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0.294.2
94.6
0.2
79.4 79.8
0.2
Two imaginary and concentric circles with their
radii 0.2mm apart.
Part
surface
Circularity application :
I li i h l bi ( f d) f h f
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Is to limit the lobing (out of round) of a shaftdiameter.
In certain cases, lobing of a shaft diameter will
cause bearings or bushings to fail prematurely.
Circularity application :
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The diameter must be within its size tolerance.
The circularity control does not override Rule #1.
The circularity control tolerance must be less than the
size tolerance.
The circularity control does not affect the outer
boundary of the FOS.
INSPECTION OF CIRCULARITY
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Cylindricity
Definition :Cylindricityis a condition of a
f f l ti i hi h ll i t f th
g
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surface of revolution in which all points of thesurface are equidistant from a common axis.
General Representation :
0.2
39.038.5
Example & Interpretation:
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A cylindricity controlis a geometric tolerance that limits
the amount of cylindricity error permitted on a part
surface.
Cylindricity control :
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It specifies a tolerance zone of two coaxial cylinders
within which all points of the surface must lie. A
cylindricity control applies simultaneously to the entire
surface.
The radial distance between the two coaxialcylinders is
equal to the cylindricity control tolerance value.
A cylindricity control is a composite control that limits
the circularity, straightness, and taper of a diameter
simultaneously.
Cylindricity application :
Is to limit the surface conditions (out of round,
t d t i ht ) f h ft di t
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taper, and straightness) of a shaft diameter.
In certain cases, surface conditions of a shaft
diameter will cause bearings or bushings to fail
prematurely.
Cylindricity application :
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The diameter must also be within its size tolerance.
The cylindricity control does not override Rule #1.
The cylindricity control tolerance must be less than thetotal size tolerance.
The cylindricity control does not affect the outer boundary
of the FOS.
INSPECTION OF CYLINDRICITY
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Unit Flatness
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Flatness
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Straightness of Surface Elements
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Straightness of an Axis (RFS and MMC)
Circularity
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