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Battery Life Challenges on Future Mobile Platforms

Dr. Shreekant (Ticky) S. ThakkarDirector of Mobile Technology

Mobile Platforms GroupIntel Corporation

IEEE Symposium on Low Power Electronics and DesignAugust 10th, 2004

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DisclaimerActual measurement results may vary depending on the specific hardware and software configuration of the computer system measured, the characteristics of those computer components not under direct measurement, variation in processor manufacturing processes, the benchmark utilized, the specific ambient conditions under which the measurement is taken, and other factors.

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AgendaMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersSummary

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AgendaMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeBattery LifeBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummarySummarySummary

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Intel’s Mobility VisionSimple Secure Wireless Connectivity

Best Performance in Form Factor

Exceptional Battery Life

Innovative Form Factors for Your Life Style

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Mobility - - - > Growth

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Strong notebook growth in 2003Could point to faster growth trend long term

– >20% y-t-y growth ’02 to ’03

Notebook CAGR 17% (’02-’07)Source: Gartner, Dec ‘03

19%20%

23%

25%

26%28%

30%Mobile % of PCs

Mobility systems expected to be ~60% of volume by 2006*Mobility systems expected to be ~60% of volume by 2006**Source: Intel analysis based on Gartner Qstats Q1-Q3’03

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Mobility - - - > New Lifestyles

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Mobility Is Happening

Usage Model Directions

Digital OfficeDigital Office

Traditional mobile Traditional mobile solution focussolution focus

OnOn--thethe--go go LifestyleLifestyle

Grow notebook usage with solutions

designed for consumers and broader base of business users

Mobile in the Mobile in the Digital HomeDigital Home

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Digital Office Vision

Usages and CapabilitiesUsages and Capabilities

Integrated Communications (VoIP, Collaboration)

Extended Mobile Access (Always On)

Simple Secure Wireless Connectivity

Exciting New Form Factors (Pen Input, Camera Input)

Location Based Computing (Location Input)

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2005 Digital Office – 14-15” Concept

14-15” All-in-one performance Thin & LightNext gen Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology EMA, SNS / OBR, VoIP Camera, Array Microphones, Fingerprint, Smartcard

ConnectivityWLAN 802.11abg, UMTS-GPRS, Bluetooth*

All-around mobile business notebookAll-around mobile business notebook* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

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Mobile Digital Home Vision

Usages and CapabilitiesUsages and Capabilities

Integrated Communications (VoIP, Collaboration)

Rich Digital Entertainment around the Home (TV, PVR, VoD)

Exciting Form factors beyond clam shells (Camera Input)

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2005 Mobile Digital Home 17” Concept

17” Widescreen portableNext gen Intel® Centrino™ Mobile TechnologyComputer-Media-Communication deviceMedia stack, BT Remote control, HD AudioCamera, array microphones, VoIP HandsetTV display experience

Connectivity802.11abg, Bluetooth*

Mobile Entertainment PCMobile Entertainment PC* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

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On-The-Go Lifestyle Vision

Usages and CapabilitiesUsages and Capabilities

Integrated Communications (VoIP, Voice, Video, Unified Inbox)

Extended Mobile Access (Always-On, External Displays, WWAN)

Simplified Network Selection

Personal entertainment on road

Location Based Computing

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2005 On-the-Go Lifestyle 12” Concept

12” Detachable tablet / laptopNext gen Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology Extended Mobile Access (EMA)Simplified Network Selection (SNS) / One Bill Roaming (OBR)Media Client, Camera, VoIPFingerprint recognition

ConnectivityWLAN 802.11abg, EDGE-GPRS, Bluetooth*

Work around the office or around the worldWork around the office or around the world* Other names and brands may be claimed as the property of others

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Convergence in Mobile Notebooks

Computing: best performance

Communications: Wireless (WLAN, WWAN, Bluetooth, WiMAX, UWB)

Entertainment: Digital Video, TV, MP3, WMA, PVR

Form factor: Clamshells, Tablets, New Portables

Security: Biometrics, TPM, Smartcards, SIM, LT

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AgendaMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummarySummarySummary

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Battery Life BackgroundMost Notebooks are measured with BAPCO’s* MobileMark* 2002 benchmark

Measures Performance and Battery Life for Productivity Workload – assumes typical usage system idle 80% and active 20% of time

For future usage we need to assume two connected scenarios:– Today usage: sleep (not connected), active, idle– Always-on – low power (connected), active, idle

*Third party brands and names are the property of their respective owners

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Battery Life InnovationsIntel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology platform improved Thin and Light platform battery life from under 3hr to > 4hrs w/6 cell battery

Silicon innovations – Intel® Pentium® M processor, Chipsets– Dynamic Voltage Scaling; Aggressive Clock gating, Frequency

scaling, Intel® 2D Smart Display Technology

Platform Innovations – Displays, Power Delivery, HDD, ODD– Lower Power Displays, Display Power Saving Technology, Buffering

Drives, More efficient Voltage Regulators

Longer battery life is desired as users want mobilityLonger battery life is desired as users want mobility

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AgendaDigital Office Vision 2010Digital Office Vision 2010Digital Office Vision 2010Mobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery Life – Energy SourcesNew Usage ModelsNew Usage ModelsNew Usage ModelsSummarySummarySummary

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8-Hr Battery Life Challenges

Battery Life (hr) ≈Input Power Capacity (Whr)

Average Platform Power Consumption (W)

Conventional Battery increasing ~5-10% yearly

Battery Capacity required to meet 8-hour Computing

Bat

tery

Cap

acity

(Whr

) 6-

cell

1865

0

40

80

100

60

‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘07‘06

3-hour Battery Life Extension

3-hour Battery Life Extension

Large Gap for conventional battery to overcomeLarge Gap for conventional battery to overcome

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Emerging Battery Roadmap

Conventional Battery

8-hour Computing Battery Capacity

Bat

tery

Cap

acity

(Whr

) 6-

cell

1865

0

40

80

100

60

‘03 ‘04 ‘05 ‘07‘06

Adv Li-P

Solid State

Ag-Zn

Fuel Cell

Adv Li-P*

Emerging technologies may bridge the gapEmerging technologies may bridge the gap

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Battery Summary

Battery TypeVolumetric

Energy Density(Whr / L)

Gravimetric Energy Density

(Whr / kg)

Cost($)

Cycle Life(80% charge

retention)

Li-Ion 400 170 Baseline 500

Adv. LiP 600-800 180 Same Same

Ag-Zn 600-800 200 Same

Solid State 800-1000 300 3x

Emerging battery technologies meet 8-hour computing target

Emerging battery technologies meet 8-hour computing target

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Shorter Term Battery Life SolutionsExtended Packs, Drive Bay – E.g., IBM T40 (9 cell), Samsung, Toshiba*, etc can deliver 6+Hrs today

– Heavier, Bulkier – Longer Charge Time

Use Mini Notebooks – E.g., Sony TR3A, IBM X40* can deliver >7hr battery life today with extended packs

– Compromise on Experience– Heavier, Bulkier – Longer Charge Time

*Third party brands and names are the property of their respective owners

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Longer Term Battery Life Solutions

Fast Recharge Battery -10mins– New Chemistry– Smaller Capacity (50-70% of Li-Ion)– Heavier Adapters– Cost

Fuel Cells (Hybrid Battery)– Trickle charge– Regulatory Issues – Bi-products – generate heat, water– Miniaturization required – pumps

Both will require long qualification cyclesBoth will require long qualification cycles

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AgendaMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeBattery LifeBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummarySummarySummary

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CPU7%

MCH14%

ICH3%

MEMORY6%

COM3%CLOCK5%

MISC PLATFORM

9%

LCD30%

HDD9%

ODD3%

PWR LOSS11%

Average Power Contributors 2003 Platforms

Good Thin & Light PlatformSource: Intel Corp.

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Average Power Contributors 2003 Platforms

CPU, 0.80

MCH, 1.56

ICH, 0.30

MEMORY, 0.61

COM, 0.30

CLOCK, 0.50

MISC PLATFORM, 1.00

LCD, 3.20

HDD, 1.00

ODD, 0.30

PWR LOSS, 1.20

0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50

CPU

MCH

ICH

MEMORY

COM

CLOCK

MISC PLATFORM

LCD

HDD

ODD

PWR LOSS

WATTS

Source: Intel Corp.

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Intel® Centrino™ Mobile Technology Thin & LightPlatform Average Power Comparison

Power optimizations

can yield >1Hr in Battery Life for same CPU/CS

3.43.63.7

3.93.94.1

4.44.7

7.0

8.0

9.0

10.0

11.0

12.0

13.0

14.0

15.0

Sys A Sys B Sys C Sys D Sys D Sys E Sys F Sys G

Thin & Light Platforms

Wat

ts

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

Intel® Centrino® Mobile Technology 48Whr Battery Life

Plenty of Opportunity to Improve Battery LifePlenty of Opportunity to Improve Battery Life

Source: Intel Corp.

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LCD DisplayCurrent technology is based on Amophorous TFT, largely driven by conversions of TV LCD

– Trending to higher power (4.5-5.5W Displays) for NB’s

New technology – Low Temperature Poly Silicon (LTPS)– Reduced power (2.8-3W), Thinner, lighter (less components),

Brighter (let’s more light thru – thus reduces Back light)

Longer Term potential– OLED/PLED – eliminate backlight, but currently higher power– Flexible Displays – polymer based

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Display Power Goals & ChallengesKey Areas to focus

– Display subsystem - let more light thru with less energy– Back light - reduce or eliminate back light– Improve power delivery

Challenges– User like higher resolution (XGA, SXGA+, QXGA, UXGA)– Bright screens (150-200+ nits) – note MM’02 uses 60 nits, some

OEMS quote battery life at 30 nits– Larger displays (E.g., 14.4”, 15.4” , 17”)

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Other Display Power Reductions Opportunities

Use camera or light sensor to detect ambient lighting to decrease or increase back light on Notebook

– Can result in 0.5-1W reduction in average power

User presence detect (UPD) – uses camera to detect user is present / absent or attention to control display or system

– Can result significant savings >1-2W on typical usage

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Intel® Pentium® M Processor – Makes Right Hand Turn

Lower Thermal Design Power – Thinner & Lighter FFLower Average Power - Longer Battery Life

Wat

ts/c

m2

1

10

100

1000

1.5µ 1µ 0.7µ 0.5µ 0.35µ 0.25µ 0.18µ 0.13µ 0.1µ 0.07µ

i386i386i486i486

PentiumPentium®®PentiumPentium®® ProPro

PentiumPentium®® IIIIPentiumPentium®® IIIIII

* * ““New Microarchitecture Challenges in the Coming Generations of CMNew Microarchitecture Challenges in the Coming Generations of CMOS Process TechnologiesOS Process Technologies”” –– Fred Pollack, Intel Corp. Micro32 conference key note Fred Pollack, Intel Corp. Micro32 conference key note -- 1999.1999.

PentiumPentium®® 44

PentiumPentium®® MM

Intel® Pentium® M delivers high performance and best performance / wattIntel® Pentium® M delivers high performance and best performance / watt

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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)One µ ARCH implementation – Power and energy control

ClockClock

VccVcc

PowerPower

Switch onThermal orUtilization

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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)PLL relock at lower frequency at same VccFast change – no user experience impact

ClockClock

VccVcc

PowerPower

Short timeO.K with S/W

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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)Vcc drops gradually while CPU activePower savings changes from linear to F3

ClockClock

VccVcc

PowerPower CPU power drops byP=C*V2*F function of F3

Performance drops byFunction of F (Frequency)

Power savings > time increaseEnergy net savings

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Dynamic Voltage Scaling (DVS)Vcc is ramped up increasing powerOnce stable – PLL relock at high frequency

ClockClock

VccVcc

PowerPower

Switch Switch BackBack

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Adaptive Energy ControlApplications have dynamic need - require high power high performance bursts

Trade Average power vs. performance as needed – Driven by User thru Operating system ACPI (Max Battery, Max

Performance or Adaptive - Average power control on the fly)

High

Low

High

Low

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Average Power management on Thin & Light NB

0

0.2.

0.4

Ave

rage

CPU

Pow

er [

W]

0

50

100

150

200

Mob

ile M

ark

02 [S

core

]

AveragePowerScore

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

112

600 MHzPower saving (Battery)

1600 MHzPerformance (AC)

1.1

216

0.37

Lowest freq.Lowest freq.

66% PowerEfficiency 1:1.4 - Static

48% Performance

Source: Intel Corp.

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Average Power management on Thin & Light NB

0

0.2.

0.4

Ave

rage

CPU

Pow

er [

W]

0

50

100

150

200

Mob

ile M

ark

02 [S

core

]

AveragePowerScore

0.6

0.8

1.0

1.2

112

600 MHzPower saving (Battery)

1600 MHzPerformance (AC)

1.1195

216

0.37

600 – 1600ADAPTIVE

0.63

10% Performance43% Power

48% Performance66% PowerEfficiency 1:1.4 - Static

Efficiency 1:4

Source: Intel Corp.

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AgendaMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningMobility Is HappeningBattery LifeBattery LifeBattery LifeEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy SourcesEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersEnergy ConsumersSummary

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Trends – Straining Battery LifeHigher performance Si (General Purpose, Media, Graphics)

– More Logic, Bigger Caches, Higher Speed Interconnect, Com

Proliferating Usage - Always-Connected, Media Usage

Better Displays - Bigger, Brighter, Higher Resolution

Shrinking Si Geometries – Leakage dominates Idle power

New operating systems – MS Longhorn, 3D User Interface

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Call to ActionDrive System Level Approach to increasing Battery Life

– Newer Display Technologies– Device Performance States (ala DVS in Peripherals)– Lower power platform designs– Turn off devices when not in use

Drive to address leakage power on all Silicon

Drive low average power on all Si - CPU, Chipset, Graphics

Drive software to be power state aware (e.g., remove loops)

Drive development of higher density energy and fast renewable sources