Battle of the Atlantic (1943)

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A German Type VIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Type_VII_submarine

The Battle of the Atlantic

Alex Parra


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Karl Doenitz , leader of the UbWhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERdoenitz .htm
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERdoenitz%20.htmhttp://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/GERdoenitz%20.htm


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The Battle of the Atlantic, also known as the second Battle of the Atlantic because

of a similar conflict happening during the First World War, was the longest running

conflict of WWII, running from the very beginning of the war in 1939 to the surrender of

Nazi Germany in 1945. Winston Churchill coined the term Battle of the Atlantic and

said at one point the only thing that ever frightened me during the war was the U-boat

peril (Sheffield).

The Battle of the Atlantic was fought between the German Kriegsmarine and the

Allies convoys and navies, the role of the British Royal Navy was the most significant.

The Battle of the Atlantic took place due to the fact that the Allies were unable toadequately supply Britain and Russia by air and thus were at the mercy of successfully

supplying the enormous amounts of provisions and men by sea, because the Allies

needed to amass troops and supplies in Britain for an assault on the European mainland,

and because the Germans understood how to use the distance between Britain, her North

American allies and continental Europe to their advantage for years and were often

successful in leveraging the geographical challenges for the allies in order to delay, or

stop the troops and supplies from reaching their intended destination. Although this

battle featured many swings in momentum, ultimately, the allies were to achieve the

strategic victory, because they were able to supply Britain and Russia, and they were

ultimately able to launch their attack on mainland Europe and Nazi Germany. Because

the battle of the Atlantic took place over six years, there were many phases and swings in

the action of the battle. From the very beginning of the war, skirmishes took place

between the German forces and the Allied navies, and there were many notable

occurrences during this opening period of the battle. After the invasion of France in


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1940, the German forces were extremely successful for a period, called the Happy

Time, lasting until about 1942. It was during this period that the German U-boats

showed their effectiveness and achieved much of their success, and during this time the

Germans showed the Allies what a threat the U-boats were. Also during this time, the

Allies tactics and strategies for dealing with the u-boats were flawed, allowing more

success for the Germans. During this period, the Allies perceived main threat was the

Germans surface ships, and these were very successful, however, by 1942, the threat of

Germans surface ships to the allies was over. After the happy time being dominated by

the Germans, the Allies improved their tactics and their technology, changing how theyorganized the convoys and gaining new equipment for the detection of submarines. The

introduction of the US into the war saw the use of U-boats off of the coast of the US, and

the Germans were able to use their u-boats to great effect against the US soon after their

entry into the war. After this period where the U-boats were trying to attack either near

the US or nearer to Britain, the battle again moved back to the Mid-Atlantic. During this

period, the Allies made great strides in their defense of the convoys, both with new

tactics such as the support groups, and with new weapons, such as the Hedgehog mortar

and the Leigh Light. In 1943, the battle reached a climax point during the spring, where

the German U-boat Arm, and by May, the Germans realized that their U-boat tactics were

no longer an advantage, and May became known as Black May. During the final years

of the battle, late 1943 through 1945, the Germans still made efforts to attack the supply

convoys, but it was clear that their current U-boats were obsolete, and they couldnt

compete with the weapons that the Allies had designed to combat them.


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The man who was in charge of the German U-boat arm, which was the most

active part of the German navy in the battle, was Karl Doenitz. Doenitz grew up in

Berlin, and joined the Imperial German Navy in 1910. During WWI, Doenitz served on a

light cruiser, and, after his ship was sold to the Ottoman Navy, served during the early

part of the war in Istanbul. When his ship was docked for repairs, in 1916, he transferred

into the submarine forces, and served the rest of the war on U-boats. His boat was sunk

and he finished out the war as a prisoner of the British. During the period between the

wars, Doenitz continued to serve in the Navy, but because the Germans were not allowed

to have submarines, he was a commander of torpedo boats. IN 1935, he was made thecommander of the first of Germanys new U-boat flotilla, and then he joined the new

Kriegsmarine, which took the place of the small inter war Reichsmarine. After his

promotion to commander of the U-boat forces, he pushed for the German navy to be

transformed into a navy of U-boats. During WWII, Doenitz commanded the U-boat

forces, and pioneered the wolf pack strategy that was so effective during the early part of

the war against the allied shipping. After the war in the Atlantic turned against the

Germans, Doenitz continued to push for the continued development of the U-boat forces,

believing that if he was given more boats, and more advanced boats, he could defeat the

British. In 1943, Doenitz was made the commander in chief of the German Navy. After

Hitler committed suicide, Doenitz was surprisingly named his successor, and it was

Doenitz that finally surrendered to the Allies. He was convicted of war crimes at the

Nuremberg Trials, and served ten years in prison. Karl Doenitz died on December 24 th,

1980.


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One of the main weapons used by the Germans during the Battle of the Atlantic

was the U-boat Type VII. The U-boat Type VII was the most prevalent of the Germans

submarines during the war, being the only German ocean-going sub at the beginning of

the war. The Type VII was based on designs dating back to the First World War, and

was designed by the Dutch company Ingenieurskantoor voor Scheepsbouw den Haag ,

which was set up by the Germans after WWI to keep their submarine knowledge from

being lost. The Type VII had many different forms, with seven total forms of the sub

being made during the war in response to deficiencies in the original design. The Type

VII was the most used submarine class during WWII, and in fact, they were the most produced submarines ever, with 709 being made.

The Battle of the Atlantic was one of the most important and longest running

conflicts of the war. It was the results of the Allies desire to supply Britain and Russia,

and of the Germans desire to starve these two nations of supplies. The main belligerents

of this battle were the German Kriegsmarine, specifically the Unterseeboot Waffe , or U-

boat Arm, and the British Royal Navy.

At the beginning of the War, the German Navy was in no way prepared to

compete with the Royal Navy and the French Navy for control of the seas. The German

naval plan, called the Z-plan, was predicated on the war starting in 1945, and at this

point, it would have been up to full strength. However, in 1939, the navy was very small,

and therefore was unable to combat the superior forces of the British and French.

Consequentially, the German naval strategy revolved around commerce raiding.


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In August of 1939, the Germans sent their pocket battle ships and U-boats out into

the Atlantic to start fighting the British and German. One of the first actions of the war

was the sinking of the S.S Athenia only a few hours after the start of the war. At the

beginning of the war, the British, who had already started to convoy their shipping,

decided that they needed a more offensive strategy to combat the Germans, and the Royal

Navy formed submarine hunting groups to hunt for U-boats. This strategy would

ultimately fail because the U-boats were too small to see well, and they were able to get

away from the hunting parties. This transfer of forces caused the convoys to be less

protected, and this strategy greatly backfired on the British, causing them to suffer heavylosses in the early stages of the battle. Two of the British Navys carriers were involved

in incidents stemming from this strategy, with the HMS Courageous being lost to a U-

boats torpedo.

Also during this early period of the war, the Germans surface ships were very

effective. The pocket battleship Admiral Graf Spee sank nine ships with over 50,000 tons

of cargo in the first three months of the war alone. The Admiral Graf Spee managed to

avoid attack by the Allies for months, but was finally put out of action in December of

1939, off of the coast of South America. However, because of the smaller size of their

surface fleet, they couldnt sustain losses such as the loss of the Admiral Graf Spree in

1939 and the battleship Bismarck lost in 1941 .

Because of their surface navys inability to compete effectively with the British

Navy, the Germans soon realized that their best option to compete with the Allies was

through submarine warfare. From the start of the war, Karl Donitz, leader of the U-boat

Arm, pushed for the navy to commit to U-boats. Doenitz believed that if the Germans


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had a U-boat force of 300 boats, the Germans would be able to blockade Britain, and

cause her to lose the war. Doenitz wanted to use these 300 boats in a new, revolutionary

tactic, known as the Rudeltaktik, or in English, the wolf pack.

From 1940 to 1941, the submarines enjoyed a field day in the Atlantic, leading to

this period of the war being called the Happy Time by the German U-boat

commanders. The Germans were very successful during this period because of two

things: The British lost France, and because of this, the Allies combined navies suddenly

became much smaller, secondly, the Germans now had direct access to the Atlantic

Ocean, which allowed them to go out much further when raiding. During the year of 1940, the German U-boats sank 471 ships, and the next year 432 ships were sunk by U-

boats (Trueman). To make matters worse, during this time period, the British did not

have enough ships to deal with the U-boats, although 50 US destroyers loaned to the

British in 1940 alleviated this problem. The British began during this period to sue new

tactics so as to combat the U-boats better.

The British knew that they needed to combat the U-boats more effectively, and to

do this they began developing many different weapons to combat the U-boats. One of the

first important developments was the development of Corvettes, small ships that were

easily produced, helping to fill the hole in ships fighting the U-boats. Also, another thing

that the British used to combat the Germans was ASDIC, an early version of sonar.

However, the British also continued to use obsolete tactics for combating the U-boats,

such as sending out specific U-boat hunting parties.

As the British improved their technology and tactics, the Happy Time For the

Germans ended. The British finally had enough support ships to have full time convoy


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protection, and this greatly helped the British combat the U-boats. There were also

several other important occurrences that happened during 1941: the Americans became

more involved in the war, helping to cover half of the Atlantic, the High-Frequency

Direction-Finding equipment for ships was perfected, allowing the Allies to better locate

the U-boats, and, in addition to this, The German naval Enigma machine was cracked.

Another thing that helped the allied cause during this period was that Hitler would not

allow Doenitz to devote his entire submarine force to the Atlantic, instead ordering him

to use most of his boats supporting Germanys operations in the Mediterranean. This

created a situation where the German U-boats still in the Atlantic were unable to scoreany major victories during this time. However, even though the Allies were no longer

taking heavy losses left and right, they still were unable to defeat the U-boats effectively.

In early 1942, after the US had entered the war on the Allies side, Doenitz

extended his U-boat attack all the way to the US coastline, in an operation known as

Operation Drumbeat. This was a very successful move for the Germans, because the US

navy was not experienced in fighting submarines, and also because the US navy refused

to learn from the British Navys earlier mistakes. Finally the Americans started using

convoys, which greatly lowered their losses. An important effect of this battle was that

Doenitz strategy was seen to be effective by Hitler, and Doenitz was promoted to Grand

Admiral of the fleet.

After the Americans tactics were changed for more effective ones, the battle

moved back out into the mid-Atlantic, and, from late 1942-1943, the Americans and the

British developed many successful strategies for combating the U-boats. Doenitz moved

all his boats back to the mid-Atlantic, and for a short time, Allied losses moved back up.


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The Allies were able to combat this through some changes in strategy, and also through

some key new inventions. By this time, the allies had enough ships in constant convoy

protection that they were able to organize support groups which were used to reinforce

convoys being attacked. This allowed the Allies to have greater freedom in combating

the U-boats. Also the Allies developed two key weapons during this period, the

Hedgehog mortar and the Leigh Light. The Hedgehog mortar gave the allies a weapon

that, instead of going off at a preset depth like depth charges, only exploded on contact,

which allowed the allies to track targets better while attacking. The Leigh light, which

was a powerful spotlight attached to aircraft and synchronized with radar, allowed theallied planes to find and destroy U-boats at night, which previously had been a safe

period for the U-boats. Although planes had before this been able to find U-boats, they

were never able to attack at night, and the Leigh light soon made no time safe for the U-

boats.

The battle reached its peak in early 1943, with May of this year being known as

Black May. At this point, the fighting in the Atlantic was at an all time high, and the

British were fearful that they might be defeated. However, during the Month of May, the

U-boat Arm lost 25% of its U-boats, 43, and Admiral Doenitz halted all U-boat activity

in the Atlantic. This was caused by a combination of more effective technologies, such

as the Leigh light and Hedgehog mortar, but it was particularly caused by the Mid-

Atlantic Air gap being covered by the new high tech planes being produced. This

allowed the Allies to continue their effective hunting of U-boats by planes, and

effectively made the entire Atlantic unsafe for the U-boats. At this point the Battle was

won, but it continued with minor action until the end of the war. The Germans tried to


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introduce new submarines that were much more effective than their old ones in the final

years of the war, but these came too little, too late.

The Battle of the Atlantic was a strategic victory for the Allies, although it came

at a much higher cost to their side. The allies lost over 3,500 ships to the Germans during

the war, while the Germans only lost almost 800 submarines. However, the victory in the

battle of the Atlantic lead to the successful invasion of Normandy, and thus the defeat of

Germany.

The man, who almost won the war for the Germans, by almost winning the Battleof the Atlantic, was Karl Donitz. Karl Doenitz was one of the most successful of the

German military commanders during the war, and was also one of the most important

figures of the wars end. It was Doenitz that finally surrendered to the Allies, after being

appointed head of the German government after Hitlers suicide.

Karl Doenitz was born on September 16 th, 1891, near Berlin, Germany. He was

the youngest son of an engineer, Emil Donitz, and had one older brother. He enlisted in

the German Navy in 1910, and began his career aboard the SMS Breslau . When WWI

began, he was commissioned a second Lieutenant, and was sent along with his ship to the

Mediterranean Sea.

Early in the war, His ship, along with one other ship, were sold to the Ottoman

Empire, and he was ordered to serve aboard his ship, now operating out of Istanbul,

fighting the Russians. In 1916, Doenitz was promoted to First Lieutenant and was

transferred into the submarine forces. He first served as a watch officer, and took his first

command in 1918. He lost his boat during a failed dive, and was capture by the British


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towards the end of 1918. He then was a prisoner of war for 18 months. He returned to

Germany in 1920, and rejoined the German Navy, although it had now been severely cut

down, and U-boats were no longer allowed to be part of it.

During the interwar years, Doenitz first served as the commander of a series of

torpedo boats, and continued to rise in rank, becoming a Lieutenant-Commander in 1928.

In 1933, he became a full commander, and in 1934, was put in charge of the cruiser

Emden, which was the training ship for German cadets. When, after sailing his ship

around the world for a year, Doenitz returned to Germany, he was given the order to

rebuild the German U-boat forces.He was made a Captain in 1935, and put in charge of the first U-boat Flotilla

Wediggen. In 1936, he was made the Fuhrer de Unterseeboot, but this title was soon

changed, because using Fuhrer in the title was given only to Hitler. He began to build up

the German forces, and also refined the German tactics, practically inventing the concept

of the wolf pack.

Donitzs strategy, the Rudeltaktik, was derived from German ideas of submarine

groups from WWI, but he took it to a whole new level. Before this strategy, the

prevailing uses for submarines had been as coastal raiders, ships that hid outside enemy

harbors and shot their ships coming in and out, or as boats attached to the larger fleets,

working in coordination with the surface ships. The idea of the wolf pack was to use the

submarines essentially to attack convoys. The basic strategy was to send a line of

submarines into the path of a convoy and have the submarines attack the convoys. This

would allow the submarines to potentially sink entire convoys and to cut off an enemy,


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specifically Great Britain, from the supplies it needed. Doenitz believed that he would

need 300 of the Type VII U-boats to achieve a total blockade of Britain.

These views put Doenitz at odds with his commander, Erich Raeder, the

commander of the entire German Navy. Raeder believed that U-boat warfare was

cowardly, and so he was at odds with Doenitz the entire time that Doenitz was

commander of the U-boat Arm. In addition to looking down upon U-boats, Raeder also

believed that the war, unless pushed back for years, would be a disaster for the German

Navy. He was banking on a war that wouldnt start until 1945, at which point the

German Navy would be able to effectively combat the Royal Navy. Doenitz believe thatthis made U-boats even more important, because they would be the Germans only hope

for naval victory once the war started. In 1939, Doenitz was promoted to Commodore.

At the start of the war, Doenitz was promoted again, this time to Rear Admiral.

At the beginning of the war, while being ordered to attack the British fleet directly,

Doenitz had mixed success, sinking two of the British ships, an aircraft carrier and a

battleship, and damaging two more, but also losing some of his U-boats, reducing an

already undermanned force of 57 boats. He was also attacking shipping at this time, but

could not commit his entire force to this. However, as the war went on, more of the

advanced Type VII, an ocean going U-boat, were delivered, and the pressure on the

British economy became very great.

Doenitz soon took his warfare to higher levels as the war went on. In 1941, when

the US entered the war, he attacked the US coastline during Operation Drumbeat, which

showed Hitler how effective the U-boat warfare was, and finally lead to Doenitz being

given control over where he could send the U-boats. By 1942, Doenitz finally had


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enough U-boats to fully implement his Rudeltaktic, and it was during this phase of the

war where the Allied losses were highest. In 1943, as the war in the Atlantic turned

against the Germans, Doenitz continued to push for U-boat development, and, because of

this, would finish the war, with the most highly developed submarine force by far.

Doenitz was also promoted to Commander-in-Chief of the Navy, in 1943, replacing

Raeder.

Doenitz was, surprisingly, selected to replace Hitler as the head of the German

state, after Hitler committed suicide on April 30 th, 1945. At this point, the war was

effectively over. Donitz, spent his time in charge trying to ensure that the Germanswould surrender to the British or Americans. His government was known as the

Flensburg Government, because of its location in Flensburg, near the Dutch border. He

surrendered to the Allies on May 7 th, 1945.

After the war, Doenitz was charged with war crimes for his participation in the

war. He was charged at the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials, and was sentenced to 10

years in prison, for committing acts of unrestricted submarine warfare against neutral

shipping. He was released from prison in 1956, and for the rest of his life, lived in

Aumuhle, Germany, and died of a heart attack on December 24 th, 1980.

The most important weapon to the Germans during the Battle of the Atlantic was

the Type VII U-boat. The Type VII was the most widely used of the German U-boats

during the war, and was the most produced submarine of all time. The Type VII was

revised many times during the war, and was refined many times, being produced in seven

different designs and modified designs throughout the war.


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The Type VII was developed by the Dutch company Ingenieurskantoor voor

Scheepsbouw den Haag. This company was actually set up by Germans, to get around

the restrictions of the treaty of Versailles, so that the German knowledge of U-boats

would not be lost. The company started to develop the Type VII in 1933, and was based

on the WWI U-boat Type III. The Type VII was soon chosen to be the main sub of the

new U-boat force.

The Type VII was chosen to be the main sub of the German forces because of its

range, its armament, and its good maneuverability. It went through many different forms

throughout the war. The first Type VII was the Type VIIA. This was the first one made, beginning in 1939, with ten of this model getting made. It was decided that the Type

VIIA would be used as the basis for further development. The Type VIIA had a range of

4300 miles and could carry eleven torpedoes.

The Type VIIB was the first improvement on the class. It was made to have a

larger fuel capacity to increase the range, and on this model, the range was increased

from 4300 miles to 6500 miles. It was also faster than the VIIA and could hold three

more torpedoes. 24 of this design were made during the war.

The next version of this type was the Type VIIC, which was the most prevelant

submarine of the type, with over 500 being made during the war. This is the workhorse

of the fleet, and these submarines featured very little change from the previous model

except for the addition of sonar equipment and some minor mechanical upgrades.

Four more models of the type were made the Type VIID, VIIF, VIIC 41, and

VIIC-Flak. The VIID was a mine laying sub, which featured design elements that made

it look like a modern ballistic missile sub; six were made of this model. The VIIF was


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built mainly as a torpedo transport ship. They were the largest of the Type VII, and four

were made of this type. The VIIC 41 was an improved version of the VIIC, with the

only difference an improved hull for a greater dive depth; 91 of these were built. The

VIIC-Flak, was also the same as the VIIC, except this had more anti-air armament, to

protect other subs from the Allied U-boat hunting planes. Four of these were made.

After the war, the majority of the Type VIIs were destroyed, per the Allies

demands at the end of the war. These German subs had a great influence on later design,

such as the both the later American and Soviet subs. The Type VII is definitely one of

the most influential submarines of all time, both because of the large number of production and its success during the war.

The Battle of the Atlantic was possibly the most important battle of World War II.

It was the longest running conflict of WWII, stretching from the beginning of the war in

1939, right until the end in 1945. The Battle of the Atlantic was fought between the

German Kriegsmarine , specifically the U-boot Waffe (U-boat Arm); and the Allied Navy

and convoys, especially the British Royal Navy. The Battle took place because of the

Allies need to supply Britain and Russia, and because of the need to amass troops and

supplies in Britain for the Normandy Invasions. The Battle took place over a span of six

years, and because of this, there were many swings in the momentum of the battle. For

the first year of the war, The Germans had a decisive advantage in the Battle, because of

Britains poor tactics and lack of preparation for anti-submarine warfare. During this

time, up until 1941, the Germans had great success with their U-boats, and this time was

called by the German U-boat captains, the Happy Time. In 1941, the Germans finally


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had the number of U-boats necessary to fully implement their wolf packs, but the allies

better preparation and tactics allowed the Battle to be more even at this time. After the

US joined the war, Operation Drumbeat, the Germans submarine operation off of the US

coast line, was so successful, that it led Hitler to give Doenitz complete control over the

U-boats. During the next year, as the Battle moved back to the Mid-Atlantic, the hardest

fighting of the Battle took place, and finally, in the spring of 1943, the battle reached its

critical point. In May of 1943, the Allies essentially ended the German threat of the U-

boats, through superior technology and through the number of anti-submarine weapons

that were used during this time. From this point on, the Battle of the Atlantic wasessentially over, but the Germans continued to harass the Allies with U-boats until the

end of the war.

Karl Doenitz was the commander of the U-boat forces, and, with his revolutionary

submarine warfare ideas, almost won the Battle of the Atlantic for the Germans. He was

the originator of the wolf pack strategy, which allowed the U-boats to do a considerable

amount of damage to Allied convoys. Doenitz joined the German navy before WWI, and

served in the Mediterranean during the war. In 1916, Doenitz joined the German U-boat

forces, and in 1918 was captured by the British, and was a POW for the rest of the war.

He served in the Navy during the inter-war years, and, in 1935, he was promoted to the

head of the new German U-boat forces. He pushed for the development of U-boats,

which allowed Germany to have the most advanced submarines in the world. Doenitz

was promoted to Grand Admiral and Commander of the Navy in 1943 for his successes

in the war, and he was made Hitlers successor after Hitlers suicide. Doenitz was


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convicted of war crimes after the war, and served ten years in prison, before living out the

rest of his life in relative obscurity.

The Type VII submarine was the most used sub of the war, and also the largest

class of submarines ever, in terms of numbers made. It was developed by the Germans,

through their Dutch dummy company, during the inter war years, and was based off of

WWI designs. Its first prototypes were made in 1933, and it served as the basis for

many later German designs. There were seven classes of the submarine that were used

during the war: The VIIA, VIIB, VIIC, VIIC-Flak, VIIC-41, VIID, and VIIF. The VIIA

was the main prototype of the sub. The VIIB was a much improved version of theoriginal that was greatly used during the first year of the war. The VIIC was the most

widely produces version of the Type VII, and formed the backbone of the submarine

forces. The VIIC-Flak and VIIC-41 were improved versions of the C class, with the Flak

being an anti-air sub and the 41 being better designed for evading attack through a

superior dive depth. The VIID was a mine laying submarine, and was not used very

extensively during the war. The VIIF was the largest submarine of the Type VIIs and it

was a torpedo transport ship.

All in all, this was one of the most important battles of the war, determining the

fate of the rest of the war, and allowed the Allies to win.


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"The Biography of Karl Doenitz ." Euronet . N.p., 2010. Web. 5 May 2010..

"Type VII U-boat ." Uboataces.com . Uboataces, 2010. Web. 5 May 2010.

.Helgason , Gumundur. "U-boat Types: Type VIIC ." Uboat.net . Gumundur Helgason,

2010. Web. 5 May 2010. .

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Kemble , Mike . "The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1945." Second World War .Secondworldwar.org.uk, n.d. Web. 5 May 2010..

Trueman, Chris . "The Battle of the Atlantic ." History Learning Site .historylearningsite.co.uk, 2010. Web. 5 May 2010..

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"The Battle of the Atlantic 1939-1942." World War II Multimedia Database . MFAProductions LLC , 2007. Web. 5 May 2010..

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" BATTLE OF THE ATLANTIC - ITS DEVELOPMENT, Part 2 of 2." Naval History Homepage . Naval History Homepage, 24/9/08. Web. 5 May 2010..

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Battle of the Atlantic (1943)