RURAL DEVELOPMENT RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIAIN INDIA

The Concept of Rural DevtThe Concept of Rural Devt Has changed in the past three decadesHas changed in the past three decades Until 70rsquos RD was synonymous with agri devtUntil 70rsquos RD was synonymous with agri devt 80rsquos ndash lsquoa strategy designed to improve the eco and 80rsquos ndash lsquoa strategy designed to improve the eco and

soc life of a specific group of people ndash the rural poorsoc life of a specific group of people ndash the rural poor rsquo rsquo World BankWorld Bank Concerns were deepening rural povertyConcerns were deepening rural poverty Changing concept of devtChanging concept of devt Emergence of diversified rural economyEmergence of diversified rural economy Non-income dimensions of poverty recognisedNon-income dimensions of poverty recognised

Today ndash Inclusive RD Today ndash Inclusive RD Goes beyond growth income and outputGoes beyond growth income and output Quality of life ndash health edn nutrition living conditionsQuality of life ndash health edn nutrition living conditions Reduction in gender equalitiesReduction in gender equalities

Challenges in Rural DevelopmentChallenges in Rural Development 71 of Indiarsquos popn is rural 29 of rural popn (gt200 million people) is below

the national poverty line Rural poverty declined at 073 per year over the

period 1993-2005 down from 081 in 1983-94 46 of rural children under five 40 of adult

women and 38 of adult men are underweight (compared to 33 25 and 26 for urban)

59 are small and marginal farmers and landless labourers who depend on agriculture

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Orissa West Bengal and Bihar together account for 40 of Indiarsquos rural poor

16 of Indiarsquos population is classified as scheduled caste and 8 as scheduled tribe These groups are dominantly poor and rural and face particular socio-cultural barriers to development

Source Compiled from various sources including National Census (2001) National Sample Survey 61st round (200405) National Family Health Survey 3 (200506) Mahendra Dev and Ravi lsquoPoverty and Inequality All India and States 1983-2005rsquo Economic and PoliticalWeekly (2007) pp 509-521

Community Development ProgrammeCommunity Development ProgrammeGandhian notion of CDGandhian notion of CD

Rural upliftment and reconstructionRural upliftment and reconstruction 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries

Sanitation Health care Economic equity Sanitation Health care Economic equity Communal Harmony Education Women Communal Harmony Education Women EmpowermentEmpowerment

CD assumed high propriety after independenceCD assumed high propriety after independence 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering

300 villages popnof 30000300 villages popnof 30000 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar

objective to cover larger areas objective to cover larger areas Began as a comprehensive development effort to Began as a comprehensive development effort to

rebuild rural life and livelihoodrebuild rural life and livelihood

CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with separate budget separate budget

By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 villages were operation villages were operation

By the sixties CDP covered the entire country By the sixties CDP covered the entire country Economic progress was core objectiveEconomic progress was core objective CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr planCDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan Comprehensive in content Comprehensive in content Objective was to create conditions for high living standards Objective was to create conditions for high living standards

and upliftment of rural poorand upliftment of rural poor Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education

Housing EmploymentHousing Employment

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

The Concept of Rural DevtThe Concept of Rural Devt Has changed in the past three decadesHas changed in the past three decades Until 70rsquos RD was synonymous with agri devtUntil 70rsquos RD was synonymous with agri devt 80rsquos ndash lsquoa strategy designed to improve the eco and 80rsquos ndash lsquoa strategy designed to improve the eco and

soc life of a specific group of people ndash the rural poorsoc life of a specific group of people ndash the rural poor rsquo rsquo World BankWorld Bank Concerns were deepening rural povertyConcerns were deepening rural poverty Changing concept of devtChanging concept of devt Emergence of diversified rural economyEmergence of diversified rural economy Non-income dimensions of poverty recognisedNon-income dimensions of poverty recognised

Today ndash Inclusive RD Today ndash Inclusive RD Goes beyond growth income and outputGoes beyond growth income and output Quality of life ndash health edn nutrition living conditionsQuality of life ndash health edn nutrition living conditions Reduction in gender equalitiesReduction in gender equalities

Challenges in Rural DevelopmentChallenges in Rural Development 71 of Indiarsquos popn is rural 29 of rural popn (gt200 million people) is below

the national poverty line Rural poverty declined at 073 per year over the

period 1993-2005 down from 081 in 1983-94 46 of rural children under five 40 of adult

women and 38 of adult men are underweight (compared to 33 25 and 26 for urban)

59 are small and marginal farmers and landless labourers who depend on agriculture

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Orissa West Bengal and Bihar together account for 40 of Indiarsquos rural poor

16 of Indiarsquos population is classified as scheduled caste and 8 as scheduled tribe These groups are dominantly poor and rural and face particular socio-cultural barriers to development

Source Compiled from various sources including National Census (2001) National Sample Survey 61st round (200405) National Family Health Survey 3 (200506) Mahendra Dev and Ravi lsquoPoverty and Inequality All India and States 1983-2005rsquo Economic and PoliticalWeekly (2007) pp 509-521

Community Development ProgrammeCommunity Development ProgrammeGandhian notion of CDGandhian notion of CD

Rural upliftment and reconstructionRural upliftment and reconstruction 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries

Sanitation Health care Economic equity Sanitation Health care Economic equity Communal Harmony Education Women Communal Harmony Education Women EmpowermentEmpowerment

CD assumed high propriety after independenceCD assumed high propriety after independence 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering

300 villages popnof 30000300 villages popnof 30000 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar

objective to cover larger areas objective to cover larger areas Began as a comprehensive development effort to Began as a comprehensive development effort to

rebuild rural life and livelihoodrebuild rural life and livelihood

CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with separate budget separate budget

By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 villages were operation villages were operation

By the sixties CDP covered the entire country By the sixties CDP covered the entire country Economic progress was core objectiveEconomic progress was core objective CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr planCDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan Comprehensive in content Comprehensive in content Objective was to create conditions for high living standards Objective was to create conditions for high living standards

and upliftment of rural poorand upliftment of rural poor Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education

Housing EmploymentHousing Employment

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Challenges in Rural DevelopmentChallenges in Rural Development 71 of Indiarsquos popn is rural 29 of rural popn (gt200 million people) is below

the national poverty line Rural poverty declined at 073 per year over the

period 1993-2005 down from 081 in 1983-94 46 of rural children under five 40 of adult

women and 38 of adult men are underweight (compared to 33 25 and 26 for urban)

59 are small and marginal farmers and landless labourers who depend on agriculture

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Orissa West Bengal and Bihar together account for 40 of Indiarsquos rural poor

16 of Indiarsquos population is classified as scheduled caste and 8 as scheduled tribe These groups are dominantly poor and rural and face particular socio-cultural barriers to development

Source Compiled from various sources including National Census (2001) National Sample Survey 61st round (200405) National Family Health Survey 3 (200506) Mahendra Dev and Ravi lsquoPoverty and Inequality All India and States 1983-2005rsquo Economic and PoliticalWeekly (2007) pp 509-521

Community Development ProgrammeCommunity Development ProgrammeGandhian notion of CDGandhian notion of CD

Rural upliftment and reconstructionRural upliftment and reconstruction 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries

Sanitation Health care Economic equity Sanitation Health care Economic equity Communal Harmony Education Women Communal Harmony Education Women EmpowermentEmpowerment

CD assumed high propriety after independenceCD assumed high propriety after independence 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering

300 villages popnof 30000300 villages popnof 30000 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar

objective to cover larger areas objective to cover larger areas Began as a comprehensive development effort to Began as a comprehensive development effort to

rebuild rural life and livelihoodrebuild rural life and livelihood

CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with separate budget separate budget

By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 villages were operation villages were operation

By the sixties CDP covered the entire country By the sixties CDP covered the entire country Economic progress was core objectiveEconomic progress was core objective CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr planCDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan Comprehensive in content Comprehensive in content Objective was to create conditions for high living standards Objective was to create conditions for high living standards

and upliftment of rural poorand upliftment of rural poor Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education

Housing EmploymentHousing Employment

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Andhra Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Orissa West Bengal and Bihar together account for 40 of Indiarsquos rural poor

16 of Indiarsquos population is classified as scheduled caste and 8 as scheduled tribe These groups are dominantly poor and rural and face particular socio-cultural barriers to development

Source Compiled from various sources including National Census (2001) National Sample Survey 61st round (200405) National Family Health Survey 3 (200506) Mahendra Dev and Ravi lsquoPoverty and Inequality All India and States 1983-2005rsquo Economic and PoliticalWeekly (2007) pp 509-521

Community Development ProgrammeCommunity Development ProgrammeGandhian notion of CDGandhian notion of CD

Rural upliftment and reconstructionRural upliftment and reconstruction 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries

Sanitation Health care Economic equity Sanitation Health care Economic equity Communal Harmony Education Women Communal Harmony Education Women EmpowermentEmpowerment

CD assumed high propriety after independenceCD assumed high propriety after independence 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering

300 villages popnof 30000300 villages popnof 30000 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar

objective to cover larger areas objective to cover larger areas Began as a comprehensive development effort to Began as a comprehensive development effort to

rebuild rural life and livelihoodrebuild rural life and livelihood

CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with separate budget separate budget

By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 villages were operation villages were operation

By the sixties CDP covered the entire country By the sixties CDP covered the entire country Economic progress was core objectiveEconomic progress was core objective CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr planCDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan Comprehensive in content Comprehensive in content Objective was to create conditions for high living standards Objective was to create conditions for high living standards

and upliftment of rural poorand upliftment of rural poor Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education

Housing EmploymentHousing Employment

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Community Development ProgrammeCommunity Development ProgrammeGandhian notion of CDGandhian notion of CD

Rural upliftment and reconstructionRural upliftment and reconstruction 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries 19 Point programme ndash Khadi amp Village Industries

Sanitation Health care Economic equity Sanitation Health care Economic equity Communal Harmony Education Women Communal Harmony Education Women EmpowermentEmpowerment

CD assumed high propriety after independenceCD assumed high propriety after independence 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering 1952 GOI launched 55 CD projects each covering

300 villages popnof 30000300 villages popnof 30000 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar 1953 National Extension Service project ndash similar

objective to cover larger areas objective to cover larger areas Began as a comprehensive development effort to Began as a comprehensive development effort to

rebuild rural life and livelihoodrebuild rural life and livelihood

CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with separate budget separate budget

By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 villages were operation villages were operation

By the sixties CDP covered the entire country By the sixties CDP covered the entire country Economic progress was core objectiveEconomic progress was core objective CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr planCDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan Comprehensive in content Comprehensive in content Objective was to create conditions for high living standards Objective was to create conditions for high living standards

and upliftment of rural poorand upliftment of rural poor Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education

Housing EmploymentHousing Employment

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with CD blocks treated as admin units for planning and devt with separate budget separate budget

By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 By first 5yr plan (1952-57) ndash 1114 blocks covering 163000 villages were operation villages were operation

By the sixties CDP covered the entire country By the sixties CDP covered the entire country Economic progress was core objectiveEconomic progress was core objective CDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr planCDP was the main programme until the 3rd 5 Yr plan Comprehensive in content Comprehensive in content Objective was to create conditions for high living standards Objective was to create conditions for high living standards

and upliftment of rural poorand upliftment of rural poor Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education Agriculture Animal husbandry Roads Health Education

Housing EmploymentHousing Employment

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Implementation Facets of CDPsImplementation Facets of CDPs Headed by a block development officer Headed by a block development officer BDO assisted by eight Extension OfficersBDO assisted by eight Extension Officers One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation One each for agriculture animal husb Panchayat co-operation

rural industries rural engineering social education women and rural industries rural engineering social education women and child welfarechild welfare

VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt VLV ndash BDO ndash Dist Collector ndash Devt Comssionerndash Planning Commssion Comssionerndash Planning Commssion

Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Govt officials prepared plan under Plng Commsn Initially no chance for community to demand any Initially no chance for community to demand any

facility to solve their problemfacility to solve their problem Later advisory committeeLater advisory committee

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement 1950s to mid 1970s ndash little achievement Economy slower compare to East and South- East Economy slower compare to East and South- East

Asian counterpartsAsian counterparts Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and Land Reform Act 1956 ndash could not help poor and

helpless esp in North India helpless esp in North India Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Increase in poverty in late sixties and early seventies Govt compelled to import food grain Govt compelled to import food grain

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Panchayti Raj InstitutionsPanchayti Raj Institutions 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest 1957 Balwant Rai Mehta Commitee appointed to suggest

measures to remove obstacles from CDP measures to remove obstacles from CDP Three tier system of local Govt ndash Three tier system of local Govt ndash

Gram Panchayat (Village level) Gram Panchayat (Village level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Panchayat Samiti (Block level) Zilla Parishad (District level) Zilla Parishad (District level)

The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected The three-tier system aimed to link Govt and elected representativerepresentative

To decenterlise decision making To decenterlise decision making To shift decision making closer to people and encourage To shift decision making closer to people and encourage

their participation their participation To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control To place Bureaucracy under peoplersquos control

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

PRIs only partially able to meet these expections PRIs only partially able to meet these expections Elite capture of PRIs Elite capture of PRIs Welfare of weaker sections ignored Welfare of weaker sections ignored

Mid 60s Focus shifted to agriculture productionFocus shifted to agriculture production Technological orientation to agriculture Technological orientation to agriculture Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs Central Govt brings special Programs bypassing PRIs

SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency) SFDA (Small Farmers Devt Agency)

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes)IAAP (Intensive Agricultural Programmes) IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme)IADP (Intensive Agricultural District Programme) TDA (Tribal Development Agency)TDA (Tribal Development Agency) MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural MFAL (Marginal Small Farmers and Agricultural

Labourers Development Agency )Labourers Development Agency ) Command Area Development Command Area Development Drought Prone Area and Hill AreaDrought Prone Area and Hill Area

All these were financed and operated directly by the All these were financed and operated directly by the Central GovtCentral Govt

Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Agri initiative of late 60s increase food production Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated Benefits reaped by rich non-poor farmers in irrigated

areas areas Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Small and Marginal Farmers trailed Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in Productivity increase from the Green Revolution in

1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty1970s- 80s however did reduce rural poverty

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Integrated Rural Devt ProgrammeIntegrated Rural Devt Programme IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and IRDP introduced in 1979 for rural poor and

weaker sections of society weaker sections of society Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems Earlier Programmes relied on delivery systems

which supressed self-reliance which supressed self-reliance Shift from community devt to schematised Shift from community devt to schematised

planningplanning

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Linkage between infrastructure and employment Linkage between infrastructure and employment scheme drawn scheme drawn

Programme design has credit based self- employment Programme design has credit based self- employment activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise activity and not as subsidy distribution exercise

Decentralization of programme implementation through Decentralization of programme implementation through DRDA and Block Authority DRDA and Block Authority

Sub schemes ndash Sub schemes ndash Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Devt Of women and children (DWCRA) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) Traning of Rural Youth for Self -employment (TRYSEM) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) National Rural Employment Programme (NREP) Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)Jawahar Rojar Yojana (JRY)

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the By Mid 80s ndash there are improvements in meeting the minimum needs of poor minimum needs of poor

Progress in Elementary education Health Water Progress in Elementary education Health Water supply Roads supply Roads

Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was Still around 1993-94 was 32 of population was poor poor

In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22In SC amp ST this was higher by 17-22 Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key Small land holding Landlessness Illiteracy were key

factorsfactors

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Decentralized Planning For Rural DevtDecentralized Planning For Rural Devt Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning Based on Sivaraman Committee report Planning

Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit Comn urged states in 1987 to consider Block as unit of Planning of Planning

At Dist level District Planning and Development At Dist level District Planning and Development council District planning Board ndash has elected and council District planning Board ndash has elected and nominated reps headed by a minister or district nominated reps headed by a minister or district collector or a non official collector or a non official

It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and It planned coordinated monitored reviewed and finalized plan at block level finalized plan at block level

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

However peoplersquos participation were still limitedHowever peoplersquos participation were still limited Gap between Bureaucracy and peopleGap between Bureaucracy and people

Panchayati Raj ReformsPanchayati Raj Reforms 73rd amendment in 1992 73rd amendment in 1992

Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and Empowered PRIs to participate in devt and decentralized planning decentralized planning

Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and Dependency of villagers on Govt officials and machinery reducedmachinery reduced

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash 29 items of Devt Transferred to PRIs ndash Agriculture Agriculture Forestry and Envt Forestry and Envt Industry infrastructure Industry infrastructure Minimum needs Minimum needs Social welfare Social welfare Poverty alleviation Poverty alleviation Maint of community assetsMaint of community assets

More than 34 lakh elected reps of PanchayatsMore than 34 lakh elected reps of Panchayats Broadest rep base in any country in world Broadest rep base in any country in world Reservation for weaker section amp womenReservation for weaker section amp women Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual Gram sabha ndash Forum for discussion and annual

planningplanning Self help groups 9Self help groups 9thth five year plan(1997-2002) five year plan(1997-2002)

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Between 1990 and present Phase Liberal economic policies and reforms

introduced in the early 1990s Driven by rapid growth in the manufacturing

and service sectors Growth rate in agriculture has declined since

1997 and remains low The share of agriculture in GDP has declined

from 43 in 1970 to 22 in 2004 Public investment in irrigation has fallen

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Thrust areasThrust areas Economy growing at around 8Economy growing at around 8 Paradigm policy shift in rural development - rural poor

treated as resource an integral part of the devt strategy and not as a burden

Objectives are to Bridging the rural-urban divide Guaranteeing wage employment and ensuring food security Making rural people the arbiters of their own destiny and to

provide for their economic uplift by self employment Creating rural infrastructure for better economic

opportunities and growth Ensuring dignified living ndash shelterwater clean envt Restoring lost or depleted productivity of the land for better

livelihood opportunitiesApproved outlay1st 2 yrs of 11th Plan (2007- 2012)Rs 36560 crores and 42400 crores

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Bharat NirmanBharat Nirman Under Bharat Nirman developmental works are

undertaken in the areas of irrigation road rural housing rural water supply rural electrification and rural telecommunication connectivity

Three of the goals of Bharat Nirman fall within the mandate of the Min of Rural Development

rural connectivity rural housing rural water supply

Specific targets so that there is accountability in the progress of this initiative

Bharat Nirman an effort to unlock rural Indias growth potential and key for ushering a new era

National Common Minimum Programme (NCMP)

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Key ProgrammesKey Programmes National Rural Employment Guarantee Act2005

(NREGA) Act guarantees 100 days of employment in a financial

year to every household a social safety net for the vulnerable groups and an

opportunity to combine growth with equity Structured towards harnessing the rural work-force not

as recipients of doles but as productive partners in our economic process

assets created result in sustained employment for the area for future growth employment and self-sufficiency

Operationalised from 2nd February 2006 in 200 selected districts extended to 130 more districts in 2007-08

The remaining districts (around 275) of the country under the ambit of NREGA from 1st of April 2008

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)

launched on 25th September 2001 objectives of providing additional wage

employment ensuring food security while creating durable community social amp economic infrastructure and assets in the rural areas

SGRY along with National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP) have been subsumed in the NREGA districts

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana(SGSY)

Self employment programme for the rural poor The assisted families (Swarozgaris) may be individuals

or groups (Self-Help Groups) Emphasis is on the group approach To bring the assisted poor families above the poverty

line by providing them income generating assets through a mix of bank credits and government subsidy

Organization of poor into Self-Help Groups and taking care of training credit technology infrastructure and marketing

Implemented by the District Rural Development Agencies (DRDAs) with the active participation of PRIrsquos the Banks the line Departments and NGOrsquos

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana(PMGSY)

Launched December 2000 100 centrally sponsored scheme to provide

connectivity to unconnected habitations Road connectivity to all habitations with a

population of thousand (500 in case of hilly or tribal areas) with all weather roads by 2009

Will lead to rural employment opportunities better access to regulated and fair market better access to health education and other public services

Bridge the rural-urban divide and pave the path of economic growth

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Indira Awas Yojana (IAY) Since 1985-86 to help build or upgrade homes

to householdsbelow the poverty line Ceiling on construction assistance under the IAY

currently is Rs 25000- per unit for the plain areas and Rs27500- for the hilly terrainsdifficult areas

To impart transparency to the selection process of beneficiaries a permanent waitlist is being prepared under IAY

60 lakh houses are to be constructed in a period of 4 year from 2005-06

Against this overall target 1552 lakh were built in 2005-06 and 1498 lakh homes in 2006-07

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)

To provide public assistance to its citizens in case of unemployment old age sickness and disablement within the limit of the economic capacity of the State

Launched for fulfillment of this obligation in 1995-96 National Old Age Pension Scheme (NOAPS)

bull -Rs200 per month from1st April 2006 National Family Benefit Scheme (NFBS) National Maternity Benefit Scheme (NMBS) (IGNOAPS) launched on 19112007

bull citizens above the age of 65 years and living below the poverty line Annapurna Scheme for providing free good grains to the

elderly

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Accelerated Rural Water Supply ProgrammeARWSP

Central government supplements Statesrsquo efforts for providing safe drinking water and sanitation by providing financial and technical assistance under two centrally sponsored programmes

Accelerated Rural Water Supply (ARWSP) Central Rural Sanitation Programme (CRSP) By 2009 55067 uncovered 331 lakh slipped back

and 217 lakh quality affected habitations are to be addressed

approximately 6 lakhs habitations where water supply is a problem to be covered

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)

Central Rural Sanitation Programmelsquo (CRSP) launched in 1986 aims at improving the quality of life of the rural poor and to provide privacy and dignity to women in rural areas

In 1999 Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC) under restructured CRSP was launched to promote sanitation in rural areas

Follows participatory demand-responsive approach educating the rural households about the benefits of proper sanitation and hygiene

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Selected Institutions

National Institute of Rural Development (NIRD) More than 50 years of existence is an apex body for undertaking

Training Research Action research Consultancy functions

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Council for Advancement of Peoplersquos Action and Rural Technology (CAPART) Founded in 1986

For improving the quality of life in the rural areas particularly the poor and socially disadvantaged People below the poverty line scheduled castes and tribes bonded labour women and people with disabilities are priority focus groups for CAPART

The major goals of CAPART areTo support voluntary organisations in implementing projects for

sustainable development in rural areasbull To act as a national nodal point for development and

promotion of appropriate rural technologiesbull To promote and support voluntary action and peoples

participation for rural development through capacity-building for voluntary organisations and rural communities

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

To act as a data bank and clearing house for information on the voluntary sector rural technologies and rural development

Facilitating community action for development Building awareness on critical development issues Building and strengthening village-level people and

organisations Promoting the development and dissemination of appropriate

rural technologies Strengthening the capacities of voluntary organisations in rural

areas Creating employment opportunities and economic self-

reliance Creation of community assets and fulfilment of basic needs Conservation and regeneration of the environment and natural

resources Enabling women persons with disabilities and other

disadvantaged groups to participate in development

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

End noteEnd note

ldquoThe long arms of the states shortening and the reach of the market forces is being extended but unevenlyhellipThe question is no longer whether decentralised collective action can be effective but under what circumstances it is appropriate and how positive synergy between the state market and civil organisations can most efficiently and fairly supply public goodshellip

--------Norman Uphoff

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India

Broad features for Rural Development Programmes in Five Year Plans

Began as a comprehensive development effort to rebuild rural life and livelihood

Community Development Programme was the main programme until the Third Five year plan

Became a bundle of special programmes with focus on poverty alleviation

RDP has also been a top-down centrally guided and centrally sponsored programme

Hardly any state government has made special resource commitment for RD Programmes

A large body of literature shows limited impact on poverty removal reduction through RDP

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

C D P as a Mini Plan for RD Provision in the 2ndFive Year PlanRs In Crore

1Personnel and Equipments 52

2Agricultural Animal Husbandry

Minor Irrigation land reclamation etc 55

3Communication 18

4Rural Arts and Crafts 5

5Education 12

6Social Education 10

7Health and Sanitation 20

8Housing (Project Staff + Rural Housing) 16

9CD Centre 12

TOTAL 200

42 of total plan outlay

3100 blocks and 370000 villages were covered by the beginning of the third plan

1crore= 10 million

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme

Areas of intensive efforts for over all development of social and economic life

Different development agencies of Government to work as a team

Villagers came together for bringing about social changes are assisted to seek and enable their participation in execution of economic development programs self-help and co-operation are recognised as principles to guide

Cover all rural families especially those who are underprivileged

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming

Development Panchayats actively responsible Landholding consolidation Land Reforms Agricultural Development Small and village industry Women and Youth get special focus Intensive work in Tribal area

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)

The village production plan Glimpses of Sustainable economic development

Agricultural Production Programs Full utilisation of irrigation facilities by maintaining field channels repair and maintain commu Irrigation works increases area under multiple cropping spread of improved seeds composting and green manure fertilisers Improved agricultural practices ndashSoil conservation contourbunding

dry farming drainage land reclamation plant protection individual and community minor irrigation projects improved implements production of vegetables and fruits

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Development of poultry fish dairy Animal Husbandry ndashstud bulls castration Development of Village fuel plantation and

pasturesbull Panchayat Development Socio-politicalbull DPAP ndashDDP Focus on Natural Resources1048708 Aims bull Optimum utilisation of land water and

livestock resourcesbull Restoration of ecological balancebull Stabilising the income of poorbull Arrest desertification advancement

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Key Elements

1 Development amp Management of water resources

2 Soil and Moisture conservation3 AfforestationndashSocial + Farm forestry4 Development of pasture lands5 Livestock and dairy development6 Restructuring cropping pattern7 development subsidiary occupation

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

+ Special Areas Programme1048707

Water Resources -over exploited ndashcrisis Land Resources -degradation on rise Forest Resources -degraded and under threat Common Property

Resources -Open access amp degraded mostly

Financial Resources Centres share (5050basis) Rscrores(10 million)

IRDP 750DPAP 175 (Rs15 lakhs per block)

DDP 50NREP 980

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)

By the end of 3rd Five Year Plan coverage is all villages in 5265 blocks

Welding together Panchayati Raj and CD Balwant Rai MehtaCommittee ndashThe three-tier system

village block district link Government and elected representative

Studies on Area Planning Concept of Growth Centre introduced growth centre to be promoted and woven into district plans

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)

The Slimmest Volume In 1975 20 point programme is introduced Community Development Programme does

not find place in text and discussion

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85) RD Through Special Programmes Achievements in previous plan lauded Network of extension and development service established

Land reforms successful Rural community aware and ready to adopt technical advances (GRT

adoption as evidence) Special area programmes introduced DPAP mid 1970s Drought Areas DDP late 1970s Desert Areas

SFDA MFAL since 1971 Small marginal farmers and Agricultural labourers

RD to focus on special employment and income generation programmes for poor Focus shifted to individual Household based support

All individual Household Programme merged and Integrated Rural Development Programme is born (IRDP)

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)

ldquoThe approach to the Seventh Plan reiterates the goal of bringing down the percentage of population below the poverty line to less than 10 by 1994-95rdquo

hellipTherefore the special programmes will be continued at an accelerated rate

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97)

1048707List of Programmes Reviewed IRDP (1980) TRYSEM (1979) DWCRA (1982) NREP (1980) RLEGP(1983) JRY (1990) MEGS (1971-72) Maharashtra SEPG (1991) Gujarat DPAP (1973) DDP (1978)

Voluntary sector to help Rest same as 7thFYP

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)

Introduction of Integrated Watershed Development Programmes DPAP DDP + People in Centre Contradictions between Agricultural Irrigation and RD Programmes Impact of GRT (agro mechanical + bio-chemical) on

ecologicalenvironmental parameters District Planning and RD Programmes People as if they matter Assessment of local area resource base people ndashexisting situation Natural Resource base as unit for improving resource productivity Use of individual social local and indigenous knowledge Formulation of sustainable development plans Community Development Facilitation

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)

Strategy for Equity and Social Justice ldquoAgricultural Development must be viewed as a core element

of plan since growth in this sector is likely to lead to the widest spread of benefits especially to the rural poor The first generation of reforms concentrated on the industrial economy and reforms in the agricultural sector were neglected This must change in the Tenth Planrdquo

Box 13 p9 Volume-I Five Year Plan 2002-2007

PCGoI 2002

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy

Growth Strategy

Creating Gainful Employment Opportunities Deal with policy constraints that discourage growth

in employment Agriculture in extended sense Tourism Transport Special Programs Retailing SSI IT amp Communication ndashenabled service Other New services

• RURAL DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA
• The Concept of Rural Devt
• Challenges in Rural Development
• Slide 4
• Community Development Programme
• Slide 6
• Implementation Facets of CDPs
• Slide 8
• Panchayti Raj Institutions
• Slide 10
• Slide 11
• Integrated Rural Devt Programme
• Slide 13
• Slide 14
• Decentralized Planning For Rural Devt
• Slide 16
• Slide 17
• Between 1990 and present Phase
• Thrust areas
• Bharat Nirman
• Key Programmes
• Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY)
• Swarnjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)
• Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana (PMGSY)
• Indira Awas Yojana (IAY)
• National Social Assistance Programme (NSAP)
• Accelerated Rural Water Supply Programme ARWSP
• Total Sanitation Campaign (TSC)
• Selected Institutions
• Slide 30
• Slide 31
• End note
• III Review of Rural Development Programmes in India
• Slide 34
• Features of Community Development as National Extension Programme
• Co-operatives ndashCo-operative farming
• Third Five Year Plan(1961-66)
• Slide 38
• Key Elements
• Slide 40
• Fourth Five Year Plan(1969-74)
• Fifth Five Year Plan(1974-78)
• Sixth Five Year Plan(1980-85)
• Seventh Five Year Plan(1985-90)
• Eighth Five Year Plan(1992-97) 1048708
• Ninth Five Year Plan(1997-02)
• Tenth Five Year Plan(2002-07)
• Growth Strategy