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BBA 4009
Competitive Analysis
AU LEE YAU
930524-01-6857
200033
CHRITINA LAU
MARCH 2015
TABLE OF CONTENT
Title Pages
Content 1
4.0 Chapter 4
4.0 Introduction4.1 Descriptive statistic of the collection 4.2 T-test of the data collection4.3 Hypothesis Testing4.4 Chapter summary
2-13
5.0 Chapter 5
5.0 Introduction5.1 Respondent Profile5.2 Discussion of the findings5.3 Recommendations5.4 Practical Implication5.5 Limitation of Study5.6 Conclusion
14-18
References 19
Coursework 20-21
4.0 Introduction
Page 1 of 20
This Chapter mainly represents the result of the data analysis. This result will use to
study the aim report the finding that we get from data analysis. Thus, in this research
data were analyzed using which several method to analysis such as Descriptive
statistic of the collection, T-test of the data collection, the hypothesis testing and the
last chapter summary.
4.1 Descriptive statistic of the collection
Table 4.1 Age of the respondents
Age Frequency Percentage (%)
Below 20
21-30
31-40
41 and above
30
35
20
15
30
35
20
15
Total 100 100
This results of age of respondents shown in table 4.1. The table show 30% of the
respondent (30 people respondents) is at the age below 20 years old, then follow by
35% (35 respondents) are in age between 21 until 30. Then, age from 31-40 have 20%
(have 20 respondents). Lastly, the age 41 and above there are 15respondents (15% of
the all respondents). Based on this statement the highest respondent age are between
21 until 30 years old and the lowest are the age 41 and above. Only 15 respondents
only.
Table 4.2 Gender of the respondents
Page 2 of 20
Gender Frequency Percentage (%)
Male
Female
50
50
50
50
Total 100 100
This results of gender of respondents shown in table 4.2. The findings show the both
male and female have same frequency and percentage. The male have 50respondents
(50% male respondents) and also the female also have 50respondents (50% male
respondents).
Table 4.3 marital status of the respondents
Marital Status Frequency Percentage (%)
Single
Married
60
40
60
40
Total 100 100
Table 4.3 show the result of the marital status of the respondents. This finding
shows the highest respondent is the single respondent which 60% (60 respondents). In
the others hand, there are 40 respondents in married respondents include also 40% out
of 100% respondents.
Table 4.4 Race of the respondents
Page 3 of 20
Race Frequency Percentage (%)
Malays
India
Chinese
30
25
45
30
25
45
Total 100 100
This results of race of respondents shown in table 4.4. The table show 30% of the
respondent (30 people respondents) is the Malay respondents, then follow by 25%
(25respondents) are Indian. Then, the Chinese have the highest rate 45 respondents
(45%). Based on this statement the highest respondent race are Chinese and the lowest
are the Indians.
Table 4.5 Religion of the respondents
Religion Frequency Percentage (%)
Christian
Islam
Hinduism
Buddhism
30
25
10
35
30
25
10
35
Total 100 100
The table 4.5 show 30% of the respondent (30 people respondents) is the chiristian
respondents, then follow by 25% (25respondents) are Islamic. Then, the Hindusim
only 10% in my respondents follow by Buddhism have 35% the highest rate of the all
religion, whereas the Hinduism are the weakest percentages only 10%.
Table 4.6 Education Level of the respondents
Page 4 of 20
Education Level Frequency Percentage (%)
Master degree
Bachelor degree
Advance Diploma
Diploma
30
25
35
10
30
25
35
10
Total 100 100
The table 4.6 show the education level of the all respondents the highest frequency is
the Advance Diploma are 30 respondents, follow by master degree 30respondents,
25respondents are Bachelor degree, and the lowest frequency is the Diploma level
only show 10%.
Table 4.7 Occupation of the respondents
Occupation Frequency Percentage (%)
Education
Finance
Service Industry
Others
25
25
35
15
25
25
35
15
Total 100 100
Table 4.7 show the result of the Occupation of the respondents. This finding shows
the highest respondent is the service industry which 35% (35 respondents). In the
others hand, there are same 25 respondents in the education and the finance
occupation 25%. the least occupation is the others act as students and worker only 15
respondents (15% out of 100%).
Page 5 of 20
Table 4.8 Monthly Income of the respondents
Monthly Income Frequency Percentage (%)
Below 1500
1501 – 2000
2001 – 2500
2500 and above
10
15
20
55
10
15
20
55
Total 100 100
Table 4.3 show the result of the Monthly income of the respondents. This finding
shows the highest respondent have income 2500 and above which 55%
(55respondents). In the others hand, there are 20 respondents in income between 2001
– 2500 include also 20% out of 100% respondents. Next the income between 1501-
2000 have 15respondents (15%) and the lowest frequency is the income below 1500
only 10respondents (10%only).
Table 4.9 Living Area of the respondents
Living Area Frequency Percentage (%)
City
Village
80
20
80
20
Total 100 100
Table 4.9 show the result of the living area of the respondents. This finding shows the
highest respondent stay in city are 80% (80 respondents). In the others hand, there are
20 respondents stay in village respondents include also 20% out of 100% respondents.
Page 6 of 20
Table 4.10 buy the SME’s product of the respondents
Buy the SME’s product Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes
No
60
40
60
40
Total 100 100
Table 4.10 show the result of the buy the SME’s product of the respondents. This
finding shows the highest respondent is yes to buy the SME’s product which 60% (60
respondents). In the others hand, there are 40 respondents in respondents say No to
buying SMEs product include also 40% out of 100% respondents.
4.2 T-test of the data collection
A statistical examination of two population means. A two-sample t-test examines
whether two samples are different and is commonly used when the variances of two
normal distributions are unknown and when an experiment uses a small sample size.
For example, a t-test could be used to compare the average floor routine score of the
U.S. women's Olympic gymnastics team to the average floor routine score of China's
women's team.
There are main types of the t-test may be used, for example:
1. One-sample t-test is used to compare a sample mean with a known population
mean or some other meaningful, fixed value
Page 7 of 20
2. Independent samples t-test is used to compare two means from independent
groups. Two separate sets of independent and identically distributed samples
are obtained, one from each of the two populations being compared. For
example, suppose we are evaluating the effect of a medical treatment, and we
enrol 100 subjects into our study, then randomly assign 50 subjects to the
treatment group and 50 subjects to the control group.
3. Paired samples t-test is used to compare two means that are repeated
measures for the same participants - scores might be repeated across different
measures or across time. It can also use to compare paired samples, as in a two
treatment randomized block design.
4. In this research, the independent samples test will used to test whether gender
is significant towards packaging.
Table 4.11: Independent sample test between gender and packaging
The result of T-test is shown in
Page 8 of 20
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
Variable
1Variable
2Mean 14.4 18.12
Variance52.0816
333.5771
4Observations 50 50Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 94t Stat -2.84212
P(T<=t) one-tail0.00274
8
t Critical one-tail1.66122
6
P(T<=t) two-tail0.00549
6
t Critical two-tail1.98552
3
table 4.11 above. The result show that the difference in the mean of 14.4 and 18.12
with the Variance of 52.08163 and 33.57714 for the male and female on the packaging
were insignificant. The t-value is 0.005496, in this result we can concluded that there
is has significant different of the packaging between male and female respondents.
Table 4.12: Independent sample test between gender and purchase decision
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
Variabl
e 1Variabl
e 2Mean 15.26 18.42
Variance40.8493
917.5138
8Observations 50 50Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 84
t Stat-
2.92484
P(T<=t) one-tail0.00221
5
t Critical one-tail1.66319
7P(T<=t) two-tail 0.06443t Critical two-tail 1.98861
The result of T-test is shown in table 4.12 above. The result show that the difference
6in the mean of 15.26 and 18.42 with the Variance of 40.84939 and 17.51388 for the
male and female on the purchase decision were insignificant. The t-value is 0.006443,
in this result we can concluded that there is no significant different of the purchase
decision between male and female respondents.
Page 9 of 20
Table 4.13: Independent sample test between gender and price
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
Variable
1Variable
2Mean 14.32 17.2
Variance22.2220
423.5918
4Observations 50 50Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 98t Stat -3.0087
P(T<=t) one-tail0.00166
7
t Critical one-tail1.66055
1
P(T<=t) two-tail1.00333
5
t Critical two-tail1.98446
7 The result of T-test is shown in table 4.13 above. The result show that the difference
in the mean of 14.32 and 17.2 with the Variance of 22.22204 and 23.59184 for the
male and female on the price were insignificant. The t-value is 1.003335, in this result
we can concluded that there is has no significant different of the purchase decision
between male and female respondents.
Table 4.14: Independent sample test between gender and customer loyalty
t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
Variable 1
Variable 2
Mean 13.62 17.68Variance 13.05 17.28
Page 10 of 20
673 327Observations 50 50Hypothesized Mean Difference 0df 96
t Stat
-5.211
99
P(T<=t) one-tail5.35E
-07
t Critical one-tail1.660
881
P(T<=t) two-tail1.07E
-06
t Critical two-tail1.984
984
The result of T-test is shown in table 4.14 above. The result show that the difference
in the mean of 13.62 and 17.68 with the Variance of 13.05673 and 17.28327for the
male and female on the customer loyalty were insignificant. The t-value is 1.07, in
this result we can concluded that there is no significant different of the customer
loyalty between male and female respondents.
4.3 Hypothesis Testing
The analysis of the variance (ANOVA) is used to compare the difference between
more than two means at the same time. The necessary assumption must be met before
we conducting the ANOVA. Hence, we assumption for ANOVA are the same as those
t-tests. There are two assumption focused on the are
a) Population normality – population from which the samples have been drawn
should be normal. Check this for each group using normality statistics such as
Page 11 of 20
skewness and Shapiro – Wilk.
b) Homogeneity of variance – the Homogeneity of variance scores in each group.
Thus, let we using the t-test, Levene’s test determined whether the variances is equal,
or unequal.( Coakes &Steed 2007)
Table 4. 15 One way ANOVA between age, race, religion, education level, occupation
and income with packaging.
Anova: Single Factor
SUMMARY
Groups CountSum
Average
Variance
Column 1 6775
129.1667
1604.167
Column 2 6750 125 1000
Column 3 6825 137.5 4187.5
Column 4 5650 130 8875
ANOVASource of Variation SS df MS F
P-value F crit
Between Groups
487.3188 3
162.4396
0.044435
0.987157
3.12735
Within Groups
69458.33 19
3655.702
Total69945.
65 22
The result of ANOVA is shown in Table 4.15. In this situation, the F value is
0.044435, and this is not significant level at the 0.987. This means there is no
Page 12 of 20
significant between the packaging and the factor of the age, race, religion, education
level, occupation, and income. it can show that the analysis of the variance from the
ANOVA table indicated that F statistic produced is found to be significant at level
0.05 level. We can conclude that this regression models reaches statically significant
as p value less than 0.05.In my Conclusion, in this one way ANOVA testing we can
concluded there is no significant relationship between age, race, religion, education
level, occupation and income. This is because all the significant value is more than
0.05.
4.4 Chapter summary
In this chapter, the three hypothesis proposed is earlier tested. Using sample of 100
respondent, the data obtained from the Johor jaya area. First, the questionnaire was
distributed randomly. This is aim to determine the effect of new packaging toward
purchase decisions, customer loyalty and also price. Two level of statistical analysis
were conducted in two ways. The first level involved using the basic descriptive
analysis. In this analysis, we used the frequencies of the demographic data. The
second level of analysis is the ANOVA (t-test and one way). In my summary, based
on the test conducted, 2 hypothesis is reject and 1 hypothesis is acceptable. This
research shows that only purchase decisions and customer loyalty will affected if
there are a new packaging to SME’s product, there is no relationship between the
packaging and the price of the product.
Page 13 of 20
5.0 Introduction
Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution,
storage, sale, and use in SMEs product. Packaging also refers to the process of design,
evaluation, and production of packages. Packaging can be described as a coordinated
system of preparing goods for transport, warehousing, logistics, sale, and end use. The
importance of the Packaging in the SME’s product is a marketing tool used to reflect
the brand and to sell the product inside. This tool used design elements such as color,
font, description and logo to drive consumers to buy the product.
5.1 Respondent Profile
We will discuss in this chapter about the result of the finding in this research. To
easy understanding in the discussion, we will separate into three parts namely, 5.0, 5.3
and 5.6.
The main objectives in my investigation is to study the aim of the effect of
packaging to SME’s product in purchase decisions, price, and the customer loyalty.
In order to access the objective, the three specific objectives of this study have been
formulated as follows: Firstly, to determine whether the new packaging of SME will
Page 14 of 20
affect the customer loyalty on that product. Then, to examine whether consumer
willing to pay more for the SME product after a new packaging. Lastly, to test the
purchase decisions when the SMS product have a new packaging.
In my research, the researcher can get the data result from the respondents to
make sure their research is complete and also to test their objectives. In this research,
the main objective is to indicate the effect of packaging to SME’s product in purchase
decisions, price, and the customer loyalty. Number of the respondents contain of 100
person and they are all come from Johor Jaya. The researchers are categorized the
demographic data according to the age, race, religion, education level, occupation and
income and also marital status. In this research, there are 50 male’s respondents and
50 female respondents in same 50% percentages out of 100%.
5.2 Discussion of the findings
In this research, the figure of the analysis regarding to people from age 41 and
above shows only 15%. This is because they have affect by the price and purchase
decisions. They have a weak price and purchase decisions because most of all already
entire in their life.
The secondly we make a investigate the between the race and the packaging, the
results show that Chinese has the highest rate in all the races. This is because most of
the Chinese very likely the wrap or packaging of the SMEs product and also the most
Chinese has the improvement buying decisions.
The most weakest religion that has effect is the Hinduism, this is due to the
Page 15 of 20
Hinduism is very loyal to their religion, they are tradition and focused in their cultural
in social attitudes. The Hinduism show the percentages only 10%.
Next, the effect between the education level and the packaging displays the
Diploma level has the weakest effect. This is because the Diploma student require to
focus in their study and have least buying decisions.
Occupation in range others has the low percentages, only present the 10% out
of 100%. This is because most of the occupation are the students and worker, the have
also weak purchase decisions
The income below 1500 has the lowest percentages in the research. Only 10%
percentages, this mean that the lower income has choose the lower price product and
no influences of the packaging. The lower income affect the buying decision to
pretend save cost. Finally, the all price and customer loyalty also purchase decision in
all race, age, religion, education, occupation, income has no effect to the packaging to
SME’s product.
5.3 Recommendations
In my study, the most of the greatest effect is Packaging to the SME’s product. This
is because the nowadays, annually in the competitive world we have to have a nice
wrapping and design for the packaging only these can make a differentiate from
others SME’s products.
The price has low effect than the packaging, we can explain through if the buyer
has greater purchase decision normally they buy the brand product with the nice look
Page 16 of 20
packaging. Thus, the purchase decision and the customer loyalty can be change when
the packaging is more attract the buyer and the buyer will try another product with
classic and luxury packaging.
5.4 Practical Implication
The Government undergoes SME development feature prominently in all of the
Government's economic development plans over the years. Over the recent decade, a
clear policy for accelerating the development of SMEs has been charted through
specific strategies outlined in the Second Industrial Master Plan, Third Outline
Perspective Plan and Eight Malaysia Plan.Broadly, strategies to promote the
development of SMEs have been formulated against the backdrop of a changing and
challenging economic environment. To further enhance the Government's role, and for
greater coordination and focus in SME development, the National SME Development
Council was established in June 2004.
The company will develop the packaging by Shifting comparative advantage.
Globalization of trade, investment and production has substantially altered
comparative advantages between large and small firms.
5.5 Limitation of Study
The study of the case has several limitation, there are all divided into 3 limitation.
the beginning this research only focus in specific in one area only, the research range
is narrow. besides, the research time is only four month during my study, this will
Page 17 of 20
limited the time to get the respond from the respondents. the third limitation is the
there are some of the respondents are in cooperative with the questionnaire, this may
affect the analysis the data.
5.6 Conclusion
Packaging is the technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution,
storage, sale, and use in SMEs product. The mainly objectives is the new packaging
of SME’s product affect the customer loyalty on that product. Then, The consumer are
willing to pay more on the new packaging in whether high or low prices. The
purchase decision affect by the new packaging SME’s product.
All the hypothesis and objectives of the research is all approved in my research.
Page 18 of 20
References
1. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student%27s_t-test
2. http://support.minitab.com/en-us/minitab-express/1/help-and-how-to/basic-
statistics/inference/supporting-topics/test-of-means/types-of-t-tests/
3. http://www.bnm.gov.my/?ch=en_press&pg=en_press_all&ac=1279&lang=en
4. http://www.tradeforum.org/Export-Strategies-for-Small-Firms/#sthash.2yLkFCy4
Page 19 of 20