BCHEM_4.08_Seminar Report on Vitamins and Minerals

8/19/2019 BCHEM_4.08_Seminar Report on Vitamins and Minerals

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Page 1 of 11 TRANSCRIBED BY: Group 6

VITAMINSVitamin General

informationSources Function Absorption and Metabolism Storage Deficiency Toxicity

A Carotenoidsand Retinoids

Growth and developmentEpithelial integrity and immunityVision

Absorbed only when there isnormal fat absorption

Fat-storing cells ofthe liver adipocytes,stellate cells, or Itocells

-most preventablecause of blindness-mild deficiency:lost of sensitivity tolight-increased

susceptibility toinfectious disease-Xerophthalmia

unbound vitamin Acauses tissuedamage

D Can be both ahormone and avitamin

-Ergocalciferol(vitamin D2),found in plants-cholecalciferol(vitamin D3),found inanimal tissues

-Essential in the maintenance ofcalcium balance- Plays a role in the regulation ofgene expression and celldifferentiation

-osteomalacia-rickets

Hypercalcemia – calcinosis

E fat solublecompounds withanti-oxidantactivities thatprotects bodytissue fromdamage causedby free radicals

Tocopherols,tocotrienol

antioxidant -hemolytic anemia ininfants

the least toxic of thefat-soluble vitamins

K Vitamin K1Phyloquinone

abundant invegetable oils(safflower andsoy), greenleafy

For coagulation Hemophilia and otherbleeding disorders

Uncommon inadults

TOPIC: Vitamins and Minerals

LECTURER: Group 6

March 1, 2016

SR 4.2


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vegetables,alfafa, fish oil,seaweed, eggyolk and branfrom wheatflourVitamin K2Menaquinone

synthesizedby bacteria ofgenusLactobacillusVitamin K3MenadioneSynthetic, fortheraphy

B1 Thiamin Whole grains,cereals andbeans

Central role in energy-yieldingmetabolism

Absorbed primarily in jejunumand ileum; in its free form inintestinal lumen

Bound to proteinsand 80% inpyrophosphate form

Beriberi (chronicperipheral neuritis);shoshin beriberi(heart failure &metabolicabnormalities

Considered low

B2 Riboflavin

Is not strictly avitamin since thiscan besynthesized bythe body fromTrp

Cereal, nuts,milk, eggs,green leafyvegetables,meat

Provides the reactive moieties ofthe coenzymes FMN and FAD

FMN and FAD released bygastric acid;

Little to no storage Ariboflavinosis(cheilosis, angularstomatitis, glossitis)

Considered low

B3 Niacin

Derivatives thatexhibit biologicalactivity ofnicotinamide

Dairy, poultry,fish, leanmeat, eggsand nuts

NAD and NADPH as hydride ionacceptor; oxidation of CHO

Absorbed in stomach andintestine

Tissue concentrationregulated byextracellularnicotinamide

Pellagra Toxic in excess =niacin flush

B5 Pantothenic acid Meat, broccoliand avocados

As coA: Combines with oxaloacetate to

form citric acid +choline = Ach Cholesterol precursor

Must be converted to freepantothenic acid:

coA & ACP ->4’phosphopantetheine ->pantetheine -> (pantetheinase) -> free pantothenic acid(absorbed via Na+-dependentactive transport system)

Not stored and mustbe replenished

Rare, if present,shows as:Impaired energyproduction

Unlikely

B6 Pyridoxine,pyridoxamine,pyridoxal, andtheir 5-phosphates

Meats, wholegrains,vegetables,nuts, bananas

Cofactor for glycogenphosphorylase

Coenzyme is amino acidmetabolism

- Transamination

Absorbed in the jejunum andileum via passive diffusion

Phosphorylated forms must bedephosphorylate first by alkalinephosphatase

10% in Liver80% in Muscle

Rare Pain and numbnessof extremities

Sensory neuropathy


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Active form ispyridoxal 5-phosphate (PLP)

- Trans-sulfuration (Met Cys)

- Selenoamino acidmetabolism

- Trp niacin

Neurotransmitter synthesis- 5TH- Dopamine- Epi/Norepinephrine- GABA

Hgb synthesis- Coenzyme for ALA

synthase

B7 Biotin

Composed of:*Ureido(tetrahydroimidizalone) ring*Tetrahydrothiophene ring*Valeric acidMade fromalanine andpimeloyl-CoA

Mostly found infood as biocytin&Active form iscarboxybiotin

Egg yolk, beefliver, yeast

Synthesizedby intestinalflora

Carboxylation reactions

Regulation of cell cycle

Strengthening hair and nails;found in cosmetic products

Important for normal embryonicgrowth

Absorbed in the intestine andexcess is excreted in the urine

None Rare At risk:*Infants withinherited deficiencydisorders*Those fedintravenously*Those who eat largeamounts of raw eggwhites (avidin)*Symptoms mayinclude dermatitis,glossitis, loss ofappetite and nausea

None

B9 Folic acid

Active form isTetrahydrofolate(THF)

Leafyvegetables,legumes, eggyolk, sunflowerseeds, liver

Transfer one-carbon units

Synthesis of methionine,purines, and thymidinemonophosphate (TMP)

Rapidly absorbed from theproximal part of the GIT

Once absorbed is acted upon byhepatic dihydrofolate reductaseto convert it to THF

None Megaloblastic AnemiaNeural tube defects

None

B12 CobalaminThe active formsaremethylcobalamin,deoxyadenosylcobalamin

Only found infoods ofanimal origin(meat, dairy,seafood)

Coenzyme for reactions:Homocysteine methionine

Methylmalonyl CoA succinylCoA

Absorbed bound to intrinsicfactor

None Pernicious AnemiaDementiaSpinal Degeneration

None

MINERALSNa - A soft, light,

extremelymalleablesilver-whitealkali metal

- seafood,- milk,- eggs,- common

table salt,

- Controls the concentration ofintracellular and extracellularH2O

- Maintaining fluid balance ofthe body

DIGESTIVE TRACT- active Na+ transport - ATP

hydrolysis of ATP (N+/K+ ATPase)

- ECF- Bones- ICF

HYPONATREMIA- 145 mEq/L;

state ofhyperosmolality.


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- It reactsviolently withwater

- Most abundantcation

- Major ECFcation

- abundant inmost foodexcept fruits

- Nerve impulse conduction- Absorption of some nutrients- Regulates blood pressure

- Na-K pump maintainselectrochemical gradient forNa+ entry from the lumen

- Passive transport of Na+ -through the lateral spaces andtight junctions; largelyparacellular (active transport istranscellular)

KIDNEY- Proximal tubule: 80% of the

sodium in the glomerular filtrateis reabsorbed - via SGLT 2 in PCT, SGLT1

in PST, Na-H antiporter andNa-K pump

normal amount ofsodium or loss

- >155 mEq/L - life-threatening.

- Result of either aloss of free wateror a gain ofsodium or acombination ofboth.

- Symptomsinclude anorexia,restlessness,nausea, andvomiting

K - A soft, silver-white, highly orexplosivelyreactivemetallicelement

- Decomposesin water withthe evolutionof hydrogenand catchesfirespontaneously

- Major ICFcation

- bananas,- citrus juices(orange

juice),- avocado,- cantaloupe,- tomato,- potato,- lima beans,- salmon,- chicken,- other meats

- water balance- nerve impulse transmission

and muscle contraction- The ratio of intracellular to

extracellular potassium (KI:Ke)- major determinant of theresting membrane potentialand plays a crucial role in thenormal functioning of all cells.

- acts as a blood buffer andhelps lower high bloodpressure

INTESTINAL MUCOSA- well absorbed from the small

intestine (90% absorption) - jejunum and ileum: occurs

along the electrochemicalgradient; passive

- diffuses through the lateralspaces and tight junctions.

- Colon: usually secreted - absorption will take when

the luminal concentration isabove 25 mEq/L.

- Potassium deficiency poseshigher

- ICF HYPOKALEMIA- 5.5 mmol/L

(asymptomatic)- Nonspecific

symptoms- Mostly related to

muscular orcardiac function.

- Include weaknessand fatigue,muscle paralysis,dyspnea,palpitations, chestpain, nausea orvomiting,paresthesias.

Ca - a fairly softmetal with ashiny silversurface butquicklybecomes dullas calciumreacts withoxygen to forma coating ofwhite or graycalcium oxide

- abundant inmilk anddairyproducts,

- leafygreens,

- broccoli,- salmon,- sardines,- legumes

- Essential for neuromuscularfunction

- Secretion of enzymes andhormones and blood clotting

- Transmission of nerveimpulses

- Cell structure- Development of bones and

teeth

- Absorbed by active transport(transcellularly) and bypassive diffusion(paracellularly) across theintestinal mucosa

- Active transport of calcium isdependent on the action ofcalcitriol and the intestinalvitamin D receptor (VDR)mostly in duodenum at lowand moderate intake levels.

- Passive diffusion orparacellular uptake isdependent on luminal serosalelectrochemical gradients athigher calcium intakes (i.e.,when luminal concentrationsare high) throughout the

- Bone- Teeth- ICF

HYPOCALCEMIA – defined by plasma

calcium level lessthan 2.2 mmol/L

– increasedneuromuscularexcitability

– muscle spasms,tetany, and cardiacdysfunction

OsteoporosisOsteomalaciaRickettsRetarded growth &poor bone & teethformation

HYPERCALCEMIA – defined as plasma

calcium levelgreater than 2.6mmol/L

– diffuseprecipitation ofcalciumphosphate intissues, leading towidespread organdysfunction anddamage


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length of the intestine(duodenum, jejunum, andileum)

Cl - A highlyirritating,greenish-yellowgaseoushalogen,capable ofcombining withnearly all otherelements

• It is producedprincipally byelectrolysis ofsodiumchloride(common salt)

- table salt- seaweed,- rye,- tomatoes,- celery- olives- yeastextracts

- processedlunchmeats

- cheeses

- Maintenance of cellularintegrity:

- influence on osmoticpressure

- influence on acid-base andwater balance

- reciprocal power of ⬆/⬇ inconcentration in response inconcentrations of otheranions.

- Combines with H 2 in thestomach to make HCl acid for- breakdown of proteins- absorption of other metallic

minerals- activation of intrinsic factor

which in turn- absorbs vitamin B12

- Governs pH balance andtransport of CO 2 - constant exchange of Cl and

HCO 3 between RBCs andthe plasma.

- Aid in the transport ofelectrical impulses throughoutthe body together with Na andK

INTESTINAL MUCOSA- The mechanism of transport ofchloride in the jejunum & ileumis the same as that of s odium.

KIDNEY- Proximal tubule

- Early – paracellular- Late - transcellular :

Exchange of luminal Cl− forcellular anions (e.g., formate,oxalate, HCO3, and OH−),mediated by CFEX(SLC26A6).

- Basolateral exit step - Clchannel CFTR (in part) andcotransporter (KCC)

- TAL - All Cl− reabsorption is

transcellular. - Apical – NKCC - Basolateral - Cl channels of

the ClC family - Distal Convoluted Tubule

- Somewhat similar to that inthe TAL, except the apicalstep occurs through theNCC.

- Initial Cortical tubule and CCT- Principal cell generates a

transepithelial voltage (~40mV, lumen negative) that isfavorable for paracellulardiffusion of Cl−.

- ß-typ e in ter calat ed c ellsuse transcellular process thatinvolves Cl-HCO3 exchangeacross the apical membranesand Cl− channels in thebasolateral membrane

- ECF- ICF

HYPOCHLOREMIA- defined by serum

chloride level lessthan 102 mmol/L

- Rare (chloride ispart of table saltpresent in mostfoods)

- loss of appetite,muscle weakness,lethargy,dehydration,alkalosis

HYPERCHLOREMIA – abnormal

elevation in thelevel of chlorideions in thebloodstream(normal range inserum = 102 – 109 mEq/L)

– Normally not aconcern asexcess chloride isexcreted by thebody

– >15 g/day: maylead to acid-baseimbalance, fluidretention, high BP

P - importantcomponent inwhole blood;they constitutephospholipidsof red bloodcells andplasmalipoproteins.

- Meats,- fish,- chicken,- milk,- cheese,- eggs,- seeds andnuts,

- fruits

- Participates in mitochondrialactivity, RNA, DNA, and variousnucleotides.

- An element in secondarymessengers such as camp andphosphoinositide.

- Promotes oxygen r elease andprovides energy bond in ATPand creatine kinase.

- Dietary phosphate is absorbedvia passive diffusion in aparacellular pathway; it isdriven by luminal phosphateconcentration.

Gastrointestinal tract:- absorbs 75% to 80% ofingested phosphate andexcretes in the feces 20-25%.

- Bones- Soft Tissue- ECF

Hypophosphatemia- less than 2.5 mg/dL,(symptomatic: lessthan 1 mg/dL)

- Muscle weaknessand malaise

- Associated immunedeficiency(deficienct

Hyperphosphatemia- >5.0mg/dL(asymptomatic)

- The most commonrisk: ectopic ormetastaticcalcification if theproduct of the


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- Intracellularly,phosphate ion:

- Bound- inorganic

phosphateesters,phospholipidsin cellmembranes, orphosphorylated intermediatemoleculeswhich areinvolved indifferentbiochemicalprocessessuch asenergygeneration,storage, andtransfer.

- vegetables - Functions in urinary buffer andprotein phosphorylation

- Major site is in jejunum followedby duodenum and ileum

- Administration of 1,25(OH)2D3significantly stimulatesphosphate absorption inpatients with vitamin Ddeficiency or chronic renalfailure with low level of1,25(OH)2D3. (normally, jejunaabsorption not Vit D dependent)

Kidneys- primary excreted by kidneys - freely filtered at glomerulus thusglomerular ultrafiltrate has thesame phosphate concentrationin the plasma

phosphorus limitsthe chemotactic,phagocytic, andbactericidal activityof granulocytes.)

- Neurologicmanifestationsinclude delirium,coma, seizures,encephalopathy,and paresthesias.

- Rickets andosteomalacia arecommon caused bydeficient phosphate.

- Fanc oni’ssyndrome is one ofthe most commoncongenitalhypophosphatemia;it is renal phosphatewasting due toexcess PTH

serum calcium andphosphorus > 70.

- Calcification canoccur in any organ,usually in thecornea,conjunctiva, lungs,and skin.

- Vascularcalcification canproduce gangreneas well as depositsin the cardiacconducting system

Mg - Light, silvery-white,moderatelyhard metallicelement

- Fourth mostcommoncation in thebody

- Vegetables- fruits,- nuts,- peas andbeans,

- soy products,- whole grains- milk

- Cofactor of hundreds ofenzymes involved in- energy metabolism- protein, RNA and DNA

synthesis- maintenance of the electrical

potential- Synthesis of biomolecules- Maintain bone structure- Detoxification- Interacts with calcium- regulation of blood vessels- contraction of muscles (e.g.,

heart muscle)- calcium balance

- Act on hormones which controlthe absorption and calciummetabolism

- Interacts with the calciumtransport mechanisms at thecellular level

- Maintenance of membraneelectrical potential

- Transport of Na, K and Caacross the plasma membrane

- Transmission of nerve impulses- Better entry of insulin into thecell

- Both dietary sources anddigestive secretions

- In the kidneys, magnesiumreabsorption occurs mainlyacross the TAL (unlike thepredominant ‘proximal’reabsorption pattern of themajor components of theglomerular filtrate).

- Only ~15% of the filteredmagnesium load isreabsorbed by the proximaltubule via passive,paracellular Mg2+

reabsorption and also bysolvent drag.

- The lumen-positive voltage ofthe TAL as well as a specifictight junction protein calledclaudin 16 or paracellin-1 isnecessary for paracellularMg2+ reabsorption.

- Trancellular route of Mg2+reabsorption may take placeduring Mg2+ depletion.

- Only ~10% of the filtered loadof Mg2+ is reabsorbed along

- Bones- Muscle- Blood

Hypomagnesemia – defined by a serum

Mg concentration <1.4 mEq/L (< 0.70mmol/L)

CardiovasculardiseaseDiabetesOsteoporosis .Migraines. Asthma. .Kidney stones.

Hypermagnesemia – defined by a

serum Mgconcentrationgreater than 2.1mEq/L (or 1.05mmol/L).

– renal failure


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the DCT and collecting tubulesand ducts.

S - Solid- Pale, yellow,

non-metallic,brittle element;widelydistributed inclose proximityto hot springsand volcanoes

- Found in manyminerals andores

- meat,- poultry,- fish- eggs,- legumes,- dairyproducts,

- fruits,- vegetables

- Part of keratin, found in hairand skin

- Important in formation ofcollagen, maintenance of acid-base balance, and cellularrespiration

- Absorbed throughout the GItract (including stomach, SI,and colon

- ~80 SO4 eaten is absorbed;excess → urine

- Skin- Hair- Nails

- Excess sulphur inbody due toimpaired ability tooxidize anddetoxify sulphurcompounds; i.e.inability to safelyprocess sulfa-drugs

- Build-up in bodyof excess sulphurcompounds canbe uncomfortableand even lifethreatening

Fe -Found inhemoproteinssuch ashaemoglobin,myoglobin andcytochromes

-Additionalexcretion infemales includemenstruationperiod

-Animal meat(called hemeIron)

-Plant sources(non-hemeIron)

-Animal meatcan be easilyabsorbed bybody

-Redox chemistry between Fe 2+

and Fe 3+

-Carrier of other biochemicallyactive substances (e.g., oxygen)

-Ferrireductase : Fe3+ → Fe2+in enterocyte surface

-DMT1 : Transport of Fe2+ fromlumen to cytoplasm ofenterocyte

-Ferroportin: transports Fe2+ toblood in basolateral surface

-Hepcidin: Imhibits ferroportin

-Hemojuvelin: modulatesexpression of hepcidin

-Ceruloplasmin andHephaestin: oxidizes Fe2+ →Fe3+ on basolateral surface

- Transferrin: transports Fe3+ inblood

-Ferritin: storage ofiron in body

-Hemosiderin:partly degraded formof ferritin

-Iron deficiencyanemia: inadequateintake, inadequateutilization, orexcessive loss ofIron

-Hemo-chromatosis:hereditary(increasedabsorption),excessive intake

-hepatomegaly, skinpigmentation (slateblue color), diabetesmellitus, heartdisease,arthropathy, andhypogonadism

-Production ofreactive oxygenspecies throughFenton Reaction:Fe(II) + H2O2 →Fe(III) + OH - + OH●

andFe(III) + H2O2 →Fe(II) + OOH● + H +

Cu -Seafoods(oysters)

-Mushrooms

-Seeds

-Metal cofactor for a variety ofenzymes

-Cellular respiration (cytochromec oxidase)

-Ceruloplasmin (high affinity):Binds 6 atoms of Cu2+; 90% oftotal copper

-Albumin (low affinity): carriesthe remaining copper; more

-Mettalo-thioenins:high content ofCysteine; SH groupsin cysteine bindcopper and zinc

-Result ofmalnutrition,malabsorption,chronic diarrhea,hyper-alimentation,and low-copper totalmilk diets

-Wilson’s Disease:copper is notexcreted in bile;accumulates in liver,brain, kidneys andRBCs


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-Nuts

-Beans

-Dried fruits

-Avocadoes

-Iron homeostasis(ceruloplasmin)

-Melanin formation (tyrosinase)

-Synthesis of connective tissue(lysyl oxidase)

-Protection against oxidants(superoxide dismutase)

important in copper transportthan ceruloplasmin - Menkes Disease:

X-linked, males only

-characterized by“kinky or steely” hairand growthretardation

-frequent clinicalfinding: Keyser-Fleischer ring

-green or goldenpigmentationaround cornea ofeyes due todeposition of Cu2+in Descemet’smembrane

Zn -It serves as acofactor for morethan 300enzymes

-Most commoncatalytic metalion in thecytoplasm ofcells-Found inmuscles (60%),skeleton (30%),and theremaining inother tissues

-Ubiquitous infood

-Oysters arerich in zinc

-Shellfish

-Meats

-Plants havelessconcentrations

-Phytate fromwhole grainsand somevegetablesinterferes withzincabsorption(decreases)

-Synthsis and metabolism ofDNA, RNA, and proteins

-Participates in glycolysis andcholesterol metabolism

-Maintains membrane structures

-Important for synthesis andaction of insulin

-Increased absorption: presenceof animal proteins and aminoacids in a meal, intake ofcalcium, and unsaturated fattyacids

-Intraluminal digestion frees zincso that complexes with histidine,cysteine, and nucleotides thatimprove absorption are formed

-Phytate reduces absorption

-High dietary calcium and lowprotein also reduce zincabsorption

-Metallothionein : regulates zinctransfer into the portal blood

-Albumin andα-2-macroglobulin: Zinc isbound to these in the blood

-Muscles and bonescontains most of thebody’s zinc stores

-Zinc in metallo-thioneins can alsobe mobilized indeficiency states

-Growth retardation,slows skeletalmaturation, causestesticular atrophy,and reduced tasteperception

-Old age, pregnancy,and lactation areassociated with poorzinc nutrition

- Acro-dermatitisenteropathica:autosomal recessivedisorder withimpaired intestinalabsorption andtransport of zinc

-Zinc is relativelynon-toxic

-High doses andrepetitive dosesmay lead todisorders, especiallygastrointestinal tractsymptoms,decrease in hemesynthesis due to aninduced copperdeficiency, andhyperglycemia

-Exposure to ZnOfumes and dust maycause “zinc fumefever”

Se -The principlechemical form ofselenium:

selenocysteine -animal

tissues

selenomethionine

-plant food

-organ meatssuch asmuscle

Antioxidant :combined w/ vitamin E

-Duodenum is primaryabsorptive site-reduced to selenide before

being transported in the blood,bound to α - and γ -globulins tovarious organs and targettissues.-incorporated into specific

selenoproteins, asselenocysteine, andnonspecifically, asselenomethionine.

-Absorption is enhanced by :protein, Vit. A, and Vit. E

-skeletalmuscle (major)

-RBC

- liver

-spleen

-heart

- nails

-tooth enamel

-Keshan disease:myocardial necrosis,leading to weakening

of the heart.

-Kashin-Beckdisease: atrophy,degeneration, andnecrosis of cartilagetissue in the joints.

hypothyroidism

-goiter

-extreme fatigue

Chronic: – First sign=‘garlicky’ odor in

the breath, and ametallic taste in themouth.- nausea or diarrhea-tiredness-joint pain- loss of mentation,paresthesia,hyperreflexia- nail changesresulting inbrittleness,deformation andloss of nails


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-Absorption is decreased bysulfur, arsenic, mercury, andVit. C

-mental retardation -discoloration andloss of teeth, andskin rashes.

Acute :-gastrointestinal andneurologicalsymptoms acute-respiratory distresssyndrome-myocardialinfarction- hair loss-muscle tenderness-tremors-lightheadedness -facial flushing- kidney failure,-cardiac failure,-death(rare)

Co -component ofvitamin B12

-meat-liver-kidneys-milk-oysters- mussels-fish-shellfish

-smalleramountsmushroom(shitake)

-In fruits &vegetables,usually there

is no cobaltwith theexception oflegumes,spinach,cabbage,lettuce,turnips, andcabbage.

- to prevent demyelination - completely absorbed in smalldoses-poorly absorbed in larger doses

-amino acids reduce itsabsorption

- iron deficiency increaseabsorption

- excreted primarily in the urine,but smaller quantities in feces

-liver

-kidney

-decreasedavailability of B12=pernicious anemia

-neurologicaldisorder-nerve damages-memory loss-mood changes-psychosis-death(rare)

(usually b’cos ofentry of inorganicform)

-Beer drinker'scardiomyopathy(enlarged heart)

-congestive heart

-can affect thethyroid

-overproduction ofred blood cells

- thickened blood

-increase activityin the bonemarrow

Mo An essentialconstituent oftwo enzymes

-a role in waste processing inthe kidneys

-In the presence of inorganicsulfate, tends to reduce copperabsorption and retention.

-liver

-kidney

Rare, except whenthere is a geneticproblem

-Gout-likesymptoms


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found in humansnamely:

xanthineoxidase

-which isinvolved in uricacid formation forexcretion

aldehydeoxidase

-whichcatalyzes thechemicaloxidation ofaldehydes

- development of the nervoussystem

-activation of enzymes thatare involved in breaking downfood to produce energy

- copper and molybdenum forman insoluble complex calledlingrenite , which cannot beabsorbed easily.

-bone

-skin

*Those whose dietsrely mainly onprocessed or refined*High sulfur intakecan also reducemolybdenum levels.*increasedrespiratory or heartrate*night blindness*mouth and gumdisorders*sulfite sensitivity* sexual impotence inolder males

-anemia (long termingestion)

Cr -Found primarilyin two forms:

trivalent(chromium 3+)

-which isbiologicallyactive and foundin food

hexavalent(chromium 6+)

-a toxic formthat results fromindustrialpollution.

-Meat

-whole-grainproduct

- some fruits& vegetables

- foods h ighin s implesugars l ikesucrose andfructos e arelow inc h r o m i u m

-regulates blood sugar

-helps insulin transportglucose into cells, where itcan be used for energy.

-Chromium can also help raiseHDL ("good") cholesterollevels, and may play a role inpreventing heart disease

-Absorption of chromium fromthe intestinal tract is low about0.4% to 2.5% of the amountconsumed and the remainder isexcreted in the feces.

-Enhancing the mineral'sabsorption are vitamin C, and vitamin B niacin

-Dietary chromium has a lowabsorption rate, which becomeseven lower with age, so theelderly are especially at risk.

-liver

-spleen

-soft tissue

-bone

-dev’t of diabetesand metabolicsyndrome

-problems in bloodsugar metabolism

-anxiety or fatigue

- intensegastrointestinalirritation orulceration andcorrosion

-epigastric pain

-nausea

-vomiting

-diarrhea

-vertigo

-fever

-muscle cramps,

-renal failure-liver damage


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BCHEM_4.08_Seminar Report on Vitamins and Minerals