Bcpp6e Tb Ch12

Chapter 12—Informal Business Reports

DIFFICULTY (DIF) TYPE OTHER CODES5 = Most difficult Ap: Application question ANS: Answer3 = Average difficulty Con: Conceptual question REF: Page Reference1 = Least difficult Def: Definition OBJ: Chapter Objective

NOT: Note (feedback/explanations)AAC: AACSB Competencies

MULTIPLE CHOICE

1. A helpful technique for making sense of large amounts of numerical data collected for a report is toa. write the problem statement.b. ask for help on a discussion board.c. organize the data into tables.d. write the conclusions and recommendations.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 353 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT:a. Write a problem statement before collecting the report data.b. Organizing numerical data into tables will help the report writer understand what the data

mean.c. Organizing numerical data into tables will help the report writer understand what the data

mean.d. Write the conclusions and recommendations after analyzing the data.AAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Numbers in visual displayAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

2. Numerical data from questionnaires or interviews are usually summarized using systematic columns and rows in aa. pie chart. b. table.c. bar chart.d. flow chart.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 353 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT:a. Pie charts are useful for displaying a whole unit and the proportion of its components.b. Tables using systematic columns and rows are useful for summarizing numerical data from

questionnaires or interviews.c. Bar charts allow the reader to compare one item with others.d. Flow charts are useful to display a process or procedure.AAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Numbers in visual displayAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

3. To contrast responses of employees with children against responses of employees without children from a survey on attitudes toward on-site child care,

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343 UNIT 4 Reports, Proposals, and Presentations

a. use cross-tabulation.b. determine the range of responses.c. determine the average response.d. determine the standard deviation.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 353 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:Cross-tabulation allows analysis of two or more variables together.AAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracy, Numbers in visual displayAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

4. Determine the mean of the numbers 30, 25, 25, 45, and 70.a. 195b. 25c. 30d. 39

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: pp. 354-355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:The mean is the arithmetic average of a group of numbers; to calculate the mean, add up all the numbers in a group and divide by the total number of items.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

5. Determine the mode of the numbers 30, 25, 25, 45, and 70.a. 195b. 25c. 30d. 39

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 354-355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:The mode is the figure occurring most frequently in a group of numbers.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

6. Determine the median of the numbers 30, 25, 25, 45, and 70.a. 195b. 25c. 30d. 39

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: pp. 354-355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:The median represents the midpoint in a group of numbers arranged in numerical order.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracy

CHAPTER 12 Informal Business Reports 344

AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

7. The range for daily sales for the week, $89,000, $75,000, $98,000, $66,000, and $99,000 isa. $33,000b. $85,400c. $427,000d. $89,000

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:The range is the difference between the highest and lowest values in a group of numbers.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

8. Which of the following is most likely to be distorted by an extreme number at either end?a. Standard deviationb. Medianc. Moded. Mean

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:Means are very useful to indicate central tendencies of figures, but they have one major flaw: extremes at either end cause distortion. Because means can be misleading, you should use them only when extreme figures do not distort the result.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

9. During his research, Ryan notices that employees who wear suits to work have higher productivity figures. Ryan has identified a possiblea. correlation.b. standard deviation.c. average.d. tabulation.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT A-D:Correlations between variables suggest possible relationships that may explain research findings.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—TranslationAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

10. What is the most accurate statement about correlations?a. Correlations between two or more variables suggest possible relationships that can help

explain your research findings.b. Correlations prove cause-and-effect relationships.c. Correlations are worthless as a statistical analysis tool.d. All of the above.


ANS: A DIF: 33 REF: pp. 355-356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT:a. In tabulating and analyzing data, you may see relationships among two or more variables that

can help explain your research findings.b. In reporting correlations, you should avoid suggesting that a cause-and-effect relationship

exists when none can be proved. Only sophisticated research methods can statistically prove cause and effect.

c. Correlations are effective because apparent correlations stimulate investigation and present possible solutions to be explored.

d. In tabulating and analyzing data, you may see relationships among two or more variables that can help explain your research findings.

AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—TranslationAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

11. A technique that is especially useful for analyzing raw verbal data is aa. pie chart.b. grid.c. line chart.d. bar chart.ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT:a. Pie charts are useful for displaying a whole unit and the proportion of its components.b. A grid is helpful when analyzing raw data, especially verbal data.c. Line charts show changes over time.d. Bar charts allow the reader to compare one item with others.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—TranslationAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

12. You have just interviewed five candidates for a sales position, and you must recommend one candidate for hire. You want to summarize each candidate’s key points, including experience, skills, education, and other employment-related information in a format that will be easiest for your boss to understand. You should use a(n)a. line chart.b. pie chart.c. grid.d. flow chart.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT:a. Line charts show changes over time.b. Pie charts are useful for displaying a whole unit and the proportion of its components.c. A grid is helpful when analyzing raw data, especially verbal data, such as that gathered in an

employment search.d. Flow charts are useful to display a process or procedure.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Numbers in visual displayAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion


13. Maria has been assigned the task of researching and recommending wireless phones to be purchased for the sales staff. Some features are more important than others, and Maria wants to be able to assign relative weights to each feature to make sure that she makes the best decision. She should use a(n)a. organization chart.b. pie chart.c. flow chart.d. decision matrix.

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT:a. Organization charts show the lines of command and the flow of effective communication

from management to employees.b. Pie charts are useful for displaying a whole unit and the proportion of its components.c. Flow charts are useful to display a process or procedure.d. A decision matrix is a special grid that helps managers make the best choice among complex

options. A decision matrix allows features to be weighted according to importance.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Numbers in visual displayAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

14. Which of the following is a conclusion?a. Screening potential employees is the most cost-effective security method available.b. Screen all potential employees’ backgrounds.c. Change all computer passwords regularly.d. Install network security software that is easy to use.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: pp. 357-358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. This statement is an example of a conclusion; it summarizes and explains the findings.b. This statement is an example of a recommendation; it uses command language to suggest an

action.c. This statement is an example of a recommendation; it uses command language to suggest an

action.d. This statement is an example of a recommendation; it uses command language to suggest an

action.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

15. The most widely read portions of a report are generally the sections devoted toa. the table of contents and introduction.b. conclusions and recommendations.c. the executive summary and letter of transmittal.d. the appendixes and bibliography.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: p. 357 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT A-D:The most widely read portions of a report are the sections devoted to conclusions and recommendations.


AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


16. The conclusions of a reporta. should be written using command language.b. offer specific suggestions for actions that can solve a report problem.c. should analyze information logically and show how the data answer questions.d. All of the above.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: pp. 357-358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. Recommendations use command language.b. Recommendations offer specific suggestions for actions that can solve a report problem.c. The conclusions of a report should analyze information logically and show how the data

answer questions.d. The conclusions of a report should analyze information logically and show how the data

answer questions.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

17. Which statement is least accurate?a. Conclusions represent the heart of a report.b. The best conclusions show the audience how the data relate to the problem being studied.c. Report writers should draw conclusions that analyze information logically.d. Report writers should try to draw conclusions that are subjective.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: pp. 357-358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. Because conclusions summarize and explain the findings, they represent the heart of a report.b. The audience for a report wants to know how the data relate to the problem being studied.c. Effective conclusions are based on a logical analysis of information.d. Although conclusions will contain some subjectivity, researchers should strive to develop

conclusions that are as objective and bias-free as possible.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

18. Conclusions will usually be more objective ifa. consistent criteria are used in evaluating options.b. the data are manipulated to support a predetermined outcome.c. the researcher relies on personal experience related to the report problem.d. you use strong language to sensationalize your findings.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. Conclusions will usually be more objective if consistent criteria are used in evaluating

options.b. Researchers need to be objective and not manipulate the data to support a predetermined

outcome.c. Researchers need to be objective and not rely on personal experience to solve the report

problem.d. Avoid the temptation to sensationalize or exaggerate your findings or conclusions.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


19. Which statement most accurately describes recommendations?a. Recommendations should be general so that readers can apply them in a variety of ways.b. Recommendations should begin with an action verb.c. Recommendations should include words like maybe and perhaps to show that other solutions

may exist.d. Recommendations should be prepared before interpreting data.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: pp. 358-360 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. Readers prefer specific, practical recommendations; they want to know exactly how to

implement the suggestions.b. Recommendations should use command language and begin with an action verb.c, Avoid words such as “maybe” and “perhaps” as they reduce the strength of the

recommendations.d. Recommendations evolve from interpretation of the findings and conclusions.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

20. Which of the following is an example of a recommendation?a. Institute a tuition reimbursement program that allows employees to take job-related classes.b. Employees who take job-related classes will be more productive on the job.c. A tuition reimbursement program can be an effective recruiting tool.d. Having a tuition reimbursement program can lead to reduced employee turnover.

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: pp. 358-360 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. This statement is an example of a recommendation; it uses command language to suggest an

action.b. This statement is an example of a conclusion; it summarizes and explains the findings.c. This statement is an example of a conclusion; it summarizes and explains the findings.d. This statement is an example of a conclusion; it summarizes and explains the findings.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

21. Which statement is incorrect?a. Recommendations and conclusions may be combined.b. Short reports may omit conclusions and move on to recommendations.c. Recommendations should be general.d. Recommendations should focus on solutions to the reader’s problem.

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 360 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. Experienced writers may combine recommendations and conclusions.b. Short reports may include only recommendations and omit conclusions.c. Recommendations should be specific so readers will know exactly how to implement the

suggestions.d. Recommendations should offer specific solutions to the reader’s problem.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


22. Select the best wording for a recommendation.a. Our supermarket should add a small café offering light meals for busy shoppers.b. Add a small café offering light meals for busy shoppers.c. Perhaps we should add a small café offering light meals for busy shoppers.d. Busy shoppers are spending more money on light meals offered by in-store supermarket

cafés.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT:a. This statement is an example of a conclusion.b. This statement is an example of an effective recommendation; it uses command language to

suggest a solution to a problem.c. Using the word “perhaps” reduces the strength of the recommendation.d. This statement is an example of a conclusion.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

23. The direct pattern of organization is appropriate for reports whose audiencea. is receptive to the information contained in the report.b. needs to be educated about the report subject.c. requires persuasion to agree with the report’s conclusions and recommendations.d. has no prior knowledge about the subject of the report.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. The direct pattern is effective if the audience is receptive to the information contained in the

report.b. The indirect pattern is best if the audience needs to be educated on the report subject.c. The indirect pattern is best if the audience requires persuasion to agree with the report’s

conclusions and recommendations.d. The indirect pattern is best if the audience has no prior knowledge about the subject of the

report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

24. The indirect pattern of organization is best for readers whoa. must be persuaded.b. are informed.c. are eager to learn the results quickly.d. are receptive to the information.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Use the indirect pattern of organization when readers need to be persuaded.b. Use the direct pattern of organization when readers are informed.c. Use the direct pattern of organization when readers are eager to learn the results quickly.d. Use the direct pattern of organization when readers are receptive to the information.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


25. Hans is writing a report to his supervisor about using wikis for team communication. His supervisor knows nothing about wikis. What organizational style should Hans use for his report?a. Direct patternb. Frontloadingc. Indirect patternd. Any of the above

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT A-D:Because Han’s supervisor will need to be educated about the topic, Hans should use the indirect organizational pattern.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

26. Informational reports should be organized in which of the following manners?a. Introduction/problem, facts/findings, conclusions/recommendations, discussion/analysisb. Introduction/problem, conclusions/recommendations, facts/findings, discussion/analysisc. Introduction/background, facts/findings, summary/conclusiond. Summary/conclusion, introduction/background, facts/findings

ANS: C DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT A-D:Most informational reports are organized in three parts: introduction/background, facts/findings, summary/conclusion.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

27. Analytical reports should be organized in which of the following manners?a. Introduction/background, facts/findings, summary/conclusionb. Introduction/background, summary/conclusion, facts/findingsc. Summary/conclusion, introduction/background, facts/findingsd. Introduction/problem, facts/findings, discussion/analysis, conclusions/recommendations

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT A-D:Most analytical reports are organized into four parts: introduction/problem, facts/findings, discussion/analysis, conclusions/recommendations.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

28. Select the most accurate statement about organizing report data.a. Poorly organized reports lead to reader frustration.b. Analytical reports generally present data without interpretation.c. Analytical reports should always follow an indirect method, placing the conclusions and

recommendation last.d. All of the above are accurate statements about organizing report data.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT


a. Readers can easily become frustrated with poorly organized reports..b. Analytical reports generally interpret data and draw conclusions.c. The parts in analytical reports do not always follow the same sequence; the parts can follow a direct or an indirect pattern.d. Readers can easily become frustrated with poorly organized reports.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

29. An informational report presenting salary data for a company’s four departments (Administration, Accounting and Finance, Sales and Marketing, and Research and Development) would most likely be organized bya. time.b. importance.c. component.d. criteria.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: pp. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.b. Some report topics need to be organized by order of importance, presenting the most

important item first.c. Many reports are organized by components such as location, geography, division, product, or

part.d. Reports organized by criteria allow readers to make comparisons easily.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

30. You are responsible for recording the minutes of a board meeting. The best way to organize these minutes is bya. importance.b. time.c. convention.d. criteria.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 361-362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Some report topics need to be organized by order of importance, presenting the most

important item first.b. Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.c. Many operational and recurring reports are structured according to convention.d. Reports organized by criteria allow readers to make comparisons easily.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

31. A report that compares the services offered by four public accounting firms should be organized bya. time.b. criteria.c. component.d. convention.


ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.b Organizing this report by criteria will allow readers to compare the four public accounting

firms easily.c. Many reports are organized by components such as location, geography, division, product, or

part.d. Many operational and recurring reports are structured by convention, following a set plan

that has been used in the past.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

32. Melinda must submit a sales report each week that contains headings established by her manager. This recurring report is organized bya. criteria.b. time.c. component.d. convention.

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: pp. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Reports organized by criteria are useful when readers will need to make comparisons.b. Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.c. Many reports such as this sales report are organized by components such as location,

geography, division, product, or part.d. Many operational and recurring reports are structured by convention, following a set plan

that has been used in the past.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

33. Lucas conducted research about why employees choose to leave the company and has come up with a list of possible reasons. He has ranked these reasons and will present them in a report listed from most important reason to least important. What organizational method is Lucas using?a. Timeb. Importancec. Componentd. Convention

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.b. Some report topics need to be organized by order of importance, presenting the most

important item first.c. Many reports are organized by components such as location, geography, division, product, or

part.d. Many operational and recurring reports are structured by convention, following a set plan

that has been used in the past.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns



34. A good introductory paragraph for a business report shoulda. preview the main points and the order in which they will be developed.b. tell the purpose of the report.c. describe the significance of the report topic.d. do all of the above.

ANS: D DIF: 3 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT A-D:A good introductory paragraph for a business report should do all of these things.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Purpose, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

35. Which of the following transitional expressions can be used to suggest cause and effect?a. After, before, first, finally, now, previously, to concludeb. For example, for instance, in other wordsc. At the same time, but, however, yetd. Accordingly, as a result, consequently, therefore

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. “After,” “before,” “first,” “finally,” “now,” “previously,” and “to conclude” are used to show

time and order.b. “For example,” “for instance,” and “in other words” are used to clarify points.c. “At the same time,” “but,” “however,” and “yet” are used to contrast ideas.d. “Accordingly,” “as a result,” “consequently,” and “therefore” are used to suggest cause and

effect.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

36. Which of the following transitional expressions can be used to contrast ideas?a. After, before, first, finally, now, previously, to concludeb. For example, for instance, in other wordsc. At the same time, but, however, yetd. Accordingly, as a result, consequently, therefore

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. “After,” “before,” “first,” “finally,” “now,” “previously,” and “to conclude” are used to show




37. Which of the following transitional expressions can be used to clarify points?a. After, before, first, finally, now, previously, to concludeb. For example, for instance, in other wordsc. At the same time, but, however, yetd. Accordingly, as a result, consequently, therefore

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. “After,” “before,” “first,” “finally,” “now,” “previously,” and “to conclude” are used to show



38. Background, Findings, Staffing, and Budget are examples ofa. talking headings.b. functional headings.c. general headings.d. transitional headings.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT A-D:“Background,” “Findings,” “Staffing,” and “Budget” are examples of functional headings; they describe functions and general topics.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

39. Which of the following is an example of a talking heading?a. Benefit Costsb. Recommendationsc. Background Informationd. Employees Show Support for Healthcare Package

ANS: D DIF: 5 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. “Benefit Costs” is an example of a functional heading.b. “Recommendations” is an example of a functional heading.c. “Background Information” is an example of a functional heading.d. “Employees Show Support for Healthcare Package” is an example of a talking heading.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

40. Which of the following headings does not belong with the others?a. Reducing Employee Turnoverb. Recruiting Top-Level Managersc. Upgrade Network Systemd. Improving Customer Service


ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. “Reducing,” “Recruiting,” and “Improving” are parallel in construction.b. “Reducing,” “Recruiting,” and “Improving” are parallel in construction.c. “Upgrade” is not parallel with the other headings. This problem could be fixed by changing

the heading to “Upgrading Network Systems.”d. “Reducing,” “Recruiting,” and “Improving” are parallel in construction.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

41. Anandi is preparing headings for a report she is writing. What is the best advice you can give her as she creates her headings?a. Don’t place headings on every page as doing so can make a report look cluttered.b. Underline all headings.c. Create headings that are grammatically similar at a given level.d. Anandi should do all of these.

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT:a. Headings increase the readability and attractiveness of report pages; therefore, Anandi should

use at least one heading per page to break up blocks of text.b. Most writers use all capital letters (without underlines) for main titles and upper- and

lowercase letters for first- and second-level headings.c. Although it may not be always possible, Anandi should attempt to create headings that are

grammatically similar at a given level.d. Although it may not be always possible, Anandi should attempt to create headings that are

grammatically similar at a given level.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

42. Which of the following is an example of an informational report?a. A report recommending restructuring of the organization.b. A report describing a problem encountered on the assembly line.c. A report analyzing reasons for a company’s declining sales.d. A report determining which furniture to purchase for an office.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 365-366 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT:a. A report recommending restructuring of the organization would be analytical.b. A report describing a problem encountered on an assembly line would be informational.c. A report analyzing reasons for a company’s declining sales would be analytical.d. A report determining which furniture to purchase for an office would be analytical.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

43. Which of the following are examples of periodic reports?a. Sales, accounts payable, and personnel reportsb. Trip, convention, and conference reports


c. Investigative reportsd. Justification/recommendation reports

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: pp. 366-367 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT:a. Periodic reports such as these are recurring reports written at regular intervals.b. Trip, convention, and conference reports do not recur regularly.c. Investigative reports do not recur regularly.d. Justification/recommendation reports are analytical reports.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

44. Progress and interim reportsa. discuss the day-to-day operations of a company.b. describe work completed, anticipate problems, and discuss future activities.c. provide conclusions based on the data provided.d. explain the benefits of a recommendation.

ANS: B DIF: 3 REF: pp. 369-370 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT:a. Periodic reports discuss the day-to-day operations of a company.b. Progress and interim reports discuss continuing projects including work completed,

anticipated problems, and future activities.c. Future activities and the expected completion date are usually presented in a progress or

interim report.d. Future activities and the expected completion date are usually presented in a progress or

interim report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

45. Periodic (activity) reportsa. are written at regular intervals to keep management informed about company operations.b. deliver data for a specific situation, without offering interpretation or recommendations.c. describe ongoing projects to both internal and external readers.d. explain the benefits of a recommendation.

ANS: A DIF: 3 REF: pp. 369-370 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT:a. Periodic (activity) reports are written at regular intervals to keep management informed about

company operations.b. Investigative reports deliver data for a specific situation.c. Progress and interim reports describe ongoing projects to both internal and external readers.d. Analytic reports offer recommendations.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

46. What is the primary difference between informational and analytical reports?a. Informational reports are prepared for internal audiences, and analytical reports are prepared

for external audiences.b. Informational reports emphasize facts, and analytical reports emphasize reasoning and


conclusions.c. Informational reports are always organized directly, and analytical reports are always

organized indirectly.d. All of the above are differences between informational and analytical reports.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: pp. 371 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT:a. Both types of reports can be prepared for internal and external audiences.b. Informational reports emphasize facts, and analytical reports emphasize reasoning and

conclusions.c. Although informational reports are generally organized directly, analytical reports can be

organized directly or indirectly.d. Informational reports emphasize facts, and analytical reports emphasize reasoning and

conclusions.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

47. Which of the following is an analytical report?a. A report to determine whether a company should adopt a wellness programb. A report on monthly sales at a department storec. A report on the progress of construction of an office buildingd. A report to stockholders showing the company’s profits for the last quarter

ANS: A DIF: 5 REF: pp. 371-372 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT:a. This report is an example of a feasibility report, which is a type of analytical report.b. This is an example of a periodic report.c. This is an example of a progress report.d. This is an example of an informational report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

48. Which of the following is an example of a feasibility report?a. A report to determine which of two hotels should be used for an upcoming trade conventionb. A report to determine whether a company should provide a child-care facility for its

employeesc. A report about the firm’s profitability to be sent to the company’s shareholdersd. A report on a meeting held with the automotive company’s European engineers

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 377 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT:a. A report to determine which of two hotels should be used for an upcoming trade convention

is an example of a yardstick report.b. A report to determine whether a company should provide a child-care facility for its

employees is an example of a feasibility report.c. A report about the firm’s profitability to be sent to the company’s shareholders is an example

of a periodic report.d. A report on a meeting held with the automotive company’s European engineers is an

example of an informational report. AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns



49. Which of the following situations would require a yardstick report?a. Mia reviews the company’s books to verify the amount of sales tax that has been paid.b. Shaun gathers information on three mid-range American-made automobiles so that they can

be compared based on price, fuel economy, maintenance, insurance rates, and resale value before selecting a car for the company’s sales force.

c. Sierra presents data supporting the decision to open the company’s newest restaurant in Indianapolis.

d. Gregorio conducts a study to determine whether customers prefer to rent movies on video or to view them on cable television.

ANS: B DIF: 5 REF: p. 377 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT:a. Mia should write an investigative report.b. Shaun should write a yardstick report using the same criteria to compare the three

automobiles.c. Sierra should write a justification/recommendation report.d. Gregorio should write an investigative or informational report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

50. Sienna wants to encourage her boss to allow her to telecommute. What type of report will she most likely prepare.a. Yardstick reportb. Progress reportc. Justification/recommendation reportd. Investigative report

ANS: C DIF: 5 REF: p. 372 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT A-D:Sienna will most likely write a justification/recommendation report. These reports justify or recommend something, such as allowing an employee to telecommute.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

TRUE/FALSE

1. By organizing data from questionnaires or interviews into tables, the report writer will be better able to draw valid conclusions and make reasoned recommendations.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 352 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: Tables make it easier for the report writer to see more clearly what the information that has been collected means.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion


2. Jocelyn should use cross-tabulation to compare managers’ opinions about employee morale to those of the classified staff.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 353 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: Cross tabulation will allow Jocelyn to compare the managers’ responses to those of classified staff members to see if their opinions differ.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—TranslationAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

3. The median of the numbers 46, 24, 20, 50, and 20 is 20.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The median of this group of numbers is 24. The median represents the midpoint in a group of figures arranged from lowest to highest, or vice versa.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

4. Another word for mean is “average.”

ANS: T DIF: 1 REF: p. 354 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The mean is the average of a group of figures.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

5. The mode of the numbers 15, 40, 40, 25, 58, 62, and 30 is 40.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The mode is 40 because it is the figure that occurs most frequently.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

6. Correlations prove cause-and-effect relationships.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: Correlations suggest relationships but do not prove cause and effect. Only sophisticated research methods can statistically prove cause and effect.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Translation, EstimatingAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

7. Chase has noticed that employees working in offices on the upper floors of the building have higher absentee rates. This correlation proves that the offices on the upper floors cause employee illness.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: Correlations suggest possible relationships but do not prove cause and effect. Only


sophisticated research methods can statistically prove cause and effect.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Translation, EstimatingAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

8. Computer Professionals Magazine is presenting the verbal opinions of information technology experts on several leading software programs. This information will be easiest to comprehend if presented in a pie chart.ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: A grid will facilitate readers’ comprehension of this presentation of raw verbal data.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

9. The conclusions and recommendations sections of a report are the most widely read parts of a report because they tell the reader what the data mean.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 357 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: Since the conclusions tell what the data mean, knowledgeable readers read the conclusions and recommendations sections carefully.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

10. Any set of data can produce only one set of conclusions.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: Any set of data is open to interpretation and can produce a variety of meaningful conclusions; it is up to the researcher to make sure the data are presented accurately.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracy, TruthfulnessAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

11. An effective report conclusion might be Both managers and classified staff members report that employee morale has declined since the reorganization.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: This is an effective conclusion because it summarizes and explains the findings.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

12. To be effective, conclusions should be as subjective as possible.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: Your goal when writing conclusions is to be objective.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

13. Conclusions and recommendations are the same thing.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: Con


TOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: Conclusions tell what the data mean, while recommendations offer specific suggestions for solving the problem.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

14. Whenever possible, recommendations should be backed up with specific details and ideas for implementing them.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 359 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: The most useful recommendations are backed up with specific details and ideas for implementing them.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

15. Report recommendations should use command language such as Implement live online customer service to improve customer satisfaction.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 360 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: Command language sounds confident and helps the reader comprehend the information quickly.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

16. Analytical reports should always be prepared using an indirect organizational pattern.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Analytical reports can be organized either directly or indirectly depending on the needs of the reader.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

17. Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Agendas, minutes of meetings, and progress reports are usually organized by time.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

18. Leah should use components to organize an annual sales report covering the Medical Instruments Division, Computer Supplies Division, and Consumer Products Division.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Sales reports such as this are typically organized by component.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion


19. A report comparing three antispyware programs being considered for purchase by the company would be most effective if organized by convention.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Since the report will compare features of the three antispyware programs, the best organizational plan would be by criteria.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

20. Good report introductions let readers know the purpose of the report, the significance of the topic, and the main points to be covered.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Report introductions usually cover the purpose of the report, the significance of the topic, and the main points to be covered.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, PurposeAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

21. Transitional expressions, such as additionally, as a result, and finally, help report readers see the logical flow of ideas in a report.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Report writers use transitional expressions to show readers the logical flow of ideas in a report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerations, standard EnglishAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

22. Examples of talking report headings include Introduction, Background, Findings, and Conclusions.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Headings such as “Introduction,” “Background,” “Findings,” and “Conclusions” are functional headings because they describe functions or general topics; talking headings provide more information and interest.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

23. The headings Identifying Communication Tools, Training Employees, and Monitor Results are parallel.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Analytical ReportsNOT: These headings are not parallel. To make them parallel, change the last one to “Monitoring Results.”AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Standard EnglishAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion


24. Include at least one heading per page in a report to increase readability and attractiveness.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Headings increase the readability and attractiveness of report pages. Use at least one per page to break up blocks of text.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

25. Informational reports are usually organized using the indirect pattern.ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: pp. 365-366 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Because informational reports generally deliver nonsensitive data and thus will not upset the reader, they are organized directly.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

26. Eli writes a report each month that summarizes the types of customer service calls his department handled. This is an example of an informational report.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: pp. 366-367 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: A periodic (or activity) report is a type of informational report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

27. Natalie attended a conference and must submit a report to her supervisor. She should arrange her conference report chronologically and include details about every aspect of the conference.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 367 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Generally, it is best not to use chronological sequencing in a conference report. Instead, Natalie should focus on three to five topics in which her reader will be interested.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

28. Ryotaro is working on a project for a client and is writing a short report to let the client know the status of the project. Ryotaro will be writing a progress report.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 369 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: A progress report, which is a type of informational report, would describe the status of a project.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

29. Informational reports generally need little background material or introductory comments.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 366 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Most informational reports need little background material or introductory comments since readers are familiar with the topics.



30. Investigative or informational reports should generally offer a writer’s interpretation or recommendations about a specific situation.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 370 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Investigative or informational reports deliver data for a specific situation without offering interpretation or recommendations.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

31. Use an informal, conversational writing style for most informational reports unless the audience expects a more formal tone.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 366 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Most informational reports should be written using an informal, conversational writing style.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

32. A progress report on the status of products being made by a subcontractor should describe the work that has been completed so far and explain the work currently in progress, including personnel, activities, methods, and locations.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 370 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: A complete progress report should include as much of this information as possible.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns AAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

33. Informational and analytical reports differ mainly in that informational reports emphasize facts while analytical reports emphasize reasoning and conclusions.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 371 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Informational and analytical reports differ mainly in that analytical reports emphasize reasoning and conclusions while informational reports emphasize facts.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

34. Kevin is sure his boss will be interested in a new material that Kevin is recommending be used in a toy the company produces; therefore, Kevin should organize his recommendation report indirectly.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: pp. 371-372 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Since Kevin’s boss is almost certain to be interested in Kevin’s recommendation, the report should be directly organized.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience



35. Directly organized analytical reports generally identify a problem, announce a recommendation immediately, and then explain the pros and cons of the recommendation.

ANS: T DIF: 3 REF: p. 372 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Directly organized analytical reports usually identify the problem, announce a recommendation immediately, and then explain the pros and cons of the recommendation.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

36. When using the indirect organizational pattern, present the most promising alternative first.

ANS: F DIF: 3 REF: p. 373 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Analytical ReportsNOT: When using the indirect organizational pattern, present the most promising alternative (your recommendation) last.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

37. Anna is writing a report in which she will recommend a new procedure for processing company payroll. This is an example of an analytical report.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 372 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Anna will be writing a justification/recommendation report, which is a type of analytical report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

38. Luis must recommend to his reluctant boss that the company require employees to pay a little more for their health benefits to offset the increasing costs of offering such benefits. Luis’s justification/recommendation report on this sensitive topic should be organized directly.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 373 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Since this report deals with a sensitive topic, Luis should organize the report indirectly.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

39. Rebecca has been asked to determine whether employees should be allowed to select the fringe benefits they want from a menu of choices. Rebecca should write a feasibility report.

ANS: T DIF: 5 REF: p. 377 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Rebecca should write a feasibility report. These reports examine the practicality and advisability of following a course of action, such as offering employees a menu of benefit choices.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Stakeholders, Conclusion


40. Nathan is writing a report to determine which of three cities should be the site for a new branch office. To select the new site, he is comparing labor costs, tax breaks, housing costs, and land availability in each city. Nathan is most likely conducting a feasibility study.

ANS: F DIF: 5 REF: p. 377 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Nathan is using the yardstick approach, comparing three possibilities using the same criteria, to select the best site for a new branch office.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Stakeholders, Consequences, Conclusion


COMPLETION

1. Numerical data from questionnaires and interviews are usually summarized and simplified in ________________.

ANS: tablesDIF: 3 REF: p. 353 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ConTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: Numerical data from questionnaires and interviews are usually summarized and simplified in tables.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—TranslationAAC: Tier 1—Technology; Tier 2—Data conversionAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

2. The arithmetic average of a group of figures is the ____________________.

ANS: meanDIF: 1 REF: p. 354 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The arithmetic average of a group of figures is the mean.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

3. The value that occurs most frequently in a group of figures is the ____________________.

ANS: modeDIF: 1 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The value that occurs most frequently in a group of figures is the mode.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

4. The ___________ represents the midpoint in a group of figures arranged from lowest to highest or vice versa.

ANS: medianDIF: 1 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The median represents the midpoint in a group of figures arranged from lowest to highest or vice versa.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

5. The range of the values $40,000 and $75,000 is ____________________.

ANS: $35,000DIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: The range of the values $75,000 and $40,000 is $35,000 ($75,000 – $40,000).AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion


6. During his study, Luke noticed that employees who smoke take more sick days than those who don’t smoke. The relationship between these two variables is known as ___________________.

ANS: correlationDIF: 5 REF: p. 355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: During his study, Luke noticed that employees who smoke take more sick days than those who don’t smoke. The relationship between these two variables is known as correlation.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracy, EstimatingAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

7. A(n) ____________________ composed of rows and columns is useful for analyzing raw data—especially verbal data.

ANS: gridDIF: 1 REF: p. 356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: A grid composed of rows and columns is useful for analyzing raw data—especially verbal data.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

8. A decision ____________________ is a special grid that helps managers make the best choice among complex options and is designed to eliminate bias and poor judgment.

ANS: matrixDIF: 1 REF: p. 356 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: DefTOP: Interpreting DataNOT: A decision matrix is a special grid that helps managers make the best choice among complex options and is designed to eliminate bias and poor judgment.AAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

9. The most widely read portions of a report are the sections devoted to conclusions and _____________.

ANS: recommendationsDIF: 3 REF: p. 357 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: The most widely read portions of a report are the sections devoted to conclusions and recommendations.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

10. The ____________________ section of a report summarizes and explains the findings and represents the heart of a report.

ANS: conclusionsDIF: 3 REF: p. 357 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: The conclusions section of a report summarizes and explains the findings and is the heart of a report.



11. ___________________ make specific suggestions for actions that can solve the report problem.

ANS: RecommendationsDIF: 3 REF: p. 358 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ConTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: Recommendations make specific suggestions for actions that can solve the report problem.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

12. Design a company intranet for internal use by employees is an example of a(n) ________________.

ANS: recommendationDIF: 5 REF: p. 360 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsNOT: “Design a company intranet for internal use by employees” is an example of a recommendation.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

13. Many reports are effectively organized by ____________________ such as location, geography, division, product, or part.

ANS: componentDIF: 3 REF: p. 362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Many reports are effectively organized by component such as location, geography, division, product, or part.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

14. Agendas, minutes of meetings, progress reports, and procedures are usually organized by ____________, which establishes a chronology of events.

ANS: timeDIF: 5 REF: p. 361 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT: Agendas, minutes of meetings, progress reports, and procedures are usually organized by time, which establishes a chronology of events.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

15. The __________________ to a report should tell the purpose of the report, describe the significance of the topic, and preview main points.

ANS: introductionDIF: 3 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing Data


NOT: The introduction to a report should tell the purpose of the report, describe the significance of the topic, and preview main points.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, PurposeAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

16. On the other hand, as a result, therefore, and for example are called ____________________ and help show relationships and reveal the logical flow of ideas in a report.

ANS: transitions or transitional expressionsDIF: 5 REF: p. 363 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataNOT: “On the other hand,” “as a result,” “therefore,” and “for example” are called transitions or transitional expressions and help show relationships and reveal the logical flow of ideas in a report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerations, Standard EnglishAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

17. Background, Findings, and Proposed Expenses are examples of __________ headings, which describe general topics in a report.

ANS: functionalDIF: 3 REF: p. 364 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ConTOP: Organizing DataNOT: “Background,” “Findings,” and “Proposed Expenses” are examples of functional headings, which describe functions or general topics in a report.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

18. Daily sales reports, accounts payable reports, and other reports that summarize regular activities and events are ____________________ (or activity) reports.

ANS: periodicDIF: 5 REF: p. 366 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Daily sales reports, accounts payable reports, and other reports that summarize regular activities and events are periodic (or activity) reports.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

19.____________________ and interim reports describe the status of continuing projects.

ANS: ProgressDIF: 3 REF: p. 369 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Informational ReportsNOT: Progress and interim reports describe the status of continuing projects.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

20. ____________________ reports, such as justification/recommendation reports, feasibility reports, and yardstick reports, collect and present data as well as analyze the data and present conclusions and recommendations.


ANS: AnalyticalDIF: 3 REF: p. 371-372 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: ConTOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsNOT: Analytical reports, such as justification/recommendation reports, feasibility reports, and yardstick reports, collect and present data as well as analyze the data and present conclusions and recommendations.AAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—PatternsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Conclusion

ESSAY

1. You are reviewing your test grades at the end of the semester, which are as follows:

Test 1: 95Test 2: 85Test 3: 92Test 4: 76Test 5: 92

You want to describe your test scores using the statistical measurements mean, median, mode, and range. First, define each of these terms; then calculate these figures on the data above.

ANS: Student must properly define these statistical terms and come up with the figures below:

Mean: The arithmetic average of a group of figures.Calculation: (95 + 85 + 92 + 76 + 92)/5 = 88

Median: The midpoint of a group of figures arranged from lowest to highest (or vice versa).Calculation: 95, 92, 92, 85, 76 = 92

Mode: The value that occurs most frequently in a group of figures.Calculation: 92

Range: The span between the highest and lowest values in a group of figures.Calculation: 95 – 76 = 19

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 354-355 OBJ: 12-1 TYPE: ApTOP: Interpreting DataAAC: Tier 1—Analytic; Tier 2—Math and algebra accuracyAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Conclusion

2. You are writing a report in which you will recommend that your department adopt a four-day workweek. You know that your supervisor will be most interested in the conclusions and recommendations sections of your report. First, explain the difference between a conclusion and a recommendation. Then write one conclusion and one recommendation that you could include in your report.

ANS: Student answers will vary.


Conclusions: Summarize and explain the findings. Conclusions should analyze information logically and show how the data answer questions and solve problems.Example: All employees reported that they find it difficult to take care of typical personal business, such as grocery shopping, cleaning house, and attending medical appointments, during the regular workweek because of professional obligations.

Recommendations: Make specific suggestions for actions that can solve the report problem.Example: Investigate implementing a four-day workweek that will still allow clients to be served adequately.

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 357-361 OBJ: 12-2 TYPE: ApTOP: Drawing Conclusions and Making RecommendationsAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Purpose, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Consequences, Receiver reactions, Theory application, Conclusion

3. Report information can be arranged using five common organizational methods. List and describe four of these. Then give an original example of a type of report that might use each organizational method.

ANS: Student answers will vary but should include four of the following organizational methods.

Time: Ordering data by time means establishing a chronology of events.Example: Ian is preparing an agenda for next week’s task force meeting.

Component: Especially for informational reports, data may be organized by components such as location, geography, division, product, or part.Example: Vanessa is preparing a report that shows sales figures for each mall tenant for the month of December.

Importance: Organization by importance involves beginning with the most important item and proceeding to the least important—or vice versa.Example: Leslie is preparing a report that describes ten reasons for employee turnover. She plans to present the most common reason first, followed by less common ones.

Criteria: Reports that compare two or more items can be arranged by criteria that help readers make comparisons.Example: Tristan is writing a report in which he will compare three possible locations for his company’s next branch location.

Convention: Many operational and recurring reports are structured using a prescribed plan that everyone understands.Example: Catherine is a sales rep and must submit a weekly sales report to her supervisor. Each week she uses the same headings in her report.

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 361-362 OBJ: 12-3 TYPE: ApTOP: Organizing DataAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Purpose, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Theory application, Conclusion


4. Describe what an informational report is. Then list three categories of informational reports, describe each, and give an original example of each.


Informational Reports: Informational reports emphasize facts; analytical reports emphasize reasoning and conclusions. Informational reports often describe periodic, recurring activities (such as monthly sales or weekly customer calls) as well as situational, nonrecurring events (such as trips, conferences, and progress on special projects). What they have in common is delivering information to readers who do not have to be persuaded. Informational report readers usually are neutral or receptive. Because these reports generally deliver nonsensitive data and thus will not upset the reader, they are organized directly. Often they need little background material or introductory comments because readers are familiar with the topics.

1) Periodic/Activity Reports: These recurring reports are written at regular intervals—weekly, monthly, yearly—so that management can monitor and, if necessary, remedy business strategies. They usually summarize regular activities and events performed during the reporting period; describe irregular events deserving the attention of management; or highlight special needs and problems.Example: Each month Natalia, a human resources specialist for a large university, submits a report to her supervisor that describes the number of applications received, number of interviews conducted, number of references checked, and number of offers made and accepted.

2) Trip, Convention, and Conference Reports: Employees sent on business trips or to conventions and conferences typically must submit reports when they return. Organizations want to know that their money was well spent in funding the travel. These reports inform management about new procedures, equipment, and laws and supply information affecting products, operations, and service.Example: Nick attended a trade show to get an idea of what his company’s competitors are doing. He wrote a report to his supervisor outlining his findings and observations.

3) Progress and Interim Reports: Continuing projects often require progress or interim reports to describe their status. These reports may be external (advising customers regarding the headway of their projects) or internal (informing management of the status of activities). These reports generally specify the purpose and nature of the project, provide background information, describe the work completed, explain the work currently in progress, anticipate problems and possible remedies, and discuss future activities.Example: Lindsay is chairing a task force that is studying ways to increase traffic on her company’s Web site. At the end of each week she submits a progress report to her boss to show the task force’s progress.

4) Investigative Reports: Investigative or informational reports deliver data for a specific situation—without offering interpretation or recommendations. These nonrecurring reports are generally arranged in a direct pattern with three segments: introduction, body, and summary.Example: Charlie studied traffic patterns in front of his coffee shop for a one-week period. He will report his findings to the shop owner in an investigative report.


DIF: 5 REF: pp. 365-371 OBJ: 12-4 TYPE: ApTOP: Writing Informational ReportsAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Purpose, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Theory application, Conclusion

5. Describe what an analytical report is and how it differs from an informational report. Then list three categories of analytical reports, describe each, and give an original example of each.


Analytical Reports: Most analytical reports answer questions about specific problems. Analytical reports differ significantly from informational reports. Although both seek to collect and present data clearly, analytical reports also analyze the data and typically try to persuade the reader to accept the conclusions and act on the recommendations. Analytical reports can be written directly or indirectly, depending on the situation. Frontloading the recommendations also works when the topic is routine or familiar and the reader is supportive. When you must lead the reader through the process of discovering the solution or recommendation, use the indirect method: present conclusions and recommendations last.

1) Justification/Recommendation Reports: Both managers and employees must occasionally write reports that justify or recommend something, such as buying equipment, changing a procedure, hiring an employee, consolidating departments, or investing funds. These reports may also be called internal proposals because their persuasive nature is similar to that of external proposals.Example: Kate wrote a report to her supervisor recommending that ergonomically designed chairs be purchased for all administrative employees.

2) Feasibility Reports: Feasibility reports examine the practicality and advisability of following a course of action. They answer this question: Will this plan or proposal work? Feasibility reports typically are internal reports written to advise on matters such as consolidating departments, offering a wellness program to employees, or hiring an outside firm to handle a company’s accounting or computing operations. The focus in these reports is on the decision: stopping or proceeding with the proposal. Because your role is not to persuade the reader to accept the decision, you’ll want to present the decision immediately.Example: A consultant has offered a plan for improving employee morale. Trent will now write a report to the management staff describing why he thinks this plan will work.

3) Yardstick Reports: “Yardstick” reports examine problems with two or more solutions. To evaluate the best solution, the writer establishes criteria by which to compare the alternatives. The criteria then act as a yardstick against which all the alternatives are measured.Example: Laurie’s company must hire a new law firm. She is conducting research to look at possible law firms and is measuring each by the following criteria: experience in her company’s field, services offered, other clients, and fees. She will present her findings in a yardstick report.

DIF: 5 REF: pp. 371-381 OBJ: 12-5 TYPE: Ap


TOP: Writing Short Analytical ReportsAAC: Tier 1—Communication; Tier 2—Patterns, Audience, Purpose, Rhetorical considerationsAAC: Tier 1—Reflective Thinking; Tier 2—Analysis, Theory application, Conclusion

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