EGCE 406Bridge Design

CLASS #1Introduction &Historical Perspectivep

Praveen Chompreda, Ph.D.

Mahidol University2010

Class Topics & ObjectivesClass Topics & Objectives Topics Objective

Definitions of bridge

Hi f b id

Students can explain what a bridge is

Students can describe the History of bridge construction

Students can describe the developments of bridge construction

Parts of the topics discussed in this class can be found in:p

Section 1.1-1.2

B d & B d CBridge & Bridge Components

What is a bridge?What is a bridge? Merriam-Webster Dictionary

B id = St t i p th d d p i b t lBridge = Structure carrying a pathway or roadway over a depression or obstacle

American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO)Bridges = Any structure having an opening not less than 6100 mm (20ft) that forms part of a highway or that is located over or under a highway Anything smaller is just a culvert

SOIL

HIGHWAY

SOIL

culvertSource: Nowak (2005)

Source: Nowak (2005)

Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge Substructure

F d (P l / S d F ) Superstructure

A b b Foundation (Pile/ Spread Footing) Pier (Column) Abutment

Any structures above bearing which support the roadway

Wearing Surface Abutment g

deck bearings

pierpier

abutment

foundation Source: Nowak (2005)

Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge

Superstructure

Substructure

Roadway Deck

Abutment AbutmentSubstructure

SSuperstructureRoadway Deck

Pier

Abutment

Substructure

Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge

Bearing

Source: Nowak (2005)Source: Nowak (2005)

Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge

Pin Joint

C B

Bearing

Cap Beam

Components of BridgeComponents of Bridge

SuperstructureSuperstructure

Cap BeamBearing

Cap Beam

Pier

Span LengthSpan Lengthspan length

single span

span lti multi span

Source: Nowak (2005)

Span > 6 m Bridge Span < 6 m Culvert

Short span: 6-30 m Medium span: 30-100 m Span 6 m Culvert Long span: > 100 m

Historical Perspective of B d CBridge Construction

Historical Perspective of Bridge ConstructionHistorical Perspective of Bridge Construction Prehistoric Roman Period (70 BC - 476 AD) Middle Ages (500 AD -1500 AD)

I Ci ili i (P 1438 1533) Inca Civilization (Peru, 1438-1533) Renaissance Period (1400-1600) I d t i l R l ti (1700 1900) Industrial Revolution (1700-1900) Twentieth Century (1900-2000) Twenty First Century (2000 2100) Twenty First Century (2000-2100)

PrehistoricPrehistoric Prehistoric

Bridges were simply logs or bamboo lay over a streamover a stream

Cannot cross over a wide river

Source: Nowak (2005)

Roman PeriodRoman Period Roman Period

(70 BC - 476 AD)

Roman Empire(70 BC - 476 AD)

Roman discovered natural cement. Pozzolana is a

117-180 AD

loosely coherent volcanic sand found in Pozzoli near Naples. When mixed with plime, hydraulic cement is formed.

Builders of Roman Empire Builders of Roman Empire built mostly stone arch bridges. Wood was scarce

d h d b d and had to be used economically.

8 stone arch bridges were 8 stone arch bridges were built, 6 still remain in rometoday

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Roman PeriodRoman Period

Ponte de Tiberio (27 BC to 14 AD) Rimini Italy

Source: www.wikipedia.org

Rimini, Italy

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Middle Ages (500 AD -1500 AD) The bridge building and cement technology was lost

after the fall of Roman Empire. Not much activity for about 1 000 yearsfor about 1,000 years.

Bridges were used to control traffic and as means of defensedefense

Heavy stone structure with narrow openings The bridge knowledge had to be re-learned about g g

1100-1500 AD

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Old London Bridge(1176-1206)London, UK

S N k (2005)Source: Nowak (2005)

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Old London Bridge(1176 1206)

Source: Nowak (2005)

(1176-1206)London, UK

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Chapel Bridge (Kapellbrücke) (original 1333, partly rebuilt in 1993)

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

p g ( p ) ( g , p y )Lucerne, Switzerland204 m long wooden bridge

Middle AgesMiddle Ages

Pont Valentre (1308 to 1355)Source: Nowak (2005)

Pont Valentre (1308 to 1355)France

Inca CivilizationInca Civilization Inca Civilization (Peru, 1438-1533)

Rope bridge was developed around 1400 AD. This is an early type of suspension bridgesuspension bridge

Source: Nowak (2005)

RenaissanceRenaissance Renaissance Period (1400-1600)

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Many of the Roman knowledge were rediscovered, including bridge building

Truss was first invented but not widely Truss was first invented but not widely used until later period

Source: Nowak (2005)

Rialto Bridge, over the Grand Canal (1591) | Venice, Italy | 26.8 m span

RenaissanceRenaissance

Pont Neuf (1578-1607)( )Paris, France

Source: Nowak (2005)Source: Nowak (2005)

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Industrial Revolution (1700-1900)

Age of Reason Development of steam engines to replace

manual labormanual labor Iron was first used in bridges in 1750 Perfect masonry arch was developed Perfect masonry arch was developed

Westminster Bridge (1750)London, UK

Source: Nowak (2005) Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Railway Bridge y g(1845-1851)

Goltzsch Valley, Germany Germany

31 m span

Source: Nowak (2005)

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionSource: Nowak (2005)

Wood truss bridge was the first Isar River Bridgegkind of truss structure

Several types of trussed wered l d

Munich, Germany

developed

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionSource: Nowak (2005)

Bridge over Neckar River Germany

Source: Nowak (2005)

Germany

Lederer BridgeAmberg, Germany

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionTypes of Timber TrussSources: Barker and Puckett (2007)

Lattice Truss (1820) Lattice Truss (1820)

King Post Truss (1829)

Howe Truss (1841)

P T (1844)Pratt Truss (1844)

Bowstring Arch (1841)

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionCoalbrookdale Bridge (1785)

UK Iron was first used in bridges during

this period in about 1750 UK 30.5 m span iron bridge

this period in about 1750

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Steel started to replace wrought iron in the late 1880s

Firth of Forth Bridge (1890)Scotland

p g

late 1880s Steel is stronger and more ductile, which

allows engineers to build a bigger bridge

521m span

g gg g

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial RevolutionJohn Roebling BridgeBridge(completed 1866)Cincinnati,Ohio

322 m span

Suspension bridge was invented just before the 20th century

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

Brooklyn Bridge (completed 1883)New York, USAalso designed by John Roebling

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution

L d T B id (1894)

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

London Tower Bridge (1894)London, UK

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Twentieth Century (1900-2000) Iron was completely replaced by Steel Steel Truss bridge was widely used in the early period Prestressed Concrete was developed by Fressinet in 1940s Suspension Bridge was popular for long-span bridgesp g p p g p g Cable-Stayed Bridge was first developed

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Railroad Bridges (1906-1909) Source: Nowak (2005)

g ( )Landwasser Gorge, Switzerland55 m span

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Sydney Harbor Bridge (1938)Sydney Australia

Source: Nowak (2005)

Sydney, Australiaparabolic arch 503m span

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Golden Gate Bridge (1937)S F i USA

Source: Nowak (2005)

San Francisco, USA1280 m span

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Columbia River Bridge gUSA 1950 ft span

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Mackinac Bridge (1957)(1957)Michigan, USA

1158 m span1158 m span

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Kocher Viaduct (1972) Germany

Sources: Nowak (2005)

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Sunshine Skyway Bridge (1987)T Fl idTampa, Florida366 m span

Sources: Nowak (2005)

Twentieth CenturyTwentieth Century

Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Akashi Kaikyo Bridge (1998) Japan 1991m central span

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Twenty First CenturyTwenty First CenturyGateshead Millennium Bridge (2000)Gateshead UKGateshead, UK126m span

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Twenty First CenturyTwenty First Century

MillauViaduct (2004)( )Millau, France341 m high (tallest in the world)342 m span342 m span

Sources: www.wikipedia.org

Twenty First CenturyTwenty First CenturyStonecutters Bridge (2009)Hong Kong, ChinaHong Kong, China1018 m span (2nd longest in the world)

Sources: www.arup.com

ReferencesReferences Image Sources

N k (2005) B d D Recommended References

B k R M d P k J A Nowak (2005). Bridge Design Handouts, University of Michigan, MI.

Barker, R. M, and Puckett, J. A. (2007). Design of Highway Bridges: An LRFD Approach, 2nd

www.wikipedia.org Edition, John Wiley and Sons, NJ.