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УкоопосвітаБілгород -Дністровський економіко-правовий коледж

КОНТРОЛЬНІ РОБОТИ

З дисципліни: англійська мова

ТОВАРОЗНАВСТВО ТА КОМЕРЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ

Склав:Викладач Гаврилюк Я.О

Розглянуто та схвалено на засіданні циклової комісії

загальноосвітніх дисциплін Протокол №_____

Від «___» ___________2012_р. Голова циклової комісії ______________________

2012 р

Пояснювальна запискаКонтрольна робота виконується студентом-заочником після самостійного вивчення курсу

“Іноземна мова”. Дані контрольні завдання розроблені для вивчення курсу “Іноземна мова” (англійська) з урахуванням відсоткового показника вивчення саме даної мови. Контрольні завдання для інших іноземних мов складаються подібно до вказаних завдань і методичних вказівок.

Студенту необхідно підібрати з переліку рекомендованої літератури підручник англійської мови. Можна використовувати інші підручники англійської мови для заочних вузів немовних спеціальностей, а також додаткову літературу для більш повного вивчення дисципліни.

Контрольні завдання розроблені відповідно до навчальної програми “Іноземна мова” (за професійним спрямуванням), затвердженої Укоопспілкою”

Метою даної дисципліни є досягнення студентами практичного володіння мовою, що передбачає формування вміння самостійно читати літературу за фахом з метою отримання ін-формації з іншомовних джерел, забезпечення розвитку навичок аналітичного читання, розуміння та перекладу професійно орієнтованих джерел, написання рефератів, анотацій та інших документів іноземною мовою, набуття необхідного рівня іншомовної комунікативної компетенції, що уможливить участь тих, хто вивчає іноземну мову, в діалозі культур.

У результаті вивчення дисципліни студенти повинні:знати професійно орієнтований лексико-граматичний матеріал, професійні терміни та

поняття; основні розділи курсу; способи словотворення; службові слова та частини мови (артикль; іменник, прикметник, займенник, прийменник);

вміти використовувати лексико-граматичний мінімум у псиній галузі та іншомовні джерела в умовах письмових ділових контактів, робити записи, повідомлення, складати план тексту, проводити анотування, фіксувати інформацію, отриману під час читання тексту, здійснювати ознайомче, пошукове, вивчаюче читання; розрізняти активну і пасивну форми дієслова, модальні дієслова та їх еквіваленти; правильно використовувати видо- часові форми дієслова в реченні, правильно будувати стверджувальні та питальні речення.

Контрольні завдання включають загальні та професійно орієнтовані тексти, лексико-граматичні вправи до текстів, граматичні завдання та ситуації.

Варіант контрольної роботи вибирається з допомогою таблиці, наведеної в контрольних завданнях, і залежить від номера особової справи студента. Клітинка з номером варіанта знаходиться на перетині вертикальної (передостання цифра номера особової справи) та горизонтальної ліній (остання цифра номера особової справи).

Робота, виконана не за своїм варіантом, не перевіряється і не зараховується.

Контрольну роботу слід виконувати у такій послідовності:

1.прочитати пояснювальну записку, ознайомитися з тематичним планом і визначити питання своєї контрольної роботи за таблицею варіантів;2.знайти й уважно ознайомитися зі змістом конкретного завдання;3.при виконанні завдання використовувати як реко- мендовану літературу, так і допоміжну;4.при написанні анотації до тексту та ситуації необхідно творчо підходити до виконання даних видів роботи;5.викопуючи ситуаційні завдання, слід використати найбільш уживані розмовні формули та штампи, професійно орієнтовану лексику.

Загальний зразок виконання завдань Завдання І, вир. З

Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі конкретного тексту):Two / of management / styles / there / are.There are two styles of management.

Завдання II, впр. 1Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до підкреслених слів.People's deputies were discussing the new law for 2 hours. (Pasf Continuous, Active Voice, to discuss)How long were people's deputies discussing the new law?

Завдання II, вир. 2Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.She is printing a letter to_________________partner in Odessa.

а) our; b) he; c) us; d) itsShe is printing a letter to our partner in Odessa.

Виконуючи контрольні завдання, студент повинен дотримуватися основних вимог до оформлення роботи:1.Правильно і розбірливо заповнити титульну сторінку (рідною мовою), вказавши назву дисципліни, прізвище, ім’я та по батькові, групу, курс, навчальний заклад, номер особової справи;2.Сторінки роботи мають бути пронумеровані;3.Правильно вказати номер варіанта;4.Необхідно чітко вказати номери і назви завдань, підкресливши їх або виділивши в інший спосіб;5.У кінці роботи навести список використаної літератури; вказати дату виконання роботи і поставити власний підпис;6.Робота може бути виконана в зошиті (до 25 сторінок) або на комп’ютері (до 12 сторінок) і роздрукована у форматі А 4.

Варіанти контрольної роботиСпеціальності: Товарознавство та комерційна діяльність

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

0 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

105 104 103 102 101 100 99 98 97 96

126 129 119 117 116 131 130 129 128 12711 12 13 14 15 14 13 12 11 956 57 58 59 60 46 47 48 49 50

1 95 94 93 92 91 90 89 88 87 86

126 125 124 123 122 121 120 119 118 11710 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 1551 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

2 85 84 83 82 81 80 79 78 77 76

116 115 114 113 112 111 110 109 108 10714 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 546 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55

3 76 77 78 79 90 91 92 93 94 95

106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115

4 3 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 756 57 58 59 60 46 47 48 49 50

4 96 97 98 99 90 91 92 93 94 95

115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 1248 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 15 14

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60

5 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105

125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

6 134176135

124277134

114378106

104479107

94580108

84081109

73182110

63283111

53384112

43485113

7 33586114

23687115

13788116

153889117

143990118

134091119

124192120

114293121

104394122

94495123

8 84596124

73197125

63298126

53399127

434100128

335101129

236102130

137103131

1538104132

1439105133

9 134076134

124177135

114278133

104379106

94480107

84581108

73282109

63383110

53484111

43785112

Загальні тексти

Текст 1I. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

Careers in BusinessBusiness is an increasingly important activity throughout the world today. Consequently, the opportunities for a business career have grown in variety and number. There are now five broad fields of areas of business that offer exciting careers: management, marketing, accounting, finance, and data processing. Within each of these fields are specific jobs in which you can specialize. For example, within the field of marketing you can specialize in market research, advertising, buying, selling, or distribution. The figure below gives an idea of the general career opportunities that are available in the various fields of business.In choosing a business career, there are several questions you may want to ask. For instance, does the work interest you? Are there any areas of business for which you have an aptitude or special capability? What are the opportunities involved, such as demand (or need) for job, salary, and chance for advancement? Answers to these kinds of questions and careful planning will help in choosing a suitable and successful career in business.

II. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською

Текст 2І. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

Management and ManagerManagement means the members of administration of a business or an organization. They may be

or may be not the owners of the business. But they are always selected by the owners to be responsible for different functions of the organization.

A typical organization has three layers of management: the senior management, the middle management and the junior management.

A good definition of a manager is given by W. Brown and E. Jaques. A manager is “an individual who is accountable for more work than he/she can do himself and who gets some of it done through other people”. This definition is related to managers who function at all levels.

The main functions of a manager are:1. to forecast and plan ( seeing into the future and drawing up plans of action);2. to organize (to put plans into operation);3. to command (to get the best performance from the staff);4. to co-ordinate (to make it sure that each department’s efforts harmonize with those of other departments);5. to control (to see that everything works according to plan).Traditionally, there are the two styles of management - autocratic and democratic. Let us consider

them.Autocratic managers set objective for the group demonstrating their power and authority. They give

orders and expect group members to obey them without any question. It is clear that in such situations group members do not make their own decisions.

Democratic managers, on the contrary, let group members set their own objectives. If they give orders, they explain why and give reasons for their orders. Group members take part in decision making; they express different points of view. What is more, democratic managers take into consideration all their opinions before making a final decision. They also demonstrate the fact that the opinions of group members influence a final decision.

II. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.

Текст ЗІ. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

State Organs of the United Kingdom include the monarchy, legislative, executive and judicial organs of Government.

Britain’s hereditary monarchy is the oldest institution of government, dating back to at least the 9- century. The present Queen-Elisabeth II succeeded to the throne in 1952. Although she has a largely ceremonial and politically impartial role as head of state, she serves as a personal symbol of national unity. The Queen is also head of the Commonwealth and presides over the Church of England.

Britain is the parliamentary democracy, with a constitutional monarch. The House of Commons and the House of Lords with the monarch make up Parliament. Parliament is the legislature and the supreme authority. Parliament passes laws, approves taxation and debates the major issues of the day.

The executive consists of the Cabinet of Ministers. The Prime Minister heads the Government and appoints ministers, about 20 of whom are in the policy-making Cabinet.

The administration of justice in Britain is independent of both Parliament and the Government.The judiciary determines common law and interprets statute. Every citizen has the right to equal

treatment before the law, people accused of more serious crimes are tried in open court by a judge and jury in High Court, Crown Court and Court of Appeal. The House of Lords is the final court of appeal. Less serious cases are tried by lay magistrates in magistrates courts and county’s courts. A person who needs legal advice or representation in court may get help with the costs out of public funds. There are two main political parties in Great Britain the Labour Party and the Conservative Party.

2. Напишить анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.

Текст 4Ї. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

ComputersToday economy increasingly works with computers. Computers also facilitate our everyday work

and study.Modem companies analyze sales of products as well as potential sales of products, programme their

whole production by electronic data processing equipment.Banks work with computers too. In some cases, they consult computer centres specializing in

financial data concerning corporations, sales, cash flow, prices, etc.Stock exchanges have installed electronic data systems that answer all the brokers' questions.Computers are widely used in agriculture. Say, analyzing of essential animal characteristics with the

help of a computer is important for cattle breeding.In industry cars, devices, tools and instruments are often designed by computers.The computer has entered education, hi management young specialists are trained in special

courses. All statistical information is put and kept in computer’s memory.In short, computers arc everywhere in our modem life.Computer hardware consists of a monitor, a keyboard, a printer and their connections.Computer software has various programmes, hi everyday business they use such common

programmes:• word processing;• database management;• accounting;• auditing;• communications;• process control, etc.

The advantages of computers are evident. They solve problems very rapidly. Now the computer is being more and more involved in making decisions at the senior management level.


Текст 51. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

Job AdvertisementsThe situation of job finding makes people consider job offers in mass media.Today jobs are being advertised through radio broadcasts television, newspapers and magazines.In small business, as a rale, they prepare their own copies ащ| give them to different newspapers.

They may also prepare forn, letters or circular-letters and distribute them by themselves. Big business uses various advertising mass media means to attract many candidates for a vacancy and to choose the best to be employed.

Reading newspapers and magazines one has a chance to choose the position to apply for. A job advertisement in most cases is, supposed to include a description of the job, the company, the requirements, the location, the salary, benefits, and the promotion prospects.

The language of advertisement is a specific one, so is the language of job advertisements. The typical phrases used in them are:

the start you need... here is your chance... we expect you to be... show a capacity for... aged between.. .and...

2. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.


CompanyCompany is made of a number of people united in an industrial or commercial enterprise.Each company works out its own policy. It is a selected, planned line of conduct in the light of

which decisions are made and co-ordination of work achieved.Limited Liability Company. A joint-stock company is a company where the financial liability of its

members is limited by law.Private Limited Company. A limited company must not invite the public to subscribe for its shares

or debentures, and does not allow its members to transfer their shares without the agreement of the other shareholders. It must have at least two but usually not more than fifty members.

Public Limited Company. A limited company which can offer its shares and debentures to the public; there is normally no limit to the right of its members to transfer their shares to other persons. There is no limit to the total number of members except that there must be at least seven. Abbr: P.l.c.; pic; PLC. In Britain, such a company must include the words “public limited company” or the abbreviation as part of its name. In France the equivalent is Society (S.A); in Germany, Aktiengesellshaft (AG); in Holland, Naamlose Vennootschap (N. V.); in Italy, Societa per Azioni (S.p.A.).

Subsidiary Company. A company where more than half of the share-capital is owned by another company is called either a holding company or a parent company. The subsidiaries of the same parent or holding company are said to be affiliates.

Holding Company. In Britain, a company that has been formed for (he special purpose of holding all, or more than half, the share-capital of one or more other companies is called subsidiary' company. In the USA, this is called a pure holding company, while an operating holding company is a company which operates a business, i. e. trading, and also holds more than half the capital of one or more other companies.

Joint Stock Company. In Britain it is a form of business organisation, called a corporation in the US, which has its capital divided into many small units of stock or into shares of low face value so that (hey may be bought by small and large investors.

a) Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською

Текст 7I. Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

Organisation of BusinessEconomies may differ in the amount of freedom they allow business decision-makers. In market economies, most firms are private. Therefore, most businesses may set their own price, output level and production techniques.

The owners are the individuals who risk their wealth in the name of the success of the business. If a company (firm) is successful, it makes profit and financial gains received by the owners. If, on the contrary, things go badly the company has losses and the owners suffer bad consequences.

So, how do owners share risks and liabilities of the company (firm)?How do they carry out or participate in the decision-making?Business may be organised according to three main legal structures. They are:

sole proprietorships, partnerships, corporations.

Sole ProprietorshipsA sole proprietorship is a business that is owned by an individual. It is he or she who is liable for all

the debts of the firm. The proprietor himself/ herself often works directly for the firm. He/she provides both managerial and labour services. Most small businesses surrounding us in a market economy, such as grocery stores, barbershops, repair shops, farms, etc. are business proprietorships.

Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.

Текст 8a) Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

MarketingMarketing is a type of human activity, directed at determination of customers' requirements, or their

creation and research of new methods to meet man’s requirements by means of exchange.The origin of the word “marketing” is the Latin word “mercury” meaning, “to track and barter”.

Marketing, therefore, is made up, on the one hand, of such physical activity as transporting, storing and selling goods, and, on the other hand, of series of decisions that must be reached by any organization in the process of moving goods from the producer to the consumer. And it is also necessary to make the “hot line” for consumerrequirements and complaints to facilitate feedback from the market to the producer. So, marketing is such an activity in the result of which enterprises get answer to the questions: what to produce (to sell), where and when to sell, who buys goods and why.

Wholesaling is the part of the marketing system. It is a system of channels of distribution to supply market with goods. Retailing is selling of goods and services to the ultimate customer. It performs many important functions. First, retail sellers create outlets comfortable for buyers. Second, retail sellers often give guarantees and provide further services. Third, they help to promote and advertise goods. Finally, retail sellers can partly finance the buyers through the system of extending credits and discounts. There are different types of retailing shops: outlets, department stores, discount houses, cooperatives,single line retailers.

2. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою

Текст 9a) Прочитайте та перекладіть письмово текст.

LondonLondon, the capital of Great Britain, is also the centre of the United Kingdom. It is one of the

largest cities not only in Europe but also in the world.It is situated in the South East of England on the river Thames. It is divided into two parts by the

river, of which the most important part issituated on the north bank.

The area of London is 1 800 square km. Its population is about 9 million people. Also it is said to be one of the most variable in the world. Not only the English but Italians, German, Swiss, French, Ukrainians, Russians and so on live there.

London is divided into three main parts: the City, the West End and the East End.The City is the oldest part of London. It covers an area of 677 acres and is the financial and

business centre of both London and Great Britain. There are a lot of international banks and insurance companies there. It plays a great role in the economic life of the country. In 1666 London was ravaged by the Great Fire. Ch. Wren erected the Monument commemorating the Great Fire in the City.

The West End has a lot of beautiful palaces, parks, shops, elegant stores, hotels, museums.There is the Buckingham Palace, which is the royal residence. In Trafalgar Square there is the

Nelson monument. The Palace of Westminster is today the seat of the Parliament. It is in the West End that the University of London is situated as well as the National Gallery and the British Museum.

The East End was traditionally a working-class district. Families of dockers live here for the Port of London is situated here. The mouth of the Thames is very wide and a lot of large ships go along it from the sea to London. All kinds of ships both small and large go into London docks. London bridges connect the two parts of the capital.

In the East End one can find enterprises dealing with shipbuilding, metal processing, machine building and metallurgy.

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AdvertisingIn business, they spend billions on advertising. Products and services are advertised through mass

media including radio broadcasts television, newspapers and magazines. They are also advertised through billboards, handbills, circulars, skywriting, through space advertising, booklets and giveaways and so on.

In small business, they prepare their own copy and give it to newspapers, as a rule, or they mail circulars or form letters all by themselves.

In big business, however, they employ the whole army of specialists in the field of advertising. They work out advertising programmes, provide means for advertising purposes, discuss and solve many advertising problems with the owner or management of a company. As a rule, they advertise to sell their products and services through various advertising mass media.

Today there are many types of advertising. We can classify the most popular of them:1. television advertising;2. radio advertising;3. space advertising (newspapers, periodicals, house walls);4. stores advertising (including special departments);5. mail advertising (letters, calendars, catalogues, circulars, booklets, giveaways);6. position advertising (street-car, train, bus, window cards, billboards).

What is an effective advertisement? It is one that attracts your attention. It is such an advertisement, which keeps honest information about a product or a service. It often has a clever and interesting picture or drawing, skilful use of colours. It is also put in the right place.

Apart from attracting your attention, a good advertisement must hold your interest. What is more, a really effective advertisement induces action. You simply go and buy this very product. In a word, a good advertisement sells the product or theservice.

1. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.


The British ParliamentThere are four countries in the United Kingdom: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland.

Laws in Great Britain are made by Parliament. It consists of two chambers: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.

The House of Commons is more important as it governs the country. The members of the House of Commons are elected by secret ballot. They belong to different political parties. The main parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The chief executive is the Prime Minister. He heads the Government but is not the Head of State.

Great Britain is a monarchy and the Head of State is a monarch whose power is limited by Parliament. The Prime Minister is usually the leader of the Party that has a majority in the House of Commons. Each new Prime Minister can make changes in his cabinet, appoint new' ministers and make other changes.

The Prime Minister takes policy decisions with the agreement of his ministers. He often holds Cabinet Meetings at his official residence at No 10 Downing Street, which is very near the Houses of Parliament in Westminster. The power of the Cabinet is controlled by Parliament.

There are two chambers in the British Parliament and they are called Houses - the House of Lords and the House of Commons.

In the House of Lords, one can see the throne on which the Queen sits when she opens Parliament. One can also see the woolsack on which the Lord Chancellor sits. The fact is that for hundred of year’s wool had been known as one of the most important exports of Great Britain.

The House of Commons does not look as splendid as the House of Lords with its beautiful red benches.Each Chamber has galleries. Seats in the galleries are reserved for the use of the public. In the language of

the Parliament, they are called “strangers”.The Stranger’s Gallery is in the House of Commons.The Speaker sits on the green chair given to the Commons by Australia. On the Speaker’s chair, a switch

puts on the light in the Clock Tower above “Big Ben” to tell Londoners that Parliament is in session. The Prime Minister’s seat is on the Government front bench, which is on the Speaker’s right. On the Speaker’s left, one can see the Opposition front bench.



International BusinessThe international corporation or global company has its origin. Usually, il is the outgrowth of the

great trading companies of the 17th and 18lh centuries. In 1811, a New York statute said corporations could be created by the filling of documents. After that, it became a matter of bureaucratic operations to become a corporation. By 1850, it was a very common thing in the United States and was under general statute in European countries as well. Since that time, the corporate movement began. As the jet plane, satellite communications and computers began; it became possible for a company to control business in the entire world.

The growth of international corporate operations is faster than the economic growth of the industrialised nations. There are some projects, which predict that within a generation; almost a half of the free world’s production will be internationalised.

This trend for internationalism presupposes some benefits such as new jobs, higher living standards and the closing of the gaps between people - economic, educational and technological. At the same time, serious questions can be asked. Is it the most efficient way of use world resources? Can the international corporation be the best force for a better world? Is it politically stronger than government? Can it take care of the self-interest and competitiveness on behalf of the greatest good? And in what way can the global company work toward easing the world’s crises - monetary, political, energy and food?



hi 1969 the USE Defence Advanced Research Projects Agency needed a system for computers '‘to talk” to each other via the telephone. They created a network of computers called ARPANET. In 1984, the US National Science Foundation started the NSNET network, a system of five supercomputer centres.

More and more people and agencies wanted to join the network. NSNET became known as the In ter-Net-Net work. People started calling it the Internet.

Today, there are millions of computers all over the world, which are connected to the Internet.The World Wide Web is the most popular area of the Internet. The Web is a huge collection of

documents, from all over the world. It contains a mixture of text, images and sounds and is very user-friendly.

The Internet is a source of information that is accessible through a computer. It consists of millions of pages of data about very possible subject. Twenty five million people surf the Internet every day. The Internet is already the biggest source of information of the planet. It will soon be the main source of material for students and teachers of many different subjects.

To access the Internet, you need a service provider, a company, which can bring the Internet to your telephone line. Then you can access the information via your telephone line.

If you have the web site address of a company or service that you want, you simply type it and you arrive automatically at the page you want. If you haven’t got a particular web site address, there are several directories or search engines which can help you, such as Alta Vista, Yahoo! or Infoseek. There are then two ways to find information-directories and key-word searches.



SOLSOL is a company in which people work when they like, and flexibility is being strongly tested.SOL’s owner, Liisa Joronen says that she has thrown out traditional management styles and

hierarchies in favour of people motivation and the strict auditing of targets.The company’s name is from the Spanish for sun, and its sun logo has a curved line turning it into a

smile.The key words around SOL are freedom, trust, goals, responsibility and creativity, joy of working

and lifelong learning. People's creativeness is restricted by routine and traditional office hours.To help staffs towards independence of mind Liisa has abolished territorial space, such as individual

offices and desks, and organised a communal area similar to a social club. It has a colourful playground, a nursery, a billiard table, sofas, modern art and kitchen comers.

Staffs sit anywhere. There is not a secretary in sight. Headquarters can be empty in the day and busy in the evenings and weekends.

Liisa tells 3.500 staff at 25 branches to kill routine before it kills them...

I. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською мовою.


Letters of ApplicationSpecial attention is paid to writing a letter of application for a job.Suppose there are a lot of applicants for a particular job. Consequently, there are a lot of CVs and letters of

application. A good CV and a letter may get you an interview, whereas a bad CV and a letter may be ignored.There is one common mistake many applicants make. That is, they phrase their letter of application in an

unusual way. Remember a straightforward letter gives more favourable impression.A letter of application must be hand written. Do not use coloured ink. Black or dark blue is best.In many countries, it is the custom to enclose a recent photograph with an application. Sometimes a photo is

included in CV.Generally, there are two types of letters of application:

1. in answer to an advertisement in a newspaper, a magazine, a circular letter, etc;2. a speculative letter.

I. Напишіть анотацію до даного тексту англійською

Спеціальності: 5.050301 Товарознавство та комерційна діяльність

Текст 46І. Прочитайте текст.

International Trade.Specialization among nations

International trade is essential for the maintenance and growth of prosperity in all countries.One of the major reasons why international trade takes place is that of economic advantage. International

trade creates value. It increases the efficiency of resource allocation worldwide, reduces production costs, lowers input costs through the international

division of labour, lowers prices paid by consumers and increases product variety and availability. Nations are usually better off if they specialize in certain products or commercial activities. By doing what they do best they are able to exchange products not needed domestically for foreign- made goods that are needed. This allows a higher standard of living than would be possible if the country tried to produce everything itself. The concepts of absolute advantage and comparative advantage play a critical role in international trade. A country has an absolute advantage in the marketing of a product if it has a monopolistic position or if it produces the item at the lowest cost. Examples of absolute advantage are rare, because few countries are sole suppliers and because economic conditions rapidly alter production costs. A more practical approach to international specialization is that of comparative advantage. A country has a comparative advantage in an item if it can supply that item more efficiently and at a lower cost that it can supply other products. Nations usually produce and export those goods in which they have the greatest comparative advantage or the least comparative disadvantage. Countries tend to import those items in which they have the least comparative advantage or the greatest comparative disadvantage.

I. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. International trade is...2. Nations are usually better off if...3. A more practical approach to international specialization is...4. Nations usually produce and export...5. A country has a comparative advantage in...6. A country' has an absolute advantage in...7. Examples of absolute advantage are rare because...

II. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. creates / value / trade / international.2. are / of absolute / rare / examples.3. a country / an absolute / has / advantage / the marketing / in.4. a more / approach / practical / specialization / to international / is / that / advantage / of comparative.5. in / countries / all / of prosperity / growth / and / the maintenance / for / essential / is / trade /

international.

Текст 47I. Прочитайте текст.

At the Customs-HouseThe moment a traveller crosses the border his luggage is taken to the customs-house by porters. Every

country has its own customs regulations, which stipulate what articles are liable to duty and what are duty-^ee. Sometimes an article that falls under customs restriction and is liable to duty is allowed in duty-free if the traveller does not exceed a certain fixed quota. These are listed in a duty-free quota list. Customs restrictions also include a prohibited articles list. This is a list of items that may not be brought into a country or taken out of it. An official paper (from the proper authorities) giving permission to take items, which fall under-special customs restrictions, in or out of a country is known as an import or export license.

If the traveller has any item that comes under customs restrictions he is asked to declare it. That is, he is asked to name the item, stating its value and other particulars. The declaration is made either orally or in writing on a special form. The practice seems to vary in different countries. Upon payment of duty the traveller is given a receipt. As a rule personal effects are duty-free. It sometimes happens that a passenger’s luggage is carefully gone through in order to prevent smuggling.

The formalities at the customs-house usually take some time. Only after passing through the customs (only when one’s luggage has been cleared by the customs) does a traveller realize that the journey is drawing to an end (or beginning, as the case might be).

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. It sometimes happens that...2. The declaration is made...3. Every country has...4. The practice seems to...5. Upon payment of duty the traveller is given...6. Customs restrictions also include...7. The moment a traveller crosses the border his luggage is...

Ш. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. a duty / are / these / listed / in / free / list / quota.2. seems / the practice / in / to vary / countries / different.3. list / articles / a prohibited / include / also / restrictions / customs.4. a rule / as / effects / personal / duty-free / are.5. time / some / take / usually / at the custom-house / the formalities.


Ukrainian CustomsThe main task of Ukrainian Customs is the protection of the economic interests of the country, national

treasures, cultural and historical properties.Articles, which are prohibited from being brought into many countries, include illegal drugs, obscene

weapons. Guns and other firearms normally need a special certificate. Fruit, vegetables, meat, plants, and seeds are restricted or prohibited in some countries to prevent the spread of decease. Animals entering the country must undergo a period of quarantine in order to prevent the decease rabies being brought into the country.

Customs duties are paid to a nation’s government on items that people bring in from another country. Each nation has its own regulations regarding the quantity and kinds of articles that may be imported.

Customs inspectors may examine the luggage of all travellers returning to a country. All articles acquired abroad that are subjects to customs duties must be declared that is, they must be identified and their value is to be given to an inspector. If a person fails to declare an article or understates its value, the article may be taken away and the individual may be fined.

Certain articles are exempted (free) from customs duties. Most countries allow people to bring in goods up to a certain value. They also allow a specified quantity of alcoholic beverages and tobacco products if they bought duty free during the journey or in another country. However, the law may require that the traveller has been away for a minimum time.

Countries usually impose customs duties at a rate that depends on the value of the article and its quantity. However, there are different ways M working out this value, depending on whether or not the value includes the cost of transporting the article to form customs unions, whereby they do not charge duties on goods from each other’s countries, and impose uniform duties on outside countries.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. Customs duties are paid to...2. There are different ways of...3. The main task of Ukrainian Customs is...4. Each nation has...5. Countries usually impose...6. Some countries have joined together to...7. Most countries allow people to...ІП. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. other / normally / firearms / and / guns / need / certificate / a special.

2. from / duties / customs / free / are / exempt / articles /certain.3. joined / have / countries / some / to form / together / unions / customs.4. paid / are / duties / customs / to / government / a nation’s.5. has / nation / each / its / regulations / own.


International Trade Organizations

Organizations and trade agreements that facilitate world trade include the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), common markets, and producers cartels.

The International Monetary Fund (IMF) was signed into existence by 44 nations in 1944. The IMF is an international bank that usually makes short-term loans to countries experiencing problems with their balance of trade. Its basis objectives are to promote exchange stability, maintain orderly exchange arrangements, avoid competitive currency depreciation, establish a multilateral system of payments, eliminate exchange restrictions and create standby reserves.

The World Bank (the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development), an autonomous United Nations agency, is concerned with the development of the infrastructure (roads, schools, hospitals, power plants) in less-developed countries. The World Bank borrows from the more prosperous countries and lends at favourable rates to less developed countries.

The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established in 1948. This agreement provided a forum for negotiating mutual reductions in trade restrictions. In short, government leaders from nations throughout the world have cooperated to create monetary and trade agreements that facilitate the exchange of goods, services, ideas, and cultural programs.

Producers' cartels are organizations of commodity-producing countries. They are formed to stabilize or increase prices, optimizing overall profits in the long run. The most obvious example today is OPEC (the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries).

A Common market is a regional group of countries that have no internal tariffs. Common markets have a common external tariff and a coordination of laws to facilitate exchange. Notable are theEuropean Economic Community (EEC), the Central American Common Market (CACM), and the Caribbean Common Market (CCM).

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. A Common market is...2. Producers’ cartels are...3. The World Bank borrows from...4. The International Monetary Fund is...5. Organizations and trade agreements that facilitate world trade include...6. The World Bank is concerned with...7. The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was established in...III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. obvious / the most / today / example / OPEC / is.

2. signed / was / IMF / existence / into / by / in / 44 nations /1944.3. an / international / is / bank / the IMF.4. are / cartels / producers’ / organizations / of / countries / commodity-producing.5. in / was / 1948 / GATF / established.


Europe MotelsSeveral European hotel/motel companies have expanded their continental operations into the UK. In part, this

was as a response to the increasing demand for low cost accommodation in busy business and tourist location, and along major travel routes throughout the country. Preliminary findings published by an independent market research agency suggested the demand for this type of accommodation would increase.

Europe Motels is a German motel and property group with 83 motels in Germany and France. Motels account for 65 per cent of business and the remaining income is derived from a chain of nightclubs throughout Germany and from interest in construction companies. The construction company connection has allowed Europe to build motels in Europe at cost 15 per cent less than major European competitors. However, for the construction of UK motels it would be necessary to contract out the building work to local companies.

Some years ago the board of directors noticed that a number of Continental rivals had expanded their operations into the UK. At the time, it seemed that none had a major market position and, on the advice of the marketing director, Europe decided to follow its competitors into what he considered to be a UK market ripe for development.

The thrust of Europe’s UK marketing strategy was that company would offer very competitive tariffs on basic good quality accommodation.

To minimize cost, no support services would be included, such as restaurants or bars. Maximum use would be made of technology to minimize staffing requirements. The motels would be positioned strategically and would offer cut-price accommodation for the regular business client and for the budget tourist.

ГІ. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. Europe Motels is...2. The thrust of Europe’s UK marketing strategy was...3. Motels account for...4. The construction company connection has allowed Europe to...5. Some years ago the board of directors noticed that...6. To minimize cost, no support services would be included, such as...7. Maximum use would be made of...

III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. account / motels / of / for 65 per cent / business.2. competitors / its / to follow / decided / Europe.3. companies / several / European / motel / their / expanded / have / operations / continental / the UK / into.4. is / a German / Motels / Europe / motel / property / and / group / 83 motels / with / and / in / Germany /

France.5. would / be / made of / maximum / technology / to minimize / requirements staffing.


The Forward Foreign Exchange MarketThe forward foreign exchange market at commercial banks offers banks, companies, and individuals the

opportunity to contract today for a specific foreign exchange transaction in the future, at a fixed price (i.e. exchange rate). Forward contracts are negotiated between the offering bank and the client as to size, maturity, and price.

The rationale for forward contracts in currencies is analogous to that for futures contracts in commodities; the firm can lock in a price today to eliminate uncertainty about the value of a future receipt or payment of foreign currency. Such a transaction may be undertaken because the firm has made a previous contract, for example, to pay FF 1 million to a supplier in three month for some needed inputs to its operations. If the firm wants to eliminate the risk that its payment in three month will change in dollar terms, it can contract with a bank to buy FF 1 million three months forward, at a price established today. Thus firms can use forward contracts to eliminate the risk of variability in future dollar costs or revenues due to exchange-rate changes. This concept is called hedging.

The forward contract used for hedging does not correspond directly to an insurance contract. The forward contract does fix a minimum “loss” for the firm, by setting the guaranteed price of exchange in the future. Even if the dollar devalues in three months, the forward contract holder is still able to buy 1 million FF for its previous price. However, if the French franc devalues over the next three months, the forward contract holder will have an opportunity cost of the difference between the forward rate and the (eventual) future sport rate. Thus, the forward contract insures against potential losses and against potential gains in foreign currency value.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. The forward foreign exchange market at commercialbanks offers...2. The rationale for forward contracts in currencies is...3. Such a transaction may be undertaken because...4. Forward contracts are negotiated between...5. If the firm wants to eliminate the risk...6. Firms can use forward contracts to...7. If the French franc devalues...III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).

1. is / called / this / hedging / concept.2. for / the firm / “loss” / a minimum / does / fix / the forward / contract.3. contract / the forward / against / insures / losses / potential.4. can / a firm / lock / today / in / a price / uncertainty / to eliminate / the value / about / of / receipt / a

future.5. forward / contracts / negotiated / are / the offering / between / bank / and / the client / as / maturity /

to size / price / and.


Reasons for Trade ControlsAlthough international trade theory argues for free unrestricted trade for the benefit of everyone, restrictions

on trade still exist.Tariff, quota and other constraints on trade vary literally from month to month, as economic and political

conditions change. While there is no single main reason for imposing these barriers it is possible to construct an overview of the government main concerns that lead to them.

The principal goals of control on trade are to promote national economic growth and to reduce balance of

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payments problems. Governments use trade controls most often in efforts to eliminate trade deficits.Trade control is also used to protect import-competing domestic firms. For example, the USA imposes tariffs

on imported steel, uses quotas on imported autos, and subsidizes domestic exporters to improve their ability to compete with foreign producers.

Many less developed countries have very high tariffs on selected products. In this way they hope to encourage local or foreign investors to start Іоц'аі production of formerly imported products and thus to promote import substitution.

To reduce reliance of foreign suppliers most national governments prefer to obtain domestically goods and services which may be needed for protection against a foreign political or military power. With few exceptions, most countries supply their own armed forces, their own defence systems.

There are a number of other reasons as well: to promote export-based growth, to promote infant industries, to achieve health and safety standards, to restrain foreign firms from dumping, to serve political reasons.

Economic analysis of the barriers showed that they generally harm an economy more than help it, but strong conclusions in any case depend on the situation faced by the country.II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.

1. The principal goals of control on trade are...2. There are a number of other reasons as well to...3. Economic analysis of the barriers showed that...4. Trade control is also used to ...5. To reduce reliance of foreign suppliers most national governments prefer to...6. While there is no single main reason for imposing these barriers it is possible to...7. Governments use trade controls most often in...

III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. firms / domestic / import-competing / to protect / used / is / also / trade / control.2. a number / are / there / other / of / reasons / well / as.3. countries / most / their / own / supply / forces / armed.4. the USA / tariffs / imposes / steel / imported.5. governments / use / controls / trade / to eliminate / in / efforts / deficits / trade.

Текст 53I. Прочитайте текст

CustomsCustoms service is an important part of the state structure. The history of world civilization shows:

customs is an effective instrument of state economic police and the economic management.Customs acts in the interests of Ukraine and its people and creates favourable conditions for the

development of international trade, tourism, culture and peopie-to-people contacts.The customs system is an important part of national security, it struggles with international smuggling of

drugs, weapons, radioactive substances, strategic raw materials.Customs service controls all Ukrainian Borders. Today the customs service of Ukraine consists of 8

territorial customs departments, 70 customs houses, 270 customs posts, 20 specialised customs institutions. On the states customs Borders operate 92 highways, 44 railways, 36 airways, 33 river-and sea check points which - handle over 200.000 persons a day.

New border posts are being built and equipped in accordance with world standards since border posts are a gate to our state, a visiting card of Ukraine, and customs officers are the first to see in our state.

It is difficult to overestimate the importance of customs in combating smuggling, organised crime, and corruption in economyand drug business. Successful work is impossible without wide international relations with customs services of other countries. Agreements have been signed with Russia, Byelorussia, CIS states, Hungary, Poland, Slovakia. Ukraine is an active member of the World Customs Organisation.

The new Customs Code of Ukraine creates favourable conditions for improving export structure, protection of domestic market from low quality goods, stimulating foreign investors.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення:1. Custom service controls...2. The new Customs code of Ukraine creates...3. Agreements have been signed with...4. New border posts are being built and equipped in accordance with...

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5. On the states customs Borders operate...6. The customs system is...7. The history of world civilization shows...HI. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).

1. Is / service / customs / an important /of / part / structure /state.2. In / the interests / act / customs / of / Ukraine.3. of / security / national/part / an important / is / the customs / system.4. Controls / all / Borders / Ukrainian / service / custom.5. It / is / to overestimate / difficult / the importance / customs / of.


Exports and importsExports and imports are the articles shipped out of and into a country. Export comes from the I л tin words ex

and portare, meaning to carry out. Import, from the Latin in and portare, means to carry in.A country exports goods under the following conditions: if it is the world’s sole supplier of a certain product;

if it produces the goods at a relatively lower cost than other countries; if its goods are in demand because they are of outstanding quality; or if it can produce certain goods at a season of the year when other countries need to import them.

Most imports consist of goods that are not produced domestically. For example, the climate in Europe is not suitable for growing coffee. For this reason, Europeans import coffee beans from Latin America and Africa.

A nation's pattern of exports and imports tends to change over a year. This charge in trade patterns may be due to technological developments. For example, the discovery of synthetic substitutes for such natural products as silk and rubber reduces the need to import these natural products. Foreign investments such as building factories in other countries, also causes important changes in international trading patterns.

Government policies may affect the exports and imports of a country. For example, lowering of trade barriers tends to increase imports of certain products produced more efficiently abroad. And lowering of trade barriers by other countries opens markets forexports.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. Exports and imports are...2. Most imports consist of...3. Government policies may...4. A country exports goods under the following conditions...5. Export comes from...6. Import comes from...7. Foreign investment, such as building factories in other countries, also causes...

III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. imports / most / consist of / that / goods / are / produced / not / domestically.2. in / the climate / Europe / not / is / suitable / for / coffee / growing.3. investment / foreign / causes / also / changes / important / in / patterns / trading / international.4. affect / government / policies / may / the exports / and / of / a country / imports.5. from / Europeans / coffee / import / coffee / America / Africa / and / Latin.


Hotel housekeepingA chance customer will grade and judge a hotel as soon as he arrives at the entrance. Is he attracted by the

sign or impressed by the menu and the wine list - or is it the lights, the polished glass, the tubs of flowers and the cheerfulness and warmth of the staff? Given two hotels with similar prices and location, what is it that will draw the credit cards and cheque-books to one building rather than to another - and keeps them there? What persuades a customer to return year after year?

A customer wants to know that he is welcome that staffs are courteous, attentive when needed, smart and

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well-dressed; he does not want to feel over-awed and out-of-place. The hotel should be warm and clean with the decor and furnishing reminding him of his own background whilst at the same time reflecting the characteristics of the country in which he is in and everyone should be able to find his way easily around the hotel without the embarrassment of asking «where do I go for...? »

By its appearance a hotel indicates the type of customer and the segment of the market that interests it. So, it is essential for management to know what it is that makes a customer not come back and not recommend the hotel to his friends. It is often quite a small fault - a member of staff who has been too brusque, ashtrays left not emptied and the smell of stale smoke, messy toilets, fingermarks on the door-panels and dust in a corner. There is nocomplaint to the management but the guest does not return. A first impression is confirmed as soon as the customer crosses the threshold into reception.

її. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. A customer wants...2. It is essential for management to know...3. The hotel should be...4. A chance customer will grade and judge...5. By its appearance a hotel indicates...6. It is often quite a small fault...7. There is no complaint to the management but...

III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. customer / a chance / grade / will / and / judge / a hotel.2. to return / a customer / what / year / after / year / persuades?3. should / the hotel / be/warm/ clean/and.

4. does / he/not / want / over-awed / out-of-place / and /to feel.5. is / there / no / to / the management / complaint.


Different Types of HotelsHotels fall into many categories, ranging from: boarding houses, guest houses, country inns, small hotels

with between 25 to 50 bedrooms, medium-sized hotels with up to 200 bedrooms, large hotels with several hundred bedrooms, and special transient hotels such as motels, motorway hotels, post-houses, airport hotels and hotels in large cities whose business consists mainly of guests in transit that stay for one or two nights only.

The type of guest for which a hotel caters gives it special characteristics and atmosphere: for example, some hotels arefamily type hotels with a fair proportion of residential guests, while others are commercial hotels usually catering for commercial travellers continually in transit. There are the resort hotels, which are seasonal and cater for holidaymakers, though many of these are now also providing facilities for large conferences and trade fairs, which gives them an additional form of income. Then there are the large international hotels whose operations are geared to the needs of overseas travellers. Many organizations such as the AA (Automobile Associations) and RAC (Royal Automobile Club) and others make their own classification of hotels and restaurants and award stars or seals of merit as guides to travellers and tourists. The classification of hotels by the AA, to mention just one, in addition to providing an indication of the type of hotel, is often regarded as an accepted mark of quality in all classifications from the simplest inn to the most luxurious hotel.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. Hotels fall into...2. The type of guests, for which a hotel caters gives it specialcharacteristics and atmosphere: ...3. There are the resort hotels, which...4. There are the large international hotels whose ...5. Many organizations such as the Automobile Associations and Royal Automobile Club and others make...6. The classification of hotels by the AA is often regarded as...7. Hotels fall into many categories: small hotels, largehotels and special transient hotels such as...

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ПІ. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. fall /into /hotels /categories / many.2. the type /gives / of /guests / it / characteristics / special / atmosphere / and.3. organisations / many / make / own / their / of hotels / c lassification / and / restaurants.4. the classification / by / the AA / of / hotels / often / is / as / regarded / an accepted mark / quality/ of.5. are / there / hotels / the resort, / which / seasonal / are.

Текст 57І. Прочитати текст.

Different Types of HotelsWhat the AA star classifications indicate:One-star-hotels and inns are generally of small scale with acceptable facilities and furnishings. All

bedrooms with hot and cold water: adequate bath and lavatory arrangements, meals are provided for the residents but their availability to non-residents may be limited.

Two-star-hotels offer a higher standard of accommodation and some private bathrooms/showers. A wider choice of food is provided but the availability of meals to non-residents may be limited.

Three-star-hotels are hotels with spacious accommodation with a large number of bedrooms with private bathrooms/showers. Fuller meal facilities are provided but luncheon and weekend service to non-residents may be restricted.

Four-star-hotels offer a high standard of comfort and service with the majority of bedrooms providing private bathrooms-showers.

Five-star-hotels arc luxury hotels offering the highest international standard.There is a difference between white and red stars:White stars This method is used to indicate establishments high in amenities but with deliberately limited

personalized service, designed and operated to cater predominantly for short stay guests. Under this heading it will be found some motels and motor hotels with bedroom facilities mainly on a self-service basis. It is emphasized that white stars are an indication of a type of hotel.

Red stars. The award used to denote hotels considered to be of outstanding merit within their classification.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. Five-star-hotels are...2. Four-star-hotels offer...3. One-star-hotels and inns generally of small scale...4. Two-star-hotels offer...5. Three-star-hotels are...6. Meals are provided for...7. A wider choice of food is provided but...III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. bedroom / all / are / hot / cold / and / water / with.2. are / meals / for / provided / the residents.3. offer / four-st&r-hotels / standard / a high / and / of / comfort / service.4. luxury / hotels / are / five-star-hotels.5. white / are / stars / of / a type / an indication / of /hotel.

Текст 58I . Прочитайте текст.

THE BARRIERS TO INTERN ATIONAL TRADEDespite the many advantages of trade between nations, most countries, including our own, often restrict that

trade in a number of ways. Some of these ways are discussed below.Tariffs. A tariff is a duty, or tax, on imports. There are two basic types of tariffs. Revenue tariffs are levied

as a way to raise money. Through most of its history (until 1910), the United States looked to the revenue tariff as its principal source of income. Protective tariffs are levied to protect a domestic industry from foreign competition. The goal is to make the foreign product more expensive than a similar item produced in the United States. Then people will stop buying the foreign-made item and purchase its domestic counterpart.

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Quotas. Restrictions on the numbers of certain specified goods that can enter the country from abroad are called quotas. Like protective tariffs, quotas limit the amount of foreign competition a protected industry will have to face. In the 1980's, for example, the government protected the U.S. automobile industry by placing a quota on the number of automobiles that could be imported from Japan.

Other tactics. There are a number of other devices that directly affect the flow of trade among nations. One of these is the export subsidy — a payment by a country to its exporters that enables them to sell their products abroad at a lower price than they could sell them for at home. Selling the same product for a lower price abroad than at home is called dumping.

Still another tactic that has been used to restrict foreign trade can be classified as "administrative red tape". This is the deliberate use of governmental rules and regulations to make it difficult to import goods from abroad.II. Виберіть у тексті погрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. A tariff is...2. Revenue tariffs are levied as...3. Protective tariffs are levied to...4. Quotas limit...

5. In the 1980’s the government protected the USA automobile industry by...6. Dumping is...

7. Still another tactic that has been used to restrict foreign trade can be classified as...III . Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. a tariff / a duty / is / lax / or / on / imports.2. two / types / basic / are / there / of / tariffs.3. is / the goal / to make / product / the foreign / expensive /more.4. will / people / then / stop / buying / item / the foreign-made.5. competition / of / foreign / the amount / limit / quotas.


Counter tradeSometimes countries have so much difficulty generating enough foreign exchange to pay for imports that

they need to devise creative ways to get the products they want.Counter trade refers to any one of several different arrangements by which goods and services are traded for

each other, on either bilateral or a multilateral basis. It is often pursued by countries with a weak currency, but a strong comparative advantage in some product.

Barter, the oldest* form of counter trade is a transaction in which goods are traded for goods of equal value without any flow of cash. Many problems attend the negotiating of a barter agreement. Nevertheless, there are recent examples of successful bartering. For example, the trading company Marc Rich and the Ukraine government signed an agreement. According to this agreement, Marc Rich provided 300,000 tons of raw sugar to Ukraine where the sugar was refined. Marc Rich then received as payment 20 percent of the refined sugar and some of Ukraine’s sugar harvest to be sold on world market. The proceeds of these sales compensate the trading company for the initial shipment of raw sugar.

Another type of counter trade, called offset trade is becoming increasingly important. Under an offset agreement, a Ukrainian company, for example, exports merchandise to a foreign country and receives hard currency for sale. However, it agrees with the foreign country to offset that outward flow of hard currency by creating export opportunities for businesses in that country so that they can earn hard currency. In other words, in this form of counter trade, the i \ porter (for example in Country A) is required to find ways for the miporting country (Country B) to earn foreign exchange to pay for tin* exports.II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.

1. Counter trade refers to...2. A Ukrainian company, for example, exports...3. The exporter is required to...4. Barter, the oldest form of counter trade is...5. Sometimes countries have so much difficulty generating enough foreign exchange to pay for imports

that...6. There are recent examples of...

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7. According to this agreement, Marc Rich provided...III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).

1. agreement / a barter / of / the negotiating / attend / many / problems.2. recent / are / there / examples / of / bartering / successful.3. the trading / company / and / the Ukraine / Marc Rich / an agreement / signed / government.4. offset / trade / becoming / is / important / increasingly.5. received / Marc Rich / 20 percent / payment / as / of / sugar / the refined.


At the Customs HouseThere also exists a list of certain goods that are prohibited to carry through the border (so-called the

Prohibited Articles List). According to this list such things as gold, silver, valuables, pieces of art, weapon, narcotics and some others are prohibited to carry through the border.

When you want to deliver a car, video camera, a video player, a computer, etc. you must pay customs duty. To the addition of it one must have an import license. The customs duty on such expensive items is rather high. By the way the procedure of delivering a car is rather complicated. One will have to meet with some difficulties. The duty on delivering a car is high. So the procedure of going abroad isnot as easy as it seems at first glance. It is necessary for those who are going to go abroad to be closely familiar with all rules and instructions.

If you want to go abroad, you must go through the customs inspection. The customs officials check your luggage and ask you to fill in the customs declaration form. Some of your things may be subjected to duty, some of them are duty-free. If you have foreign currency (dollars, pounds, marks, franks) you would indicate the sum in your declaration.

There exists a list of certain goods that are permitted to carry through the border. One can carry such goods duty-free (so-called the Duty-Free Quota List). According to this list one may take with himself personal effects, a few trifles for the family, a bottle of perfume, some bottles of whisky, a carton of cigarettes, some other things, but not in a large quantity. But if you have the goods above the fixed quote, you will have to pay duty on cash extra article.

II. Виберіть у тексті потрібну інформацію та закінчіть речення.1. There also exists a list of certain goods that...2. When you want to deliver a car, video camera, a video player, a computer, etc. you must pay...3. If you want to go abroad, you must...4. If you have the goods above the fixed quote, you will have to...5. The duty on delivering a car is...6. Such things as ... are prohibited to carry through the border.7. If you have foreing currency (...) you would...

III. Утворіть речення з даних слів (на основі тексту).1. duty / the customs / items / on / expensive / rather / high / is.2. can / carry / one / duty-free / goods / such.3. your / the customs / luggage / check / officials.4. have / one / must / license / an important.5. high / is / a car / delivering / on / the duty.

.

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Граматичні завдання

Варіант 76І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них діеслово-присудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. People from many parts of the world come to Oxford University.2. Justice in Ukraine is exercised entirely by courts.3. People’s deputies were discussing the new law for 2 hours.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. It’s necessary to fill in...declaration when you're abroad.

a) a: b)-; c) the; d)an

2. He knows ...did it.a) who; b) which; c) what; d) that.

3.This dessert is ... the one you made last night.a) sweeter than; b) sweetest; c) sweet as; d) more sweeter than.

4.Our telephone is out of order. Something is wrong...the line.a)

in;

b) of; c) out; d)on.

5. May I take this magazine? No, you....1. may not;2. can’t;3. mustn’t;4. have to.

6. This time last year she ... for her F.C.E. exam.`1. prepared;2. was preparing;3. has prepared;4. is preparing.

7. The secretary said that all the necessary information ... sent to the firm.1. was;2. had been;3. is;4. has been.

Варіант 77І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них діеслово-присудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. Health is better than wealth.2. The Cabinet of Ministers carries out domestic and foreign policy of the State.3. During the 19 th century London spread rapidly into the

24

suburbs.

ІІ Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. ...British firm Bent and Co. wanted to buy a few computers.

a) a;b) the;c) cd) these

2. It must have been he ... we saw at the cinema.a) whom;b) that;c) who;d) which.

3.There aren’t... conveniences in the house.a) some;b) no;c) any; /

d) much.4.When he heard the telephone ringing, he took ... the receiver.

a) . on;b) down;c) .up;d) d. from.

3. It was a very difficult text. I... look up many words in the dictionary. a). must; b). have to; c.) had to; d) must to.

6. …a decision yet.a. haven’t made;b. made;

c. am making;d. will make.

7. any manufactured goods been exported lately?a. has;b. are;c.have;d.were.

Варіант 78І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів

1. We deliver equipment at lower prices.2. The documents were not sent by fax.3. Each country has its own basic monetary unit.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. Lake Erie is one of the five Great Lakes in ... North America.a)a) the;b) a;c) an.

2. All of ... have brown eyes.

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a) they;b) their;c) them;d) us.

3. The London underground is the ... in the world.a) old;b) oldest;c) older;d) new.

4. I would like to ask ... an appointment.a) from;b) for;c) to;

d) behind.

5. Ann ... finish this work yesterday.a) cannot;c) won’t be able;d) must.

6. Radio sets ... at our plant.

a) are made;b) are being made;c) made;d) are being.

7. We ... you 5% discount.

a) has give;b) will give;c) shall give;d) are given.b) couldn’t;

Варіант 79І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-нрисудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. Your price corresponds to world prices.2. She sent the letter by fax.3. The economic independence of the country will be illustrated by many factors.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. ... Grants are the couple with whom we are negotiating.a)b) The;c) This;d) A.

2. We decorated this room ...a) ourself;b) yourself;c) ourselves;d) yourselves.

3. St. Petersburg is one of the ... cities in the world.a) beautiful;b) more beautiful;

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c) most beautiful;d) beautifulest.

4. Were you interviewed ... Mr. Cooper?a) by;b) in;c) for;d) at.

5. You ... take this book if necessary.a) can;b) may;a) large;b) largest;c) larger;d) small.

1. Please, fill... this application form.a) on;b) at;c) in;d) to.

2. You ... worry about it.a) not must;b) don’t must;c) must not;d) need not.

3. We ... more than 50 dealers and representatives in different regions of our country.a) has;b) have to;c) has not;d) have.4. The article ... into English.a) was translating;b) was translated;c) translated;d) were translated.

Варіант 80І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-нрисудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.4. Your price corresponds to world prices.5. She sent the letter by fax.6. The economic independence of the country will be illustrated by many factors.

III. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.6. ... Grants are the couple with whom we are negotiating.a)e) The;f) This;g) A.

7. We decorated this room ...e) ourself;f) yourself;g) ourselves;h) yourselves.

8. St. Petersburg is one of the ... cities in the world.

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e) beautiful;f) more beautiful;g) most beautiful;h) beautifulest.

9. Were you interviewed ... Mr. Cooper?e) by;f) in;g) for;h) at.

10. You ... take this book if necessary.c) can;d) may;e) large;f) largest;g) larger;h) small.

5. Please, fill... this application form.e) on;f) at;g) in;h) to.

6. You ... worry about it.e) not must;f) don’t must;g) must not;h) need not.

7. We ... more than 50 dealers and representatives in different regions of our country.e) has;f) have to;g) has not;h) have.8. The article ... into English.d) was translating;e) was translated;f) translated;d) were translated.

Варіант 81І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених дієслів,1. In Britain people had begun to use copper coins before the arrival of the Romans.2. We can start our talks on prices.3. The Internet was designed to survive in a nuclear war.II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. May is ... fifth month of the year.a) the;b) a;c) an;2. -.... is no need to advertise the house in the newspaper.a) There;b) It;c) This;d) That.

3. We should eat... food.

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a) healthy;b) healthier;c) the healthiest;d) health.

4. I am engaged now. Will you call me ... an hour?a) at;b) from;c) in;d) by.

5. The meeting ... begin at 5 o'clock.a) are to;b) is to;c) have to;d) can.

6. I didn't... he was at office.a) to think;b) think;c) thinking;d) thought.

7. The shop ... at 8 o'clock.a) will be closed;b) will close;c) will have been closed;d) closed

Варіант 82I. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.4. The Constitution of Ukraine establishes the political system of the country.5. London has a well-developed transport system.6. America was discovered by Columbus.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. I do not like milk in ... coffee.a)b) the;

a) a;b) an.

2. We have reserved a room for ... at the Grand Hotel.a) our;b) he;c) you;d) your.

3. It isn't as ... today as it was yesterday.a) warmer;b) the warmest;c) warm;d) colder.

4. I like travelling ... a boat.a) on;b) with;c) for;

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d) to.

5. You ... go there by train,1. can; My composition is not so ... as yours.a) long;b) longer;c) the longest;d) tall.

4.1 prefer to go ... sea.a) by;b) in;c) with;d) on. --

5. She ... translate the text into Ukrainian.a) can;b) can to;

c)c) may.

6. In the afternoon we ... shopping.a) were doing;b) was doing;c) is doing;d) am doing.

7. The fire... out with water.a) put;b) was put;c) has put;d) can put.

Варіант 83I. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову

форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.2. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.3. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски. 1. ... executive is successfully solving many problemsa) An;b) The;c) These;d) Those.

2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.a) He;b) They;c) I;d) me.

3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.a) wide;b) the widest;c) wider;d) more wide.

4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.a) by;b) with;

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c) to;5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.a) am to;b) is to;c) are to;d) be to.

6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.a) had read;b) has read;c) were reading;d) is reading.

7. The box ... to the station.a) must be;b) must be taken;c) must take;d) take.


часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. The operator puts data into the computer and gives instructions.2. They insisted on receiving payment by the 31st of January.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожногоречення та заповніть пропуски.

1. I bought... English books and an umbrella.а) any;Ь) some;с) somebody;d) something.

2. Today is ... first of January.

а) a;Ь) an;с) the;d) that.

3. Which is ... , the United States or Canada?

а) large;Ь) the largest;с) more large;d) iarger.

3. Prices also can be set by the government.

4. London is the capital ... Great Britain.а) of;Ь) from;с) for;d) to.

5. I hope the firm ... reduce its prices.

а) will be able;Ь) will be able to;с) shall be able to;d) have to.

6. This tie ... the suit.

а) is matching;

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Ь) matches;с) shall match;d) not matches.

7. I... often ... about it.

а) has been ... asked;Ь) has ... been asked;с) have been ... asked;d) is... asked.

Варіант 85І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дісслово-присудок і визначте його видо-

часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. Our bank is becoming more popular with the citizens of llie town.2. Prices are related to each other in different ways.3. A computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly.II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожногоречення та заповніть пропуски.1. ... computers cost about $ 600.a) А;b) An;c) The;d)

2. I tried on a pair ... Italian shoes.a) of;b) to;c)c) for.

3. The ... trees in the world grow in California.a) tall;b) tallest;c) taller;d) -.

4. They have decided to buy ... fur coat.a) this;b) these;c) those;d) anything.

5. Smoking ... here.a) are not allowed;b) are allowed;c) is not allowed;d) is not allowed to.

6. Most of the people ... from one department to another.a) were wandering;b) was wandering;c) were wandered;d) was wandered.

7. This shop ... 2 years ago.a) were established;b) was established;c) is established;d) is establishing

Варіант 86

І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. London was founded more than 2.000 years ago.2. The people are the only source of power in Ukraine.3. The British Parliament exists since 1265.

Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.

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a) the;b) a;c) an;

2. Ann and Peter phone ... every day.a) them;b) themself;c) themselves;d) each other.

3. It is ... if you take the train.

a) quicker;b) the quicker;c) quickest;d) the quickest.

4. Can you finish the job ... Friday?

a) till;b) until;c) by;d) for.

5. She ... return tomorrow.

a) are to;b) is to;c) have to;d) am to .6. We ... an interesting lecture yesterday.

a) are read;b) were read;c) will be read;d) will read.

d) -.7. They... tomorrow.

a) will come;b) come;c) has come;d) have come.

Варіант 87


Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.2. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.e) the;f) a;g) an;



a) quicker;

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b) the quicker;c) quickest;d) the quickest.






e)-.

7. They... tomorrow.a) will come;b) come;c) has come;d) have come.

Варіант 88


Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.a) the;b) a;c) an;






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h) -.7. They... tomorrow.

a) will come;b) come;c) has come;d) have come.


часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. The conference will be attended by the lawyers from Ukraine.2. Ukraine is a Unitarian state with single citizenship.3. A pound sterling consists of 100 pence.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1.Every day my ... brother gets up at 6 o’clock.

a) -;b) the;c) a;d) an.

2.There is not... time to waste.a) some;b) for;c) any;d) anything.

3.The rivers in America are much ... than those in England.a) big;b) bigger;c) biggest; td)-.

4.Please, hold ... and I will find your number.a) of;b) on;c)at;d)it.

5. You ... solve this problem without my help.a) can;b) is able to;c) am able to;d) might.

6. What...?a) does she want;b) does she wants;c) she wants;d) she want.

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7. The picture .. .to me later.a) will be showed;b) will be shown;c) will show;d) shall be shown.


часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. Your prices are at the level of world prices.2. The Board of Directors had to discuss this question at the last meeting.3. Most imported goods must be paid for in the currency of the selling country.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.

a) the;b) these;c) a;d) -•

2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.a) anyone;b) somebody;c) this;d) no one.

3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.a) easiest;b) easy;c) easier;d) most easiest.

4. Did you put your signature ... this application form? a) in; b) on; c) at; d) for.

5. You ... work hard at your English.a) am able to;b) has toc) should;d) may.

6. We cannot go out now. It... hard.

a) rains;b) rain;c) rained;d) is raining.

7. It... to us how the accident had happened.

a) is explaining;b) was explained;c) was explaining;d) had explained.

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Варіант 911.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.2. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.3. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски. 1. ... executive is successfully solving many problemsa) An;b) The;c) These;d) Those.

2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.a) He;b) They;c) I;d) me.

3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.e) wide;f) the widest;g) wider;h) more wide.

4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.a) by;b) with;c) to;5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.a) am to;b) is to;c) are to;d) be to.

6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.a) had read;b) has read;c) were reading;d) is reading.

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7. The box ... to the station.a) must be;b) must be taken;c) must take;d) take.


часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. The operator puts data into the computer and gives instructions.2. They insisted on receiving payment by the 31st of January.

II. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожногоречення та заповніть пропуски.

1. I bought... English books and an umbrella.а) any;Ь) some;с) somebody;d) something.

2. Today is ... first of January.

а) a;Ь) an;с) the;d) that.

3. Which is ... , the United States or Canada?

а) large;Ь) the largest;с) more large;d) larger.

3. Prices also can be set by the government.

4. London is the capital ... Great Britain.а) of;Ь) from;с) for;d) to.

5. I hope the firm ... reduce its prices.

а) will be able;Ь) will be able to;с) shall be able to;d) have to.

6. This tie ... the suit.

а) is matching;Ь) matches;с) shall match;d) not matches.

7. I... often ... about it.

а) has been ... asked;Ь) has ... been asked;с) have been ... asked;d) is... asked.


часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.1. Our bank is becoming more popular with the citizens of llie town.2. Prices are related to each other in different ways.3. A computer solves mathematical problems very rapidly.III. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожногоречення та заповніть пропуски.1.... computers cost about $ 600.d) А;e) An;f) The;d)

2. I tried on a pair ... Italian shoes.d) of;e) to;c)f) for.

3.The ... trees in the world grow in California.e) tall;f) tallest;g) taller;h) -.

4.They have decided to buy ... fur coat.e) this;f) these;g) those;h) anything.

5. Smoking ... here.e) are not allowed;f) are allowed;g) is not allowed;h) is not allowed to.

6. Most of the people ... from one department to another.e) were wandering;f) was wandering;g) were wandered;h) was wandered.

7. This shop ... 2 years ago.d) were established;e) was established;f) is established;d) is establishing

Варіант 94


Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.3. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.

i) the;j) a;k) an;









l) -.7. They... tomorrow.

e) will come;f) come;g) has come;h) have come.

Варіант 95


Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.4. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.m) the;n) a;o) an;



a) quicker;

b) the quicker;c) quickest;d) the quickest.






e)-.

7. They... tomorrow.e) will come;f) come;g) has come;h) have come.

Варіант 96


Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. William Shakespeare ... greatest English playwright, was born in 1564.d) the;e) a;f) an;









p) -.7. They... tomorrow.

e) will come;f) come;g) has come;h) have come.

Варіант 97І. Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його

видо-часову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.4. The conference will be attended by the lawyers from Ukraine.5. Ukraine is a Unitarian state with single citizenship.6. A pound sterling consists of 100 pence.

III. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1.Every day my ... brother gets up at 6 o’clock.

e) -;f) the;g) a;h) an.

2.There is not... time to waste.e) some;f) for;g) any;h) anything.

3.The rivers in America are much ... than those in England.e) big;f) bigger;g) biggest; th)-.

4.Please, hold ... and I will find your number.e) of;f) on;g)at;h)it.

5. You ... solve this problem without my help.e) can;f) is able to;g) am able to;h) might.

6. What...?e) does she want;f) does she wants;g) she wants;h) she want.

7. The picture .. .to me later.e) will be showed;f) will be shown;g) will show;h) shall be shown.



III. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.

e) the;f) these;g) a;h) -•

2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.e) anyone;f) somebody;g) this;h) no one.

3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.e) easiest;f) easy;g) easier;h) most easiest.


5. You ... work hard at your English.c) am able to;c) should;d) may.





Варіант 991.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.4. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.5. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.6. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски. 1. ... executive is successfully solving many problemse) An;f) The;g) These;h) Those.

2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.e) He;f) They;g) I;h) me.

3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.i) wide;j) the widest;k) wider;l) more wide.

4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.d) by;e) with;f) to;5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.e) am to;f) is to;g) are to;h) be to.

6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.e) had read;f) has read;g) were reading;h) is reading.

7. The box ... to the station.

e) must be;f) must be taken;g) must take;h) take.

Варіант 1001.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.7. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.8. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.9. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски. 1. ... executive is successfully solving many problemsi) An;j) The;k) These;l) Those.

2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.i) He;j) They;k) I;l) me.

3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.m) wide;n) the widest;o) wider;p) more wide.

4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.g) by;h) with;i) to;5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.i) am to;j) is to;k) are to;l) be to.

6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.i) had read;j) has read;k) were reading;l) is reading.

7. The box ... to the station.i) must be;j) must be taken;k) must take;l) take.

Варіант 1011.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.10. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.11. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.

12. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски. 1. ... executive is successfully solving many problemsm) An;n) The;o) These;p) Those.

2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.m) He;n) They;o) I;p) me.

3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.q) wide;r) the widest;s) wider;t) more wide.

4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.j) by;k) with;l) to;5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.m) am to;n) is to;o) are to;p) be to.

6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.m) had read;n) has read;o) were reading;p) is reading.

7. The box ... to the station.m) must be;n) must be taken;o) must take;p) take.

Варіант 1021.Перепишіть речення, підкресліть у кожному з них дієслово-присудок і визначте його видо-чаеову форму, стан та інфінітив. Поставте запитання до виділених слів.13. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted in 1948.14. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget.15. The House of Commons of the British Parliament is elected by the people.2. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення га заповніть пропуски. 1. ... executive is successfully solving many problemsq) An;r) The;s) These;t) Those.

2. ... shall buy some jewellery for my girl-friend.q) He;r) They;

s) I;t) me.

3.The English Channel is ... than (he Straits of Gibraltar.u) wide;v) the widest;w) wider;x) more wide.

4. The book was read ... teacher yesterday.m) by;n) with;o) to;5. from. He ... take part in the scientific conference.q) am to;r) is to;s) are to;t) be to.

6. I ... all the correspondence between your company and our Director.q) had read;r) has read;s) were reading;t) is reading.

7. The box ... to the station.q) must be;r) must be taken;s) must take;t) take.



IV. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.

i) the;j) these;k) a;l) -•

2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.i) anyone;j) somebody;k) this;l) no one.

3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.i) easiest;j) easy;k) easier;l) most easiest.

4. Did you put your signature ... this application form? a) in; b) on; c) at;

d) for.

5. You ... work hard at your English.d) am able to;c) should;d) may.







V. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.

m) the;n) these;o) a;p) -•

2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.m) anyone;n) somebody;o) this;p) no one.

3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.m) easiest;n) easy;o) easier;

p) most easiest.4. Did you put your signature ... this application form? a) in; b) on; c) at; d) for.

5. You ... work hard at your English.e) am able to;c) should;d) may.







VI. Виберіть правильний варіант відповіді до кожного речення та заповніть пропуски.1. I spent... very interesting holiday in England.

q) the;r) these;s) a;t) -•

2. I have not given ... permission to borrow my calculator.q) anyone;r) somebody;s) this;t) no one.

3. This was the ... test I’ve ever done.q) easiest;r) easy;s) easier;t) most easiest.


5. You ... work hard at your English.f) am able to;c) should;d) may.





Situations

106. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.You have received some hard-earned vacation time. You saved enough money to take a one-week vacation

anywhere in the world you would like to go. Where will you go? Explain why you would visit this location. What will you see when you are there?

107. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.Do you think that money can buy happiness? When has money made your life easier?

108. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.Your partner from the UK decides to visit you in Ukraine. What Ukrainian dishes will you make to give

your friend a taste of Ukrainian food?

109. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.What role does technology play in our society? How has technology improved our lives? How has

technology made our lives worse?

110. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.The invention of the Internet has made it possible to communicate with people around the world instantly

and to gather information on any topic. Is the Internet a good or bad tool for people to use? Why?

111. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.What do you believe to be the greatest problem in today’s society? Describe where you see it. Explain why

you consider it to be so bad. How does it affect society as a whole and the individuals?

112. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.Your pen pal from the USA asks you how things have changed in Ukraine since its independence. What, in

general, will you tell him/her? What are the most positive/negative changes that have happened since then?

113. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.You are going to start a new business. You have money, you have space, and you have workers. What

product/service will you sell? How will you advertise this product? Give a sample advertisement motto.

114. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.What stereotypes do you think foreigners have about Ukraine? Do you feel these stereotypes are correct?

What can you do to change these stereotypes?

115. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.Advertise the hotel you are living in. What do you like there?

116. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.You are planning a visit to London. What would you like to see in London?

117. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.You are the President of a company. How many departments are there at the company? How many

managers work at the company? What is in your opinion the most important department?

118. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.Write a letter to the sellers and state that you have read their advertisement of the new model and you have

got interested in it. You would like them to send you all the particulars concerning the delivery dates and the discount.

119. Прокоментуйте ситуацію письмово.

Invite the business partners to visit your company, which is the largest supplier of this type of equipment

Documents

bdepk.od.uabdepk.od.ua/Icons/kontrolnaja_tkd.docx · Web viewYou simply go and buy this very product. In a word, ... and the Caribbean Common Market (CCM). ... One-star-hotels and