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Beach Pollution Source Identification Field Cases:
Racine, WIJulie Kinzelman, City of Racine
Beach Management Workshop
April 14 – 15, 2005, Egg Harbor, WI
Potential Pollution Sources
• Indirect or Non-Point Source– Run-off (Urban, Agricultural, Industrial, Landscape)– Boaters– Bathers– Algae– Sediments
• Direct or Point Source– CSO, SSO– Storm Water Discharge/Storm Water Outfalls– Rivers and Creeks
Spatial Distribution Studies
• Identify Direct and Indirect Pollution Sources
• Determine Relative Contribution of Bacterial Indicators
• Aid in Targeting Remediation Efforts
* Number of advisory days per season/Per cent of season
ANNUAL BEACH ADVISORIES – RACINE, WI
YEAR NORTHBEACH*
ZOOBEACH*
BEACH SEASON (DAYS)
1994 5/6% 21/25% 84
1995 51/59% 42/48% 87
1996 5/5% 2/2% 95
1997 18/19% 30/32% 93
1998 16/16% 4/4% 98
1999 15/16% 19/20% 94
2000 62/66% 39/41% 94
2001 17/20% 21/25% 84
2002 27/31% 22/25% 87
2003 31/32% 26/27% 96
2004 22/22% 16/16% 99
Indirect or Non-Point Source
Runoff
Impervious Surface Runoff
Impervious surface run-off may impact surface waters.
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
E.
coli
CF
U/g
DR
Y W
GT
220 210 200 190 180 170 160 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0DISTANCE FROM BERM CREST (m)
BACKSHORE VS. FORESHORE (NBO)
Pre-Rainfall
Post-Rainfall
0
50
100
150
200
250
E. c
oli C
FU/g
DR
Y W
GT.
18017016015015014013012011090 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 5 0
DISTANCE FROM BERM CREST (m)
BACKSHORE VS. FORESHORE (NBO)
Landscape Runoff
Runoff can also impact groundwater
E. coli = 479 MPN/100 mL (E1)
E. coli = 184 MPN/100 mL (E2)
E. coli = 184 MPN/100 mL (N)
Indirect or Non-Point Source
Onboard Boater Waste
BOATERS• 1305 boat slips
(63% occupied in 2003)• Over 8000 gallons of
waste pumped directly into sewer system
Indirect or Non-Point Source
Bathers
Bather Shedding
• On average you have 0.14 grams of feces “with you” at all times
• When you are ill your feces contains millions of germs that can be rinsed off while swimming
• Swimming is a shared experience!
Indirect or Non-Point Source
Algae (Cladophora)
Algae (Cladophora)
• Algae contains bacterial indicators (maybe pathogens)
• Bacteria may be transient or persistent
• If indicators are persistent in algae they may contribute to bacterial burden
2004 Algae Study
CONCENTRATION OF BACTERIAL INDICATORS IN ALGAE - 2004
Date E. coli cfu/g Enterococci cfu/g
Stranded Mats
Submerged Mats
Stranded Mats
Submerged Mats
6/15/04 25000 451 1 1
6/16/04 400 725 1 1
6/21/04 400 431 280 50
6/23/04 733 400 15 6
6/28/04 1933 1300 363 320
6/29/04 333 650 800 400
6/30/04 3266 1700 1 1
Indirect or Non-Point Source
Sediments
Fecal Contamination
• Everybody poops!• Gull feces contains ~3.4 million E. coli per gram
(pathogens?)• Dog feces can contain extra-intestinal
pathogenic E. coli which can be acquired by humans (Johnson et al 2001)
• E. coli may persist in beach sands
0.0
50.0
100.0
150.0
200.0
250.0
300.0
E.
CO
LI
(CF
U/G
DR
Y W
EIG
HT
)
Foreshore Submerged
LOCATION
CONCENTRATION OF E. COLI IN FORESHORE VS. SUBMERGED SANDS AT NORTH BEACH RACINE, WI - AUGUST 2002
E. coli has a significant presence in beach sands
BEACH SAND E. COLI CONCENTRATION (CFU/G DRY WGT.) - 2002
SITE N MIN MAX MEDIAN MEAN
FORESHORE 172 0.0 718.9 15.0 33.3
SUBMERED 172 0.0 23.2 0.4 1.4
• Highest levels of E. coli were found in the area between the lifeguard between the berm crest and lifeguard stand
• E. coli content in beach sands may be influenced by the moisture content
Striated Sediment Samples
100100
17305560
11370
1730200200200400
200200200200
600
21-2516-2011-156-100-5
21-2516-2011-156-100-5
21-2516-2011-156-100-5
Dep
th (
cm)
N2
Wet
Str
ip
N
2 L
FS
N1
BC
E.coli cfu /100 ml eluate filtered on to m-Tec agar
Direct or Point Source
CSOs and SSOs
Racine has separate storm and sanitary sewers
Breakdowns or aging infrastructure could cause infiltration of untreated sewage into storm sewer system
Direct or Point Source
Storm Water Discharge
English St. storm water outlet
What goes in must come out…
Not only bacteria but chemicals and nutrients. . .
Direct or Point Source
Rivers and Creeks
Root River – Racine, WI
Racine has 7 monitoring stations
Root River E. coli Densities – 2004SITE MEAN E. coli
MPN/100 mlRANGE
Johnson Park (R1) 1518 10 – 14,136
Horlick Dam (R2) 1431 10 – 12,997
Cedar Bend (R3) 3705 0 – 12,997
Washington Park Storm Outlet (R4)
38,856 0 – 198,628
Water Street Storm Outlet (R5)
18,020 100 – 173,287
State Street Bridge (R6) 1372 63 – 11,199
Chartroom (R7) 1098 20 - 9804
Probable sources of E. coli
The English
Street outfall is a local source
Root River Discharge
Regional Influences
Spatial Distribution
Study2004
Definitive Source Identification
Bacterial Source Tracking
Bacterial Source Tracking
• Test choice depends on level of discrimination
• Screening tools can distinguish between human and non-human sources
• More complex tests can discriminate between host source, i.e. human, gull, dog, cow, etc.
• What question are you really trying to answer?
Bacterial Source Tracking (BST)
• Organisms - E. coli, Enterococcus, Bacteroides, Bifidobacterium
• Library Dependent or Library Independent
Antibiotic Resistance Analysis (ARA)
ARA as Rapid Screening Tool
Suscept.
Resist.
Preparing samples for ARA – Racine, WI
What question are you trying to answer?
• For storm water it may be enough to know if it is human or non-human
• For runoff in rural areas you may want a more discriminatory test (septic discharge or agricultural runoff)
• In mixed sources it may be better to screen first and then discriminate
• Is cost an issue?
Sources Identified in Racine, WI
• Local influences are predominant• Beach sands and storm water discharge• Some potential for riverine influences
under right conditions• Regional influences unlikely• E. coli in beach sands likely due to gulls• Storm water may have mixed human and
non-human sources – too early to tell
Source Identification Leads to Remediation
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• WI DNR• WI DHFS• University of Surrey, RCPEH• Root-Pike Watershed Initiative Network• USGS• UW-Milwaukee, College of Health Sciences• S.C. Johnson, A Family Company• City of Racine Dept. of Public Works• City of Racine Parks & Recreation Dept.• City of Racine Health Dept. Laboratory