BEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENT

BEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENTBEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENT

Prof. Romziah Sidik, Ph.D. Drh.Prof. Romziah Sidik, Ph.D. Drh.

Dr. Daddy Soegianto nazar. MSc.Drh.Dr. Daddy Soegianto nazar. MSc.Drh.

Dr. Parijata Westra, MSc.Drh.Dr. Parijata Westra, MSc.Drh.

BEEF CATTLEBEEF CATTLE

Beef Cattle is a cattle breed which mainly Beef Cattle is a cattle breed which mainly produce meat, produce meat,

some by products: bone, skin, blood, fat/fatty some by products: bone, skin, blood, fat/fatty acids.acids.

Waste product: manure, hornWaste product: manure, horn

Food Products: meat, meat ball, humberger, Food Products: meat, meat ball, humberger, sosis, fried meat, slices meat, nugget.sosis, fried meat, slices meat, nugget.

Industrial products: glue/gum, gellatin, meat & Industrial products: glue/gum, gellatin, meat & bone meal, leather, soap, candles, etc.bone meal, leather, soap, candles, etc.

CARCASS OF CATTLECARCASS OF CATTLE

VOCABULARYVOCABULARY

BREED: A group of animals trough BREED: A group of animals trough selection & breeding have come to selection & breeding have come to resemble one another and pass those resemble one another and pass those traits uniformly to their offspring.traits uniformly to their offspring.

Selection can occur either neutrally or by Selection can occur either neutrally or by man.man.


BULL: Male, un-neuteredBULL: Male, un-neutered Calf: (Calves): babyCalf: (Calves): baby Calve: To have a babyCalve: To have a baby Color: Some what depend on breed. Any Color: Some what depend on breed. Any

combination: white, black, gray, rad, combination: white, black, gray, rad, brown, tan to dark brown.brown, tan to dark brown.

Cow: Female that has given birth to calfCow: Female that has given birth to calf


Cud: The portion of food that returns from Cud: The portion of food that returns from the first compartment of the stomach to be the first compartment of the stomach to be chewed more thoroughtlychewed more thoroughtly

Gestation period: Length of pregnancy, Gestation period: Length of pregnancy, approximately 9 months approximately 9 months ++ 1 week

Forbs: Any non-woody broad leafed plant


HEIFER: Female before having a calfHEIFER: Female before having a calf LEPPY /DOGGIE: alf that has lost his LEPPY /DOGGIE: alf that has lost his

mothermother OX or OXEN: 1-2 neutered male used for OX or OXEN: 1-2 neutered male used for

draft (pulling) and meat (pl.2 oxes, 3 oxen)draft (pulling) and meat (pl.2 oxes, 3 oxen)

STEER: Male, neutered.STEER: Male, neutered.

LIVE CYCLELIVE CYCLE

Cows usually calve first at 2 years of age, then Cows usually calve first at 2 years of age, then once a year.once a year.

Twin are rare.Twin are rare. Birth weight averaged between 60 – 90 Birth weight averaged between 60 – 90

pouns/30 -45 kg. pouns/30 -45 kg. Average market weight and age are 250 kg – Average market weight and age are 250 kg –

700kg or up to 1 ton.700kg or up to 1 ton. Species: Species: Bos TaurusBos Taurus & & Bos IndicusBos Indicus

(Combination of the two), over 250 cattle breed (Combination of the two), over 250 cattle breed in the world.in the world.

CHARACTERISTICCHARACTERISTIC

Bos Taurus Bos Taurus do not perspire & more suited do not perspire & more suited to colder climate.to colder climate.

Bos IndicusBos Indicus: cattle perspire, thrive in the : cattle perspire, thrive in the tropical heat, more insecta resistant, such tropical heat, more insecta resistant, such to have long drooping ears with lots of to have long drooping ears with lots of folds of skin in order to keep cool.folds of skin in order to keep cool.

Some breeds cattle do not havehorns, Some breeds cattle do not havehorns, such as Angus they called Polled.such as Angus they called Polled.

CARE GIVING COW TO CALFCARE GIVING COW TO CALF

11stst few day after a calf is born, the cow will few day after a calf is born, the cow will hide her baby while she goes for water.hide her baby while she goes for water.

After few days, one cow may baby-sit five After few days, one cow may baby-sit five or six calves while the others graze and or six calves while the others graze and water.water.

Calves already to be on their own at about Calves already to be on their own at about 7 months.7 months.

WHAT CATTLE EAT?WHAT CATTLE EAT? Cattle are ruminants, a type of animal with four Cattle are ruminants, a type of animal with four

compartment stomachs. They enable eat large amount compartment stomachs. They enable eat large amount of grasses. Later, the nutrient bolus will bring back up as of grasses. Later, the nutrient bolus will bring back up as a cud to chew and digest while resting.a cud to chew and digest while resting.

They have bottom teeth in front, they have no front teeth They have bottom teeth in front, they have no front teeth on top.on top.

They used their tongue to gather the grass & other feed. They used their tongue to gather the grass & other feed. Ruminant can eat and digest food that humans can not. Ruminant can eat and digest food that humans can not.

Type of feed: range foranges: grasses, forbs, shcrubs, Type of feed: range foranges: grasses, forbs, shcrubs, crop residue, agriculture industrialby products or waste crop residue, agriculture industrialby products or waste products (rice hull, rice straw, corn cobs, corn stubble, products (rice hull, rice straw, corn cobs, corn stubble, corn gluten, beet pulp, fruit processing residue, brewers corn gluten, beet pulp, fruit processing residue, brewers yeast, cotton seeds, peanut hull, etc.) VOCABULARYyeast, cotton seeds, peanut hull, etc.) VOCABULARY

ENVIRONMENTENVIRONMENT

By proper managed , the grazing cattle By proper managed , the grazing cattle cause little damage to the environment & cause little damage to the environment & may improve the habitat of wild life. may improve the habitat of wild life.

BEF CATTLE BREEDBEF CATTLE BREED

Limousin Polled Hereford

LIMOSINLIMOSIN

Golden red cattle are native to the south Golden red cattle are native to the south central part of France, then imported to UScentral part of France, then imported to US

Health & adaptabilityHealth & adaptability Excellent on feed efficiencyExcellent on feed efficiency Muscling, some times got calving Muscling, some times got calving

problemsproblems Daily live weight gain: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/dDaily live weight gain: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/d

POLLED HEREFORDPOLLED HEREFORD

US cattleUS cattle Modern Hereford minus hornsModern Hereford minus horns Polled Hereford were developed from the Polled Hereford were developed from the

horned Herefordhorned Hereford White face cattleWhite face cattle LWG 0.0 -1 kg/hd/dLWG 0.0 -1 kg/hd/d

Angus

American White Park

Brahman

Brangus

ANGUSANGUS

Scotland nature cattle, then imported to Scotland nature cattle, then imported to US.US.

Black color cattleBlack color cattle Good source cattleGood source cattle Good marbling, high quality beefGood marbling, high quality beef LWG: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/dLWG: 1 – 1.2 kg/hd/d

BRAHMANBRAHMAN Originated from Originated from Bos Indicus, Bos Indicus, native India cattlenative India cattle Exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect pest, Exposure to inadequate food supplies, insect pest,

parasites, diseases, weather extreames of tropical India, parasites, diseases, weather extreames of tropical India, native cattle developed some remarkable adaptation for native cattle developed some remarkable adaptation for survival.survival.

Characteristic: they have large hump over the top of the Characteristic: they have large hump over the top of the shoulder and neck, their horns which usually curve shoulder and neck, their horns which usually curve upward & some times tilted to the rear to the ears., have upward & some times tilted to the rear to the ears., have large excess of skin.large excess of skin.

They have developed sweat gland compare to Europe They have developed sweat gland compare to Europe cattle cattle Bos Taurus)Bos Taurus), they can perspire more freely, they , they can perspire more freely, they produce an oily secretion from sebaceous glds, which produce an oily secretion from sebaceous glds, which distinctive odor (repelling insect).distinctive odor (repelling insect).

LWG: 1 -1.2 kg/hd/d.LWG: 1 -1.2 kg/hd/d.

BRANGUSBRANGUS

The breed is developed to utilize the superior traits of The breed is developed to utilize the superior traits of Angus & Brahman cattle.Angus & Brahman cattle.

Genetics are stabilized at 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 AngusGenetics are stabilized at 3/8 Brahman, 5/8 Angus Brahman: developed disease resistance, overall Brahman: developed disease resistance, overall

hardiness and outstanding maternal instincts.hardiness and outstanding maternal instincts. Angus: superior carcass qualities, extreamely functional Angus: superior carcass qualities, extreamely functional

females which excel in both fertility & milking ability.females which excel in both fertility & milking ability. Resistant to heat and hight humidity. Resistant to heat and hight humidity. Under cool/cold climate, they produce long hair for Under cool/cold climate, they produce long hair for

adequate protection.adequate protection. The cow is good mothers and calves are usually of The cow is good mothers and calves are usually of

medium size at birth.medium size at birth.

American White Park

Native cattle in British White bulls, then Native cattle in British White bulls, then imported & developed in US.imported & developed in US.

Small medium white breed with black or Small medium white breed with black or red points (ears, nose, eyes).red points (ears, nose, eyes).

Cow: 500 kg, bull: 850 -900 kg/hd/dCow: 500 kg, bull: 850 -900 kg/hd/d Predominately polled with 3-5 % horned.Predominately polled with 3-5 % horned.

Charolais

Hereford Gelbvieh (Gelp-fee)

Chianina

Charolais

Originated to west central to Southern Originated to west central to Southern FranceFrance

White color or creamy white colorWhite color or creamy white color Pooled breedPooled breed BW: 1000-1250 kg.BW: 1000-1250 kg. LWG: 1-1.4kg/hd/dLWG: 1-1.4kg/hd/d Heavy muscling, but occasionally calving Heavy muscling, but occasionally calving

problemproblem

Red Angus Salers (Sa'lair)

ShorthornShorthorn

Simmental

MADURA CATTLEMADURA CATTLE

RAISING MADURA CATTLERAISING MADURA CATTLE

MADURA CATTLEMADURA CATTLE

BALI CATTLE

BALI CATTLEBALI CATTLE

CARE GIVING BEHAVIOURCARE GIVING BEHAVIOUR

ONGGOLE BEEF CATTLEONGGOLE BEEF CATTLE

ONGGOLE BEEF CATTLEONGGOLE BEEF CATTLE

Cattle cageCattle cage

Pen systemPen system

Cow, Calf and Steer Pens

No welding required to set up the pen. 2 models of of pens: leg-supported panels or concrete embedded bars.

7" (17.5 cm) spacing between bars. 1 5/8" (4 cm) diameter galvanized horizontal pipes.

1 1/16" (2.7 cm) diameter vertical bars.

CATTLE CAGECATTLE CAGE

COW CAGECOW CAGE

CALF PENCALF PEN

MOBILE GATEMOBILE GATE

Design of feed lot Back to Back

GRAZING SYSTEMGRAZING SYSTEM


PADDOCK SYSTEMPADDOCK SYSTEM


FEEDLOT BEEF CATTLEFEEDLOT BEEF CATTLE

BEEF CATTLE FEDLOTBEEF CATTLE FEDLOT

GRAZING BEEF CATTLEGRAZING BEEF CATTLE

MOBILE STALLMOBILE STALL

CATTLE HANDLINGCATTLE HANDLING

MOBILE GATEMOBILE GATE

BREED EFFECTSBREED EFFECTS

Larger continental breeds gain faster than Larger continental breeds gain faster than British breeds but must be carried to British breeds but must be carried to heavier weights to grade choiceheavier weights to grade choice

There is little difference in feed efficiency There is little difference in feed efficiency when fed to the same endpointwhen fed to the same endpoint

Holsteins require about 10% more feed Holsteins require about 10% more feed per lb of gain than beef breeds but ADG is per lb of gain than beef breeds but ADG is similar to beef breedssimilar to beef breeds

AGE OF FEEDLOT CATTLEAGE OF FEEDLOT CATTLE

Yearlings require 10 to 20 % faster than Yearlings require 10 to 20 % faster than calves depending on weight and conditioncalves depending on weight and condition

Yearlings consume 10 to 40% more feed Yearlings consume 10 to 40% more feed than calvesthan calves

Yearlings are less efficient in converting Yearlings are less efficient in converting feed to gain than calvesfeed to gain than calves

Yearlings require fewer days in the feedlot Yearlings require fewer days in the feedlot to reach final weight and gradeto reach final weight and grade

BEEF INDUSTRY TIMELINEBEEF INDUSTRY TIMELINE

Conception to CalvingConception to Calving Calving to WeaningCalving to Weaning Stocker/BackgrounderStocker/Backgrounder FeedlotFeedlot PackerPacker RetailerRetailer ConsumerConsumer Total Total

9 months9 months 6 to 8 months6 to 8 months Variable (2 to 8 mo.)Variable (2 to 8 mo.) Variable (3 to 7 mo.)Variable (3 to 7 mo.) 3 to 7 days3 to 7 days VariableVariable VariableVariable About 30 to 32 mo.About 30 to 32 mo.

BEEF BREEDING SYSTEMSBEEF BREEDING SYSTEMS

Straight breedingStraight breeding CrossbreedingCrossbreeding

Breed Breed complementaritycomplementarity

Heterosis or hybrid Heterosis or hybrid vigorvigor

• Individual heterosisIndividual heterosis• Maternal heterosisMaternal heterosis

Two Breed CrossTwo Breed Cross Terminal SireTerminal Sire Two Breed RotationTwo Breed Rotation Three Breed RotationThree Breed Rotation Rotation + Terminal Rotation + Terminal

SireSire CompositeComposite

BREEDING SEASON BREEDING SEASON

At weaning (7 mo.) heifers should weigh At weaning (7 mo.) heifers should weigh 45% of mature weight45% of mature weight

At breeding (15 mo.) heifers should weigh At breeding (15 mo.) heifers should weigh 65% of mature weight65% of mature weight

At calving (24 mo.) heifers should weigh At calving (24 mo.) heifers should weigh 85% of mature weight85% of mature weight

Measure pelvic areas prior to breedingMeasure pelvic areas prior to breeding Use light birth weight and low birth weight Use light birth weight and low birth weight

EPD bulls for mating to heifersEPD bulls for mating to heifers

HERD HEALTH PROGRAM IHERD HEALTH PROGRAM I

Calving SeasonCalving Season Colostrum within first hours after birthColostrum within first hours after birth Iodine NavelIodine Navel Selenium - Vitamin ESelenium - Vitamin E Scour Vaccine ( E. coli &/or Viruses)Scour Vaccine ( E. coli &/or Viruses)

Castrate & DehornCastrate & Dehorn Implant non replacement calvesImplant non replacement calves Vaccinate Cows (IBR,BVD,PI3 + Lepto)Vaccinate Cows (IBR,BVD,PI3 + Lepto)

HERD HEALTH PROGRAM IIHERD HEALTH PROGRAM II

PreweaningPreweaning Vaccinate calves for IBR, BVD, PI3, Blackleg Vaccinate calves for IBR, BVD, PI3, Blackleg

& Hemophilis somnus& Hemophilis somnus Castrate & Dehorn if not done earlierCastrate & Dehorn if not done earlier Get calves used to eating grain and drinking Get calves used to eating grain and drinking

water from troughswater from troughs Weaning TimeWeaning Time

Pregnancy Check Females Exposed to Pregnancy Check Females Exposed to BreedingBreeding

HERD HEALTH PROGRAM IIIHERD HEALTH PROGRAM III

Booster vaccinationsBooster vaccinations Grub & Lice controlGrub & Lice control

Late GestationLate Gestation Check mineral for P and SeCheck mineral for P and Se Treat for Lice if problemTreat for Lice if problem Consider scour vaccine for cowsConsider scour vaccine for cows

FEEDLOT NUTRITION FEEDLOT NUTRITION

Grains - Corn, Barley and MiloGrains - Corn, Barley and Milo Roughages - Corn Silage , Alfalfa Hay or Roughages - Corn Silage , Alfalfa Hay or

HaylageHaylage Protein SupplementsProtein Supplements

Soybean or Cottonseed MealsSoybean or Cottonseed Meals Brewers GrainsBrewers Grains Urea or Anhydrous AmmoniaUrea or Anhydrous Ammonia

STARTING CATTLE ON FEEDSTARTING CATTLE ON FEED

First day begin with top quality grass hayFirst day begin with top quality grass hay Second day top dress hay with grain or Second day top dress hay with grain or

silagesilage Transition to high energy ration should be Transition to high energy ration should be

over 2 to 3 weeks to avoid digestive upsetsover 2 to 3 weeks to avoid digestive upsets Don’t use all NPN supplements until calves Don’t use all NPN supplements until calves

weigh at least 600 lbsweigh at least 600 lbs Keep feed fresh at all times Keep feed fresh at all times

COW CALF NUTRITIONCOW CALF NUTRITION

Pasture 5/15 to 10/30 - 165 daysPasture 5/15 to 10/30 - 165 days 1 to 5 acres per cow calf pair1 to 5 acres per cow calf pair

Harvested Forage 11/1 to 5/14 - 200 daysHarvested Forage 11/1 to 5/14 - 200 days Corn stalk residue - 30 to 60 daysCorn stalk residue - 30 to 60 days Grass - legume hay or silage - 140 to 200 Grass - legume hay or silage - 140 to 200

daysdays Free Choice MineralsFree Choice Minerals

• Salt, Ca, P, Mg + Trace MineralsSalt, Ca, P, Mg + Trace Minerals Clean, fresh waterClean, fresh water

FEED COSTS IFEED COSTS I

Cow CalfCow Calf Annual Cost is about $ 400 / cow calf unitAnnual Cost is about $ 400 / cow calf unit 50% of total cost is feed cost50% of total cost is feed cost $ 400 x .5 = $ 200 annual feed cost$ 400 x .5 = $ 200 annual feed cost

Post WeaningPost Weaning 500 lb. calf + 600 lb. gain = 1100 lb. market 500 lb. calf + 600 lb. gain = 1100 lb. market

steersteer $ 70/cwt gain x 6 cwt. = $ 420$ 70/cwt gain x 6 cwt. = $ 420

FEED COST IIFEED COST II

65 to 70% of total cost of gain is feed cost65 to 70% of total cost of gain is feed cost 55% is the energy component ( corn )55% is the energy component ( corn ) 12% is the supplement cost (protein, minerals 12% is the supplement cost (protein, minerals

& vitamins)& vitamins) $ 70 /cwt x 67% = $ 47/cwt gain is feed cost$ 70 /cwt x 67% = $ 47/cwt gain is feed cost $ 47/cwt gain x 6 cwt = $ 282 total feed cost$ 47/cwt gain x 6 cwt = $ 282 total feed cost

COMMON NUTRITIONAL COMMON NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS IN BEEF COWSPROBLEMS IN BEEF COWS

Thin Cows Thin Cows Body Condition Scores ( 1 to 9 ) 5 to 6 is idealBody Condition Scores ( 1 to 9 ) 5 to 6 is ideal Calving Difficulty and Delayed RebreedingCalving Difficulty and Delayed Rebreeding Dry versus LactatingDry versus Lactating

Fat CowsFat Cows Calving Difficulty and Reduced Milk FlowCalving Difficulty and Reduced Milk Flow

Legume BloatLegume Bloat Grass TetanyGrass Tetany

NUTRITIONAL PROBLEMSNUTRITIONAL PROBLEMS

Acidosis on high energy rationsAcidosis on high energy rations Ionophores (Rumensin or Bovatec) helpIonophores (Rumensin or Bovatec) help

Founder (laminitis) on high energy rationsFounder (laminitis) on high energy rations BloatBloat Urinary CalculiUrinary Calculi

Need Ca to P ratio > 1:1Need Ca to P ratio > 1:1 Often seen on high energy dietsOften seen on high energy diets

SEPARATE HERD INTO SEPARATE HERD INTO NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT

GROUPSGROUPS

Bred Heifers & Thin CowsBred Heifers & Thin Cows Dry Mature CowsDry Mature Cows Lactating CowsLactating Cows Weaned Heifer CalvesWeaned Heifer Calves Mature Herd SiresMature Herd Sires Young BullsYoung Bulls

EFFECT OF FEEDER BODY EFFECT OF FEEDER BODY CONDITIONCONDITION

When placed on comparable diets, thin When placed on comparable diets, thin cattle gain faster and more efficiently than cattle gain faster and more efficiently than fatter cattlefatter cattle

This phenomenon is called “compensatory This phenomenon is called “compensatory gain”gain”

Cattle feeders try to avoid buying fat Cattle feeders try to avoid buying fat feeder cattle unless they are priced feeder cattle unless they are priced somewhat lower per cwt than thin feeder somewhat lower per cwt than thin feeder cattlecattle

STOCKER/BACKGROUNDERSTOCKER/BACKGROUNDER Buy yearlings in late winter and graze in summerBuy yearlings in late winter and graze in summer Purchase weaned calves in fall, sell in springPurchase weaned calves in fall, sell in spring

Goal is 1.5 to 1.75 lb ADGGoal is 1.5 to 1.75 lb ADG Moderate energy, high roughage rationsModerate energy, high roughage rations Growth and normal development not fatteningGrowth and normal development not fattening

• Grazing winter wheat in southern plains from Grazing winter wheat in southern plains from November to MarchNovember to March

• Wintering on hay &/or silage in MichiganWintering on hay &/or silage in Michigan Goal is 180 to 300 lb gain in 120 to 150 daysGoal is 180 to 300 lb gain in 120 to 150 days

HOW TO IMPROVE PROFITHOW TO IMPROVE PROFIT

Improve Reproductive RateImprove Reproductive Rate Wean Heavier CalvesWean Heavier Calves Wean Higher Value CalvesWean Higher Value Calves Develop Alliances & Retain OwnershipDevelop Alliances & Retain Ownership Reduce Cow Herd CostsReduce Cow Herd Costs

FEEDLOT STEERS & BULLSFEEDLOT STEERS & BULLS

Bulls gain more rapidly and more Bulls gain more rapidly and more efficiently than steersefficiently than steers

Bulls produce leaner carcasses that are Bulls produce leaner carcasses that are more variable in tendernessmore variable in tenderness

Bulls are more difficult to manage than Bulls are more difficult to manage than steers or heiferssteers or heifers

There is only a limited market for bull beefThere is only a limited market for bull beef

FEEDLOT STEERS &HEIFERS FEEDLOT STEERS &HEIFERS

Steers gain 8 to 15% faster than heifers of Steers gain 8 to 15% faster than heifers of same sizesame size

Steers consume 5 to 10% more feed than Steers consume 5 to 10% more feed than heifersheifers

Heifers require 2 to 10 % more lbs of feed per Heifers require 2 to 10 % more lbs of feed per lb of gain than heiferslb of gain than heifers Some feeders tend to over fatten the heifersSome feeders tend to over fatten the heifers

To be equal in profit, heifers must be To be equal in profit, heifers must be purchased about 10 to 15% less than steerspurchased about 10 to 15% less than steers

FEEDLOT PROFIT OR LOSSFEEDLOT PROFIT OR LOSS

Profitability is influenced by changes in the Profitability is influenced by changes in the grain and cattle marketsgrain and cattle markets

Risk can be controlled by use of contracts Risk can be controlled by use of contracts and trading for future market accessand trading for future market access

Marketing skills are critical for successMarketing skills are critical for success

IRM and SPAIRM and SPA

Integrated Resource Management is a Integrated Resource Management is a system approach to managing a farm or system approach to managing a farm or ranchranch

Standardized Performance Analysis is a Standardized Performance Analysis is a way of analyzing records of both way of analyzing records of both production and financial performance of a production and financial performance of a farm or ranch in order to make better farm or ranch in order to make better decisions and impact profitabilitydecisions and impact profitability

BUDGETTINGBUDGETTINGBUDGETTINGBUDGETTING

RECORDINGRECORDINGRECORDINGRECORDINGCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

PROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSINGPROCESSING

MARKETINGMARKETINGMARKETINGMARKETING

EVALUATIONEVALUATIONEVALUATIONEVALUATION

PLANNINGPLANNINGPLANNINGPLANNING

FARMING MANAGEMENT

STRATEGY

FARM MANAGEMENT FARM MANAGEMENT ASPECTSASPECTS

HUMAN RESOURCE (STAFFS & HUMAN RESOURCE (STAFFS & WORKERS)WORKERS)

ADMINISTRATIONADMINISTRATION ACCOUNTINGACCOUNTING PRODUCTION PROCESS (methods, PRODUCTION PROCESS (methods,

packaging, quality control)packaging, quality control) MARKETINGMARKETING

BEEF CATTLE BEEF CATTLE PRODUCTION MANAGEMENTPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT

BREEDBREED GENETIC & PHAENOTYPEGENETIC & PHAENOTYPE ANIMAL HEALTH & DISEASE CONTROLANIMAL HEALTH & DISEASE CONTROL NUTRITION PROGRAMSNUTRITION PROGRAMS REARING SYSTEMSREARING SYSTEMS CAGE SYSTEMSCAGE SYSTEMS SANITATION & HYGIENESANITATION & HYGIENE HUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENTHUMAN RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT ECONOMIC ANALYSISECONOMIC ANALYSIS

Body Composition Body Composition Changes in Bulls from Changes in Bulls from Weaning to YearlingWeaning to Yearling

G. RouseG. Rouse

Iowa State UniversityIowa State University

American Red Angus AssociationAmerican Red Angus Association

National Convention 2002National Convention 2002

Image CollectionImage Collection

GROWTH OF BEEF CATTLEGROWTH OF BEEF CATTLE

Basic Principles of GrowthBasic Principles of Growth

Wt.

Birth

Weaning

Age

Yearling

Maturity

Muscle

Fat

Tissue DepositionTissue Deposition

3 Independent Traits related to Weight and 3 Independent Traits related to Weight and AgeAge

MuscleMuscle Waste FatWaste Fat

SubcutaneousSubcutaneous Seam fat and internalSeam fat and internal

Taste FatTaste Fat

Threshold TheoryThreshold Theory

Partition of Nutrients for Growth

Brain and centralnervous system

Bone

Muscle

Fat

Placenta Fetus

G. RouseG. RouseIowa State UniversityIowa State UniversityAmerican Red Angus American Red Angus AssociationAssociationNational Convention 2002National Convention 2002

Age-weight relationship r = Age-weight relationship r = 0.920.92

0200400600800

100012001400

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

Age (days)

Wt

(lb

s.)

Average Daily GainAverage Daily Gain

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

Age (days)

Wt/

Day


Mean 12th - 13th Rib Fat Mean 12th - 13th Rib Fat ThicknessThickness

0.000.050.100.150.200.250.300.350.400.45

600 750 900 1050 1200

Wt (lbs.)

Ftk

(in

.)

Fat Thickness Rate of Change Fat Thickness Rate of Change per Pound of Gainper Pound of Gain

0.00000

0.00010

0.00020

0.00030

0.00040

0.00050

600 750 900 1050 1200

Wt (lbs.)

Ftk

/lb

.

AgeWt

Ftk

0.45 0.4 0.35 0.3 0.25 0.2 0.15 0.1 0.05

Fat thickness three dimensional surface plot as a function of age and weight.


Mean Percent Intramuscular FatMean Percent Intramuscular Fat

0.00.51.01.52.02.53.03.54.04.5

220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360 380 400

Age (days)

%IM

F


G. RouseG. RouseIowa State UniversityIowa State UniversityAmerican Red Angus American Red Angus AssociationAssociationNational Convention National Convention 20022002

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BEEF CATTLE MANAGEMENT