Before Industrialization: A Rural Social System Base Study

DOCUMENT RESUME

ED 048 953 RC 005 131

AUTHOR Summers, Gene F.; And OthersTITLE Before Industrialization: A Rural Social System Base

Study.INSTITUTION Illinois Univ., Urbana. Agricultural Experiment

Station.SPONS AGENCY National inst. of Mental Health (DHEW), Bethesda, Md.REPORT NJ Bull-736PUB DATE Dec 69NOTE 100p.

EDRS PRICEDESCRIPTORS

EDRS Price MF-$0.65 EC-$3.29Economic Development, *Industrialization,Interdisciplinary Approach, *Research Projects,*Rural Development, Social Change, *SocioeconomicInfluences, *Steel Industry

ABSTRACTA recent trend in American economic life has been

the location of industrial comrlexes in. traditionally rural. areas.Vaen this occurs, there are often accompanyinc; rapid and sometimestraumatic cha.:ges in the rural community. These changes, i part,result from investrent of new and massive amounts of capital, newemployment opportunities, in-migration of new workers, and demandsfor new and more services. Nev values, attitudes, and patterns ofbehavior are introduced, and the established patterns of communitylife are disrupted. The basic trends of development in the socialsystem of an experimental and control are are being studied in termsof the Jones-Laughlin Steel Corporation 10%1), which in 1965 beganthe development of a major production complex in the Hennepin area ofPutnam County, Illinois. The impact of the JED installation is beingexplored by an interdisciplinary team of social scientists at theUniversity of Illinois. The stldy project, known as the RuralIndustrial Development Project, will investigate the impact of theinstallation in adjacent counties as well. The document includes anexplanation of the theoretical framework of the study and 59 tables.(EJ)

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEAlTH,EDUCATION & WELFAREOFFPCC DF EDUCATION

DOCUMENT HAS BEEN REPRO-DUCED EXAC71.1, AS RECEIVED FRJMTHE PERSON ,./R ORGANIZATION ORIG-INATING IT POINTS OF VIEW OR OPIN-IONS STATED DO NOT NICE,SFARRYREPRESENT OFF,IAL OFFICE OF MU-

TATION POSITION DR POUCH

r,fr 0

MAR 31. 1971

NIWS';

t

GENE F. SL IMMERS, ASSISTANT PRO-

FESSOR OF SOCIOLOGY; RICHARD

r-i L. HOUGH, RESEARCH ASSISTANT IN

cit SOCIOLOGY; JOHN T. SCOTT, JR.,ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF AGRI-

In CULTURAL ECOI\ DMICS; C. L FOLSE,

PROFESSOR CF RURAL SOCIOLOGY0 BULLETIN 736, UMVERSIT`r OF ILLINOIS

C) AT URBANA- CHAMPAIGN, COLLEGE

OF AGRICULTURE, AGRICULTURAL EX-

PERIMEN f STATION

1

CONTENTS

THEORTIICAI ORIENTATICN 5

ECOLOGICAL FACTORS 10

The Experimental Area 1 0

The Control Area 12

DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENT 15

THE ECONOMIC SYSTEM 24The Agricultural Sector 37The Contract-ConstRietion Sector 43The Manufacturing (and Mining) SectorThe Trade and Commercial Sector 50The Finance, Insuranc!, and Real Estate Sector 53The Transportation, Communicatior, and Public Utilities Sector 66The Service Industry Sector 69The Governmental Sector 70The Economic System: A Sum-nary 74

MAJOR SYSTEMS IN INTERRELATION 78The Educational System. 78rhe Goverw.,-,ital System e2

Police and fire protection 85Highway repair and construction 85RecreationPublic health and welfare 68Library service 93Postal services 43The t,overnmental system -- a summary 43

SUMMARY 96UST OF TABLES S8

This study was supported in part by Illinois Agricultural Experiment Ste.tion Prcjcct 05396, contributing to North Central Regional Project NC-80,and by Public Health Service Research Grant IRII MI102592-01, Na.done! Institute of ?dental Health.

Urbane, 'Meets Decetebee, 1060

Peb1itallens Tm 16e Whole ettles ',NA the melts I lever,,, poseet sponsored by 11,e Excetrimen1 Poem,

2

INDUSTRIALIZATION AND URBANIZATION ARE FAMILIARphenomena in American economic life. Usually, industrial and urbangrowth have developed around established population centers. 'theproblems of adjustment in the rural-urban fringe areas have been studiedby economists, sociologists, political scientists, city planners, and agri-culturalists.'

A recent trend has been the location of industrial complexes in tra-ditionally rural areas some distance from established urban-industr:alcenters. When the location of indt.strial plants in rural-agricultural areasoccurs, it is often accompanied by sudden, rapid, and sometimes traumaticchanges in the rural community. These changes, in part, result from the:bnesLment of new and massive amounts of capital, new employmentopportunities, in-migration of new workers, and demands for new andmole serv:ces. New values, attitudes, and patterns of behavior are intro-duced; ri e old social power st,-ucture is threatened and altered, traditionaleconomic and established patterns of community life and employmentare disrupted.

In the spring of 1965 Jones-Laughlin Steel Corporation (J&L) an-nounced plans for the development of a major production complex inthe I fenirepin area of Putnam County, Illinois. Phase I of their buildingplan is now complete. The phnt is in production with a payroll of ap-proedmately 500 in 1963. In edc'ition to th-ir own construction, Jones-Laughlin has purchased several thousand acres of adjoining land whichit plans to leap; to steel consumers for associated plant sites.

Putnam County, and the adjacent area, is primarily an agriculturalregion in north ceotral Illinois. The influence of the plant will undoubt-edly extend b yond Putnam County into the adjacent portions of Marshall,LaSalle, Bureau, and Stark counties. The emergence of a commercial-industrial complex lincluding development of transportation companies,material suppliers, commercial businesses, and service enterprises) to sup-port the plant and its labor force would be expected in this area whichhas been essentially dependent upon agriculture and related industry.

impact of the J&L installation is being studied by an interdisciplinaryteam of social scientists at the University of 111'nois. The study projecthas become known as the Rural Industrial Devek,pment Project.

The anticipated development provides the project staff with an ex-cellent opportunity for the study of a "natural experiment" in the processesand consequences of sadd-n industrialization. To take advantage of theopportunity, the Rural Industrial Development Project has instituted alongitudinal study. The Wiinepin region is viewed as the "experimentalregion" and a portion of Iroquois County, Illinois, is being used as the"control region." The aim of th's design is to overcome the limited scopeof most community-change studies. The project allows the specialists in

'Thanks are given to Professor C. B. Baker and Assistant Professor J. C.an Es for their review of and helpful suggestions on this publication.

3

4 BULLVTIN No. 736 Peccrabo,

several social science disciplines to use their particular research skills, theo-retical scheme, and sources of research funds understanding the changestaking place. Even so, the overall conceptual scheme of the community asa functioning social system is sufficiently general to allow a collation andintegration of the findings of specialized studies.

Perhaps it should he noted here that the selection of a portion of Iro-quois County as the control community hinted on several factors. Thestaff wanted a community about equidistant from the major urban influ-ence in the aica, Chicago, with somewhat equivalent access to that urbanarea by major highway and railway arteiics; a rural, agricultural com-munity centered around a county scat town like Princeton in the experi-mental region; and an area with comparable population characteristics.Of several areas considered, the control region being utilized best fit theprofile of desired characteristics.

The primary objective of this report is to provide an understanding ofthe existing basic systems before impact cf industrialization. Backgroundmaterial will be provided for establishing existin trends and base linesfrom which changes in the systems can be viewed in years to come. Thereport will focus primarily on the economy of the area, although somedata will also be presented on the ecological, demographic, governmental,and educational systems.

All data presented in this report have been gathered from secondarysources. In this respect, they may be viewed as an attempt to demonstratethe usefulness of secondary data in analyzing the social changes accom-panying industrialization in rural areas in the United States.

One problem concerning the data utilized in the paper must bementioned at this point. A gfeat percentage of the data published ingovernmental and other statistical publications and reports is compiledonly at the county level. The experimental area covers one county andpatts of three others, svhiie the control area rovers only a portion of onecounty. Thus where it was unavoidable, data in this paper are grosscounty figures. At other points community or township data are available.Special care should be taken in comparing figures from different tables inthe text to see that con:; arable units are being reported.

A secondary objective of this report is the application of the theoreticalsystems orientation to the material presented. It is anticipated that such anE.pplication may provide a focal point around which much of the laterproject reporting may revolve.

The theoretical framework is presented in the first section of thereport. It is followed by sections on the demographic and ecologicalens4ronments of the areas under consideration. A fourth section analyzesth:: economy of the areas. The fifth section attempts to provide someinsights into the interrelationships between the economy and the govern-mental and educational sectors of the survey area. A brief summation ispresented in the final section.

4

1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 5

THEORETICAL ORIENTATIONUsually the choice of a theoretical framework for any social scientific

study is complicated by the fact that there is score difficulty M agreeingon what the function and substance of theory ought to be. The researchersassociated with the Rural Industrial Development Project are attemptingto integrate the various parts of the study 'nto a structural-functional theo-retical framework.

The choke of theory seems particula:ly advantage ous for threereasons:

First, the structural-functional orientation is well adapted to the needto establish relative integration of a number of studies being conductedfrom different social science discipline perspectives. This integrative func-tion can be performed by structural-functional theory through the pro-vision of a consistent, logical taxonomy which brings some semblance oforder to the diverse and specialized investigations that will be developedwithin the project.

Second, the Rural Industrial Development Project was developed withthe 'dea that the location of a huge industrial plant in a relatively ruralarea would lead to changes throughout tl.e social and economic life of thearea. Structural-functional theory is particularly well adapted to the trac-ing out of possible interrelationships between different segments of societythrough which changes would take place. For example, h this publication,the structural-functional theory is rrost helpful in sorting out the pcnsiblekinds a interrelationships between the economy and other segmen4 ofsocial life in the area.

Third, the taxonomy of tructural 'unctional theory is used in select-ing and categorizing the secondary data available on different aspects cithe area.

Though the status of structural-functional theory might be question-able in terms of the criteria for theory developed by propositional theoristssuch as Ham Zetterberg,' it is valid for an overall integrating theoreticalmodel which will allow cross-disciplinary cooperation and which willadmit a variety of data in an analysis of the social life of an area. Theparticular interpretation of 'he structural-functional position that formsthe basis for this discussion is that of Irwin T. Sanders.'

Sanders' bask contention is that the sociologist should concentrate onthe social relationships that become patterned in groups and social systems.He defines sociology, along with Alex lnkeles, as "the study of the structureand functioning of social systems that is, relatively enduring systems ofuction shared by groups of people, large or small."'

Hans L. 7etterberg. On Theory and 'Verifies tion in Sociology. BedministerPre:!. Totowa, N.J. 1965.

is Ain T. Sanders. The Community: An Introduction to a Social System,2nd ed. Ronald Press, New York. Copyright 1966.

' !bid , p. 19.

5

6 BULLETIN No. 736 [December,

With attention focused on social relationships and interactions, thedemographic, ecological, cultural, and personality factors become part ofthe e.wir.mment in Nvhich the social system operates. Time would alsoconstitute part of this environment. Comprehensive study of any socialsystem thus would entail an analysis of the relationships of the system withits environment as the latter continually changes and forces new adaptiveresponses within the system and as the system itself seeks to modify itsenvironment to attain its ends more successfully.

This last statement is not meant to reify the social system in relationto its environment. The interaction between the two takes place throughmyriads of separate decisions and actions as individuals make decisionsabout proper ways to relate to environmental factors in the context oftheir social setting. The next section of this report describes the recenthistory and present condition of the environment of the two areas underconsideration. In that section, the kinds of interrelationships that developbetween the social system and its environments should become moreapparent.

The identification of any particular geographical arca as a socialsystem assumes that there is some kind of interdependence of the socialunits in that area. These units may be linked indirectly through longsequences of action and reaction, but they are linked, and change inone unit ultimately means change in the others. There is a sort of"moving equ'libriuri" of units. The identification of tIv. forms of inter-dependence 'oetwecn the units is a vital part of the work of any analystoperating vith a structural-functional theory. "Insight into ways in

hich the units or components are fitted together in the performance oftheir activities gives us a picture of community structure)

Sanders speaks of the mapping of social structures through the iden-tification of significant system components and their interaction' Hisgeneral organization of the components of a community system is repro-duced in Figure I. This kind of organization provides a helpful taxonomyof the data that the Project will generate.

An obvious problem exiEts when it is proposed that the area beingstudied in the Project be treated as a "social system." It is apparent, fore ample, that the area around Hennepin does not constitute a "system" inthe same sense in which small communities or even single urban areas mayconstitute a system. Certainly the area is not the kind of entity Sandershas in mind vv:en he describes the community as a social system. Theapplication of his "community system" model to an area that includes anumber of small rural communities, several former mining communities,and a few urbanized industrial areas thus may be considered somewhatproblematical.

'Ibid., p. 20.!bid , p. 21.

6


Economy 4----.ReligionCOMVUNITVSYSTEM

Government

Family .Educat;on

Major System Family Economy Govern-omit

Religion Educa-tion and

(Institutional-ized unitmeeting basichuman needs)

Public:nfortna-tion

Subsystem Transporta- Political Various Schooltion Party reli- Press

(Widespread Banking Official- gious Radiosocial nct-work)

IndustryCommerce

dom bodies andTV

AgricultureMedicineOrganized

labor

Social Parents Cotton- Aliens Church- Univer-Grouping with

pre-growingfarmers

goers Citygradu-

(Categories ofpet"' e withcommon

schoolchit-dren

i'omeowners ates

character-istics)

Social Croup The A hospital Local Minis- Membershouse- staff Leapt terial of

(3 or more hold A construe- of associ- adultpeople in tion crew Women ation educa-social con-tart)

Members ofa taw firm

Voters tioncourse

Social Parent- Merchant- Official- Clergy- Teacher-Re lationships

(2 people orurtiU In socialcontract)

child consumer citizen man-mem-bet

pupil

The Person(as a type)

Parent Consumer Citizen Memberor ad-herent

Teacher

Taken from Irwin T. Shatters, The Community An Introduction to a SocialSystem, Second Edition, Copyright 0 1966, The Ronald Press Company, NewYork, N.Y. (Fig. I)

7


What is being analyzed in the experimental area is a number of smallcommunity systems whic]_ happen to lie in close physical proximity toone another. They can be analytically considered a system in that theyare c'ose enough to the J&L ildustrial establishment to be vitally affectedand changed by ,ts presence. In this sense they are interdependent andprobably will become more so as the Illinois River Valley becomes indus-trialized. It is in this sense that the experimental area may be said toconstitute a social system. Analyzing responses of one component of thesystem to changes in another will demar.d that one remain sensitive to theproblem of the existence of many small subsystems within the social systemin a physical sense as well as in a structural sense.

Thus it can be argued that the social system model h a viable one foruse in this project. The same kinds of components are to be found in the"system" being considered here as are to be found in a small community.The identification of these components and their interrelationships will,of course, be more complex.

This publication deals primarily with the economic system where, itis hypothesized, major effects of the J&L plant will occur. Data describingthe trends and present conditions of the economic system and its sectors(subsystems) are presented in a later section. Also in a following section theeducation and government systezns are described with some attempt totrace the interrelations between them and the economic systctn.

Sanders' kind of theoretical approach is not to be taken as a staticsystem model. Sanders remains aware that certain sets of activities mustbe undertaken in order for the system to survive as vable entity andthat, indeed, the identity of the system is constantly in flux. Activities bywhich the system maintains some viability are called "operations." Thusthe full study of any social system necessarily entails the examinationof such dynamic processes as recruitment of members, socialization, com-munication, differentiation and status allocation, allocation of resources,allocation of goods and services, social control, allocation of prestige,allocation A power, social mobility, and integration.' As these processesunfold 'here is a continual potential for competition, conflict, and evendissolution.

Although this publication will not consider these operations as such,it should be apparent that changes in the economic system will resultfrom the building of the steel plant and that such changes, in turn, willhave multiple effects in the kinds and number of operations throughwhich the major systems are integrated and maintained.

A final note of caution about the use of a systems model in thepresent context must he introduced. There are obvious difficulties inapplying such a model to a "system" for which the boundaries havebeen artificially determined by the probable extent of influence of aparticular instance of economic change and which includes a number of

'Aid, pp. 37-38.

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(Fig 2)

10 BuLurni No. 735 [December,

individual community social systems not naturally bound together at thepresent time. There is the further difficulty, nowever, of the haziness ofboundaries between the area being considered as a system here and thelarger society in which it is found. One must always be aware thatthe observed patterns may result from change in contiguous systems in thelarger society, as well as from sources internal to the social system underanalysis. For example, there is always the possibilLy of fluctuation in thenational economic system affecting the local economy.

Therefore, caution is necessary in the empirical implementation of thestructural-functional theory. But this is always true when a theoreticalmodel is assumed as a guide to the empirical world. Amr ng the varioustheoretical models available for use as a guide, Sanders' interpretationof structural-functional theory seems most efficacious for this researchproject.

ECOLOGICAL FACTORSDescribing the ecological character of a social system environment

involves the analysis of three sorts of processes: (I) the settlement patternof the area in which the system exists, (2) the competition for spacewithin the area in which the system exists, and (3) the establishment ofthe boundaries of the system.'

The "Experimental" Area(I) Tht settlement pattern. The Hennepin area is located in north

central Illinois, about 100 miles southwest of Chicago. The "experi-mental" area encompasses portions of four counties: Bureau, LaSalle,Mar? ill, and Putnam (Fig. 2). The site for the Jones-Laughlin SteelCompany plant lies just northeast of and contiguous to the village ofHennepin in Putnam County.

The most dominant geographical feature in the development of thearea has been the Illinois River. Transportation and communication net-works have tended to duster around the river and have given the settle-ment pattern of the area much of its character.

The river has furnished transportation between Chicago and St. Louisand points beyond, and the settlement of people along its banks has led totht. development of both highways and railroads through the region.This transportation system and the settlement pattern along the river,along with the presence of some significant mineral resources, has led tothe establishment of a number of mining and transportation points alongthe river, such as Henry, Putnam, Hennepin, Bureau, Depue, and SpringValley. The now nonfunctional Illinois and Mississippi Canal joins theIllinois River a short distance north of Hennepin. Just east of the experi-mental arra lie the more industrial towns of LaSalle, Oglesby, and Peru.A prItion of Oglesby is included in the experimental area. The river wasan important factor in the founding of these communities.

' p. 5.

10

1969) BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATIr N 11

The other communities in the experimental area seem to have devel-oped initially as mining and then as farm service communities (Magnolia,McNabb, Mark, Granville, Standard, Seatonville, and Ladd). Princetondeveloped mainly as a town of landowners and a farm service center.

In addition to the natural advantages of the river, the railroads link-ing the area with Chicago, Peoria, and Rock Island-Davenport are good.The Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad follows the Illinois Rivereastward to Chicago and southward to Peoria. The same road extendswestward to Rock Island and Davenport.

Several important U.S. highways and state highways cut through theregion, providing good trucking links with most of the state. U.S. Inter-stai... Highway 80 to Chicago and Rock Island lies just north of the ex-perir-ental area.

(2) Competition for space. Coal mining in the experimental areawas confined to shaft mining and therefore was never highly competitivefor space as strip mining has been in other areas of the state. Coal miningbecame unprofitable and there is now no shaft mining. A number ofgravel pits in the area are profitable, especial], with the expansion ofhighway construction in the immediate area. The gravel is mainly terracegravel along the Illinois River.

The St. Peter's sandstone layer outcrops on the north side of the Illi-nois River at points just east of the experimental area. Several importantsand mines in the St. Peter's sandstone layer provide silica sand for theglass industry. Just above the sandstone is a special type of shale claywhich is strip-mined and used in the manufacture of two specialized prod-ucts: fire brick for steel furnaces and an ex, ided lightweight aggregateto replace gravel in concrete where weight h a problem.

South of the river, on the east edge of the study area, also overlayingthe St. Peter's sandstone, is a layer of limestone that is strip-mined for themanufacture of cement.

Most of the flat upland that begins two to three miles back from theriver is highly productive agricultural land. This soil is mainly deep loessover Wisconsin calcareous till. Most of the soil is of the Muscatine-Tamaserics and other soils of the same catena. These soil types are consideredby most agronomists to be the best for corn and soybean production in thestate. Up to this time there has been considerable effort by farmers togain control of this tpland area either by ownership or by rental. Thereare also some very high!), productive alluvial soils, owned by the Hennepinhigh school south of Hennepin on the east side of the river, which arehighly sought after by the farmers in the community.

With increasing population in the region, recreational developmentcould become more important because of the availability of natural re-sources. There is now a considerable amount of almost unused land inscrub timber, hills, ravines, and overflow lane This land is contiguouswith the Illinois River and follows along the river on both sides. Severalsportsmen's dubs own tracts of overflow land and some ope.. mater southof Ilennepin where there are severs] small, shallow lalL. on the west side

11

12 BULLETIN No. 736 (December,

of the main river channel. These are found mainly in Senachwine Town-ship. Ducks are the main game of interest to sportsmen in the river bot-tom area. Pheasants are important game birds in he upland area.

Residential and commercial development are not seen as being highlycompetitive with agricultural land use in the area. Competition for spacefor residential or other construction development has never been a prob-lem for two reasons: residential and commercial construction have highervalue prioriti.:s than any of the other previous or current uses of space inthe area, and there has been substantial out-migration from the area.Even with an increase in such development, there appears to be amplenonagricultural land (hills and timber terrain) that is more desirable forthis use than open farmland for at least the near future. Competition forresidential and commercial space is most likely to develop in some loca-tions because of transportation patterns. The desire to be near certainhighways or railroads puts much greater restriction on space available forcommercial development. However, until the site purchase by J&L, therewas little space competition for residential or commercial development.

(3) Establishment of boundaries. This problem was mentioned inthe preceding section and need not be considered at length here. How-ever, three important considerations were: (1) the river, (2) the highwaysystem, and (3) existing political units. An extended industrial complexmay develop along the river, stretching from Oglesby to Hennepin andfurther south to Henry, in the not too distant future. Such a complexwould tend to draw people from the surrounding rural areas and smalltowns for employment, service facilities, and so forth, and would unite thearea into a more viable system. This development would surely be influ-enced by available commuting routes. Thus, existing highway routes wereconsidered in locating boundaries for the study area. To permit maxinmuse of secondary source data, township boundaries were used to delineatethe area.

The "Control" Area(1) The settlement pattern. An ecological description of the ''con-

trol" area in Iroquois County cannot center on anything as dramatic as theIllinois River in the experimental area. The dominant comtmmity in thecontrol atca is 'Watseka, the county seat. It lies close to the confluence ofSugar Creek and the Iroquois River (neither river is navigable) and at theintersection of two railroads, the Chicago and Eastern running north andsouth and the T&W running cast and west. It also lies at the junction ofthe two major highways in the area, U.S. 24 and 111inois 1. Thus a blendof early natural and developed transportation and communication net-works tends to place Il'atscica in a dominant position in the area. It hasdeveloped naturally as a service community to the comparably rich farm-ing area around it (Fig. 3 and 4).

(2) Competition for space. Space c dipeti:ion in the control areaaround Watseka has been limited almost entirely to agriculture and the

12

1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATiON

To ToKANKAKEE 3T.ANNE

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the control area.

TiMEN

Ti

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ToKENTIAND,IND.

(Fig. 3)

14

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BULLETIN NO. 736

Davenport, la.

Rock Island :belie74

Galusburgi

.,.,Peoria

24

QuincySpringfield

[December,

90

01 Elgin

Aoror

EXPERIMENTAL

AREA

ii ,,,,,80

Oglesby Kankakee

51 55 57

94

Evanston

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Bloomington

55 51 DanvilleChampaign 74

Urbana

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74

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7 91.

Alton

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St.lonis, Mo.

70

ast St.Loals

el.

Set.aville

Padatab,Ky.The study areas hi the state context.

14

CONTROLAREA

Terre Haute,Ind.

Evansville.Ind.

(Fig. 4)

1969) BEFORE I NDUSTR IAL IZATION 15

support needed by agriculture. The area is essentially flat prairie soil thatis a light loess covering wee relatively heavy Wisconsin till. With propermanagement the soils are highly productive for corn and soybeans, butnot as highly productive as the upland soils in the experimental area.There is a small amount of light industry in Watseka, but thus far therehas been practically no difficulty in getting land at reasonable prices for*ther resident;a1 or commercial development. The control area has also

been one where out-migration has been the rule.(3) Establishment of boundaries. Six townships surrounding the

county seat, Watseka, were selected for inclusion. Several -onsiderationsled to this choice. The townships formed something of a n òral systemsince they contained primarily farmland dependent on Wats a as a ser-vice center. Further, it was desirable to have an area with demographicand economic characteristics comparable to the experimental area prior toindustrialization. Also, it was thought that the control area should includea county seat town and that the two areas should be located equally dis-tant from Chicago.

DEMOGRAPHIC ENVIRONMENTThe demographic characteristics of the areas under investigation are

easily traced through secondary sources. The growth or decline of the pop-ulation in the experimental and control areas is portrayed in Tables 1, 2,and 3. Of the counties with portions in the experimental area, only LaSallehas shown any significant increase in population since 1940 (Table 1). Itsgrowth has been steady if not spectacular and probably reflects the domi-nance in the county of the urban area of LaSalle-Oglesby-Peru. On theother hand, Putnam County shows the greatest decline in population; adecline that occurred mainly in the middle 1940's, but that continued inabated form to 1965 (Fig. 5).

The fluctuations of population within the counties has not been evenlyspread (Table 2). In Bureau County, Princeton Township and the city ofPrinceton (Tables 2 ar d 3) have shown a definite divergen c from thecounty growth pattern maintaining a rate of growth closer to Coat of thestate. In Leepertown and Selby townships and in Bureau, Depue, Hallo-wayville, and Seatonville, the decline in population has been dramatic.Princeton's development as a county scat and a farm service communityand its attraction as a good transportation base in mid-Illinois probablyexplain its v: nation from the rest of the county.

In LaSalle County the county growth figure of 15.7 percent since 1940is most misleading for the portion of the county in the experimental area.LaSalle Township lost population in the period while Peru gained. LaSalleitself had a considerable loss of population, while Ogksby had moderategains, and Peru significant population gains.

The portion of Marshall County in the study area has shown con-siderably more growth than the county as a whole because of the influenceof Henry Township.

15 :

16 BULLETIN No. 736

30

25

5

-10

-15

.20

[December,

0

ILLINOIS

LA SALLE.....---.......i ....---

IROQUOIS/ --1%\..........-- IV .11. Ar : ''' /

jr.1.,.,,,-,-....4,, ,..-----4--.-----_.---....

BUREAU

MARSHALL

' 0 /.\

.V/..

1942 80 1906 048 050 1952 1954 056 1958 1960 1963

PUTNAM

1965

Population trends by county and state. (Data for the following townships are in-cluded: Bureau County Hall, Leepertm.7_, Princeton, and Selby townships;LaSalle County LaSalle and Peru townships; Marshall County Healy Town-ship; Putnam County all townships; and Iroquois County Belmont, Cos:ord,Crescent, Iroquois, Middleport, and Sheldon townships.) (Fig. 5)

In Putnam County all townships have shown loss of population withthe greatest loss coming in Magnolia and Senachwine townships in thesouthern portion of the county. On the community level (Table 3), Mag-nolia, Mark, and Standard have shown the most population losses, whileGranville and Hennepin have come close to maintaining their populationin the sixties after showing losses in the fifties.

In the control area in Iroquois County, there is the same kind of inner-county variation in population change. The county as a whole has shownsteady growth, except for a few years in the z:rly fifties. However, themore rural townships of Concord and Iroquois have shown populationlosses. The most significant population growth has occurred in the Wat-seka area and around Crescent City. On the whole then the county seemsto portray the typical rural pattern in population change in recentdecades a slow move from the more rural areas to the mire importantfarm service communities along with a slow d-cline or bare maintenanceof the smaller service communities. Only Watseka has kept pace withstate increases for the last two decades.

16

1969) BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 17

Table I. - Population in Study Counties and State, 1940, 1950, 1960, and 1965,With Percent of Increase, 1940 lo 1965'

Experimental area

1940 1950 1960 l9656Percent ofincrease

1940-1965

Bureau.. 37,600 37,711 37,594 37,000 - 1.6LaSalle 97,801 100,610 110,800 113,200 15.7Marshall 13,179 13,025 13,334 12,800 - 2.9Putnam 5,289 4,746 4,570 4,400 -16.8Totals 153,869 156,092 166,298 167,400 8.8

Control areaIroquois 32,496 32,348 33,562 35,500 9.2

Illinois 7,897,000 8,721,000 10,081,003 10,650,000 34.9

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.Source: Illinois, Vital Sutistira.

Table 2.- Population In Study Areas, Townthips and State, 1940, 1950, and 1960,With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960

1940 1950 1960Percent ofincrease

1940.1960

Experimental areaBureau County

Hall 7,763 7,810 8,086 4.2Leeperton 569 559 468 -17.8Princeton 6,18! 6,720 7,474 20.9Shelby 3,051 2,884 '',583 -15.3

LaSalle CountyLaSalle 17,792 17,205 17,185 - 3.4Peru 9,296 9,001 10,845 16.7

Marshall CountyHenry 2,145 2,204 2,523 17.6

Putnam CountyGranville 2,536 2,339 2,345 - 7.5Hennepin 957 829 869 - 9.2Magnolia 1,312 1,187 1,050 -20.0Senachwine 484 391 306 -36.8

Totals 52,086 51,131 .53,734 3.2

Control areaIroquois County

Belmont 1,738 1,790 2,262 30.1Concord 813 727 741 - 8.9Crescent 817 771 844 3.3Irooqquois 686 651 640 - 6.7Nil dleport 3,637 3,964 4,505 23.9Sheldon 1,610 1,669 1,648 2.4

Totals 9,301 9,572 10,640 14.4

Illinoh 7,897,000 8,712,000 10,081,000 27.7

Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.

17


Table 3. - Population In Incorporated Places and Unincorporaled Places of 1,000 or MoreIn Ilse Study Areas, 1940, 1950, and 1960, With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960

1940 1950 1960Percent ofincrease

1940.1960

Experimental areaBureau County

Bureau Junction 483 480 401 -17.0Da lzell 496 543 496 0.0Depuc 2,296 2,163 1,920 -16.4Hollowayville 112 89 96 -14.3Ladd 1,156 1,224 1,255 8.6Princeton 5,224 5,765 6,250 19,6Seatonville 415 405 363 -12.5Spring Valley 5,010 4,916 5,371 7.2

LaSalle CountyLaSalle 12,812 12,083 11,897 - 7.1Oglesby 3,938 3,922 4,215 7.0Peru.. 8,983 8,653 10,460 16.4

Marshall CountyHenry 1,877 1,966 2,`'.78 21.4

P.Anam CountyGranville 1,038 978 1,048 1.0Hennepin 396 312 391 - 1.3McNabb 1:6 ...Magnolia iio iii 24., -25.5Mark 529 449 445 -15.9Standard 334 290 282 -15.6

Totals 45,428 44,523 47,589 4.8

Control areaIroquois County

Crescent 332 324 393 18.4Iroquois 242 232 '731 - 4.5Sheldon 1,036 1,114 1,137 9.7Watseka 3,744 4,235 5,219 39.4Woodland 334 334 344 3.0

Totals 5,668 6,239 7,324 28.8

Illinois 7 897,000 8,712,000 10,081,000 27.7

SMUT! : U.S. a..PUU of the Census.

LaSalle County has shown the greatest increase in population of anyof the counties considered here, although its growth has been only abouthalf that of the state as a whole. The only county that has a significantloss cf population is Putnam. although the trend there seems to havebeen arnited in the early 196r/s.

Population changes seem to result mainly from migration and not fromradical changes in birth and death rates (Table 4). There seem to behigher death rates and lower birth rates in the experimental area thanin the state as a whole. In the control area the death rates have tendedto fall closer to the state level, while birth rates have remained belowthe state level.

18

19691

1

BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION

Table 4. - Births and Deaths per 1,000 Population, Number and lefts,by County and State for 1950, 1955, 1940, 1965

19

Bureau

1950 1955 1960 1965

Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate Number Rate

Births 700 18.7 801 20.8 474 19.9 468 17.5Deaths 426 11.3 440 11.6 475 11.0 497 13.4

LaSalleBirths 2,356 23.1 2,509 24.1 3,554 23.1 1,951 17.2Deaths 1,138 11.3 1,168 11.3 1,218 11,0 1,175 10.4

MarshallBirths.. 275 21.1 292 20.9 266 18.9 215 16.8Deaths 145 11.1 139 10.7 170 12.7 140 10.9

PutnamBirths t5 21.1 119 26.4 86 18.8 89 20.2Deaths 60 12.6 56 11.7 56 12.2 61 13.9

IroquoisBirths 692 21.3 668 19.9 688 20.5 577 17.3Deaths 333 10.2 355 10.3 331 9.9 351 10 .5

Illinois (000)Birth; 190 21.7 221 23.6 239 23.7 208 19.5Deaths 92 10.6 96 10.1 103 10.2 108 10.2

Source: Illinois. Vital Statistics.

Part of the explanation of this pattern in grow: rates is explainedby the population composition of the areas in question. When the corn-position of the population by counties by sex and age in 1960 is comparedvith that of 1940, several trends are apparent. All of the counties in theexperimental area show an aging of the population in the two decades.A greater proportion of the population was above the age of 55 in 1960than in 1940. An increase in the proportion of the population betweenages 1 and 14 is also noticeable. However, the population between ages15 and 34 has shown considerable decline, with males sheaving more lossthan females. Thus, the lament of rural people in general would seem tobe realistic here-that they are .essing their young people to other ?Teas.Once they are out of high schoco, the males especially seem to move. Thechange in rural population composition has been more dramatic than forthe total county populations.

Iroquois County has shown the same general change in populationcomposition in the 20 -year period, though not in the same degree as thecounties in the experimental area.

The state as a whole has shown the most marked increase in popu-lation between ages 1 and 14 and above 55. In contrast to the pattern inthe experimental area, the population also has increased at all other agelevels, except for the 15-9o-24 age category, which has declined slightly.

A final kind of demographic characteristic that should be consideredis the occupational distribution of the population. The best estimate of

19


this distribution in Illinois is to be found in the U.S. Census data. Theoccupational and industry classifications of employed persons for thecounties under consideration are reproduced for the years 1940, 1950,and 1960 in Tables 5 and 6.

The decline of people employed in agriculture is the most striking trend.It is clear that agriculture as a source of employment was considerablyless important in 1960 than it was in 1940. In Bureau, Marshall, andPutnam counties, the number of people employed in this sector of theeconomy declined between 1940 and 1960 from close to half to about afourth of employed persons. The same kind of decline is to be noted inIroquois County. In LaSalle County, where manufacturing accountedfor a higher proportion of employment to begin with, a similar e-cline inthe proportion of people in agriculture occurred. Not only is the propor-tion of the total labor force in agriculture declining, the absolute numberof people finding employment in agriculture also is declining.

Manufacturing has shown the greatest increase as a source of employ-ment. Mining and transportation industries have shown a slight declinein the proportion employed, while construction industries have shownsome small increases in all the count' t The proportion employed inpublic administration has not increased ,rkedly over the years in Bureau,Iroquois, and Marshall counties and has declined in LaSalle and Putnamcounties.

All the counties except LaSalle differ radically from the state in termsof the high proportion of people still employed in agriculture and the rela-tively low number employed in manufacturing. However, the discrepancybetween state and county totals is decreasing moct rapidly in the manu-facturing category.

A look at the population distnbution in occupational categories addsmore perspectite. The trend is for the proportion of professional andsemi-professional personnel to be increasing in all the counties althoughonly in Putnam County does ti.e proportion in 1960 approximate that ofthe state as a whole.

Clerical and sales personnel proportions increased considerably every-where in the study area except in Putnam County. This proportiondecreased somewhat in the state totals. Although service personnel con-stitute a smaller proportion of the employed people in the state as a wholethan in the study areas, these employees have increased slightly in allthe counties beir.g considered. The proportion of proprietors, managers,and officials is less in all locations. The proportion of craftsmen, fore-men, and Enured workers is up in all the counties, except LaSalle. Op-erators and kindred constitute a smaller proportion of the total inIllinois than in the study areas. 1.trcau, Putnam, and Iroquois countiesshow a large increase in this category In LaSalle County the proportionof operators arse' kindred workers increased in the decade from 1941 to1950, but remained about the same in the more recent decade.

The number of farmers and farm managers, as well as farm laborersand foremen, has decreased radically in all the counties. The proportion

20

1969] BEFORE I t 'DUSTR IA LIZATION 21

Tab,. Employed Persons and Percent of Total In Sideeted Industry Groupsby County, 1940,1950, and 1960, With Change In Percent, 1940 to 1960

1940 1950 1960 Changein

percent,1940 -1960

Num-bet

Per-centof

total

Num-bet

Per.centof

total

Num-bee

Per-centof

total

Bureau CountyTotal 12,460 14,154 13,914Agricultur- 4,715 37.8 4,066 28.7 3,170 22.8 -15.0Mining 375 3.0 85 .6 62 .4 - 2.6Construction 542 4,3 916 6.5 806 5.8 + 1.5Manufacturing 1,557 12.5 2,724 19.2 3,197 23.0 +10.5Transportation .38 4.3 653 4.6 575 4.1Public administration NB. NR 131 .9 121 .9 ...

LaSalle CountyTotal 33,478 40,221 41,099Agriculture 6,012 18.0 5,038 12.5 3,718 9.0 - 9.0Mining 786 2.3 512 1.3 574 1.4 - .9Construction.. 1,319 3.9 2,001 5.0 1,933 4.7 + .8Manufacturing 10,805 32.3 15,159 3/.7 16,074 39.1 + 6.8Transportation 1,368 4.1 1,618 4.0 1,351 3.3 - .8Public administration NR NR 822 2.0 1,092 2.7 ...

Marshall CountyTotal 4,544 4,973 4,814Agriculture 1,858 40.9 1,607 32.3 1,227 25.5 -15.4Mining 69 1.5 46 .9 12 .2 - 1.3Coiner etion 174 3.8 285 5.7 205 4.3 + .5Manufacturing 596 13.1 882 17.7 1,100 22.8 + 9.7Transportation ... 182 4.0 213 4.3 177 3.7Pubtic administration ... NR Nit 111 2.2 132 2.7 ...

Putnam Co intyTotal 1,491 1,727 1,663Agriculture. 752 50.4 674 39.0 453 27.2 -22.8Mining 53 3.6 8 .5 ... .0 - 3.6Construction 79 5.3 76 4.4 75 4.5 - .8Manufacturing 74 5.0 311 18.0 420 25.3 +20.3Transportation 46 3.1 64 3.7 114 6.9 + 3.8Public administration NR NR 49 2.8 36 2.2 ...

Iroquois CountyTotal 11,068 11,734 12,835Agriculture 5,393 48.7 4,672 99.8 3,318 25.9 -22.8Mining 4 .0 . .0 .0 ...Construction 599 5.4 771 6.6 658 5.1Manufacturing 554 5.0 1,280 10.9 1,685 20.9 +15.9Transportation 445 4.0 571 4.9 501 3.9Public administration Nit NR 313 2.7 409 3.2 ...

Illinois (000)Total 2,874 3,546 3,899Agriculture 284 9.9 251 7.1 171 4.4 - 5.5Mining 49 1.7 44 1.2 22 .6 - 1.1Construction 117 4.1 174 4.9 190 4.9 + .8Manufacturing 821 28.6 1,136 32.0 1,241 31.8 + 3.2Transportation 186 6.6 239 6.7 209 5.3 - 1.3Public administration NR NR 133 3.8 153 3.9 ...

Source U.S. It Iresu of the Cenrut.NR means the data were not reported in the reruns.

21


Table 6. - Occupational Group of Employed Persons and Percent of To'al fcr Countiesand State, 1940,1950, and 1960, With Change in Percent, 1940 to '1960

Bureau CountyProfessional and semi-

1940 1950 1960 Changein

percent,1940 -1960

Num-ber-

Per-centof

total

Num-ber

Per-centof

total

Num-her

Per-centof

total

professional 805 3.8 941 6.6 1,123 8.1 + 4.3Clerical and sales... 1,203 6.8 1,709 12.1 1,983 14.3 + 7.5Service (except domestic) 578 3.0 864 6.1 1,166 8.4 + 5.4Proprietors, managers,

and officials 1,118 9.6 1,106 7.8 950 6.8 - 2,8Craftsmen, foremen, and

kindred 960 9.2 1,6u9 11.7 1,711 12.3 + 3.1Operators and kindred 1,561 12.7 2,406 17.0 2,532 19.2 + 5.5Laborers, except Cann 1,018 9.1 917 6.7 724 5.2 - 3.9Farmers and farm man-

agers 2,982 28.8 2,913 20.6 2,419 17.4 -11.4Farm laborers (ssage)and

foremen 1,279 12.4 866 6.1 662 4.8 - 7.6Others' 956 4.5 742 5.2 644 4.6 4- .1Totalb 12,460 99.9 14,154 99.9 13,914 100.1

LaSalle CountyProfessional and semi-

professional 2,300 6.9 2,657 6.6 3,542 8.9 + 1.9Clerical ane sales 4,805 14.4 6,220 15.5 7,227 19.0 4- 3.6Seraice (exceFt domestic) 2,103 6.3 2,749 6.8 3,404 8.5 4- 2.2Proprietors, managers,

and officials 2,902 8.7 3,210 8.0 2,681 6.7 - 2.0Craftsmen, foremen, and

kindred 3,559 10.6 5,781 14.4 6,091 15.1 - 3.9Operators and kindred 7,278 21.7 10,311 25.6 10,365 25.6 + 4.1Labo:crs, except farm 3,281 9.8 3,229 8.0 2,447 6.1 - 3.7Farmers and farm rran

agers 3,928 11.7 3,799 9.4 2,869 7.1 - 4.6Farm laborers (wage) and

foremen 1,397 4.2 921 2.3 716 1 5 - 2.4Others' 1,929 5.8 1,341 3.3 781 2.0 - 3.8Total 33,482 100.1 40,221 99.9 40,123 100.0

Marshall CountyProfessional and semi-

professional 279 6.1 278 5.6 401 8.3 -I- 2.2Cie, teal and sales 385 8.5 582 11.7 716 14.9 6.4Service (except domestic) 190 4.2 296 6.0 345 7.2 + 3.0Proprietors, managers,

and officials 389 8.6 368 7.4 280 5.8 -- 2.8CTaftsmeit, foremen, and

kindred 334 7.3 536 10.8 452 9.4Operators and kindred. 631 14.3 870 17.5 889 18.5 4- .1Laborers, except farm 255 5.6 271 5.4 236 4.9 - .7Farmers and farm man-

agers 1,211 26.7 1,157 23.3 917 19.0 - 7.7Farm laborers (wage) and

foremen. 402 8 8 335 6,7 286 5.9 2.9Others 443 9.7 280 5.6 '292 G.1 - 3,6Total 4,539 99.8 4,973 100.3 4,814 100.0

22

1969] &FORA INDUSTRIALIZATION 23

Table 6.- Occupational Group of Employed Persons and Percent of Total for Countiesand Stole, 1940,1950, and 1960, With Change In Percent, 1940 to 1960 (concludedl

Putnam CountyProfessional and semi-

1940 1950 1960 Cha.agein

percent,1940 -1960

Num-ber-

Per-centof

total

Num-ber

Per-centof

total

Num-ber

Per-ctntof

total

professional 100 6.7 85 4.9 174 10.5 -I- 3.8Clerical and sales 82 5.5 149 8.6 146 8.8 -I- 3.3Ses ice (except domestic) 58 3.9 86 5.0 135 8.1 + 4.2Proprietors, managers,

and officials 199 10.0 163 9,4 97 3.8 - 4.2Craftsmen, foremen, and

kindred 73 4,9 131 7,6 153 9.2 + 4.3Operators and kindred 152 10.2 236 14.8 384 23.1 +12.9Laborers, except (arm 74 5.0 140 8.1 102 6.1 + 1.1Farmers and farm man-

agers 477 32.0 491 28.4 315 18.9 -13.1Farm laborers (wage) and

foremen 182 12.2 1.:6 7.9 111 6.7 5.5Others" 144 9.7 90 5.2 46 2.8 - 6.9Total ',441 100.1 1,727 99.9 1,663 100.0

!roc:wail CountyProfessional and semi-

professional 689 6.2 641 5.5 9113 7.2 + 1.0Clerical and sales 912 8.2 1,277 .0,9 1,971 15.4 + 7.2Service (except domestic) 538 4.9 678 5.3 1,098 8.6 + 3.7Proprietors, managers,

3 officials 851 7.7 878 7.5 769 6.0 - 1.7Craftsmen, foremen, and

kindred 749 6.8 1,134 9.7 1,337 10.4 + 3.6Operators and kindred 768 6.9 1,461 12..5 2,198 17.1 +10.2Laborers, except farm 690 6.2 629 5.4 666 5.2 - 1.0Farmers and farm man-

agers 3,577 32.3 3,413 29.1 2,541 19.8 -12.5Farm laborers (wage) and

foremen 1,148 10.4 920 7 8 643 5.0 5.4Others' 1,146 10.4 703 6 0 591 5.4 - 5.0Total 11,068 100.0 11,736 10).2 12,835 101.1

Illinois (000)Professional and semi-

profcxsional 223 7.8 316 9.0 417 10.7 + 2.9Clerical and sales.... 621 21.6 799 22.5 931 23 9 4 2 3Service (except domestic) 27,) 8.9 293 8.3 329 8.4 - S

Proprietors, managers,and officials 248 C.6 315 8.9 302 7.7 - .9

Craftsmen, foremen, andkindred 374 13.0 529 14.9 547 11.0 + 1.0

Operators and kindred 57'? 19.9 748 21.1 733 18.8 - 1.1Laborers, except farm 186 6.5 201 5.7 171 4.4 - 2.1Farmers and farm man-

agers 187 6.5 173 4.9 122 3.1 - 3.4Farm laborer; (wage) and

foremen 65 2.2 51 1.4 40 1.0 - 1.2Others LH 5.0 119 3.3 10 7.8 4- 2.8Total 2,875 100.0 3,546 100.0 3,897 99.8

Source: U.S. 3ureAtt or the Census."Ctil,ers" includes dc-nestie unpalef family faTtn laborers, and not reported.Total percent not equal to :00 percent became of rounding error.

23

24 BULLETIN No 736 (Decdm bee,

of nonfarm laborers is down about a third, except in Bureau County wheretheir proportion has increased.

The trends in terms of the total number employed are about the samefor three counties, Bureau, Putnam, and Marshall. In these three countiesthe total number employed increased in 1J-11 to 1950, but decreased in1951 to 1960. In LaSalle the trend has been a small continuous climb inthe number employed. In Iroquois the same upward trend is noted.None of the counties approached the kind of increase in number em-ployed that the state as a whole was experiencing during the 20-yearperiod.

In summation, the ecological environment of the experimental areahas been influenced great:, by the Illinois River. Though most 'and oneither side of the river is brill used for farming, power and transportationfacilities have developed naturally, drawing some industry to the rivervalley. These facilities seem destined to draw much more industry. Cer-tainly, J&L'si decision to locate neat- Hennepin cannot be explained with-out consideration of the ecc logical environment.

The ecological environment of the control area is still dominated byagriculture, although some industry has located in and near Watseka.Primarily, the area rem tins a prosperous farm county with a well-locatedcounty scat and service area

A declining rural population and slow growth in more industrializedareas characterize the demographic environment of the experimental arca.The population is generally aging with the process more accentuated inthe rural areas. The proportion employed in farming and mining hasdeclined rapidly in 'he last two decades, with people in manufacturing,professional and semi-professional, and clerical and sales occupationsgrowing rapidly in numbers.

The demographic environment of the control area shows many of thesame characteristics except that, because of the prosperity of Watseka, ithas shown significant population growth during the last two and a halfdecades. The population is not aging as rapidly as in the experimentalarca.

The environmental setting can now be related to the economic system.

THE ECONOMIC SYSTEMWhile the experimental and coutrol are is are viewed as social systems,

the economy of each area also can be considered as a system which canthzin be analyzed by economic sectors. These economic sectors are definedin terms of the major segments of the total economy and include, inSander? work, agriculture, industry, commerce, finance, transportationand utilities, and organized labor.' The structure and function of eachof these sectors of an economy differ considerably. In this section theprofessions are treated separately in terms of the economic sector s;iihinwhCh they occur or with which they are most intimately connected. Also,

' Sanders, op. rit , p, 211.

24


organized labor is not treated as a separate s...tor of the economy,although it obviously would have to be considered an important part ofthe total economic social system.

Three economic sectors are added to Sanders' list on the premise thatthe economic system cannot be fully described without them. The threesectors added are construction, services, and government. Although gov-ernmental bodies will be treated as a system in a following section,government expenditures are so important a part of the economic systemthat governmental bodies are also treated here as a sector of the economicsystem.

lo'rle 7.- Personal Worn. Estimates by Source for 11vre...0 County, 1950,1960,and 1963, With Change in Pineal of Income, 1930 lo 1965

1950

in- Per-come cent

MC" total

Total personal income....50,4311Vage and salary disburse-

99.9

ments 16,820 33.3/arms. 1,571 3.1Mitring 197 .4Contract const 888 1.9Manufacturing 4,298 8.5Trade 2,950 5.8Finance, insurance, real

estate 288 .6Transportation 1,382 2.7Communication, public

utilities 589 1.2Services 957 1.9Government 3,641 7.2Other industries 59 .1

Other labor income 407 .6Proprietors' income 21,238 42.1

Farm 15,091 29.9Nonfarm 6,147 12.2

Property income 9,333 16.5ranee'. payments' 3,002 5.9

LESS: Personal contribulion, for social in-surance 367

1960 1965 Changein

Pesr9cent,

1965

Income

($6°°)

Per-cent In

come("°)

Per-

-errit

60,382 100.3 90,456 100.5

24,131 40.1 36,179 40.2 + 6.91,667 2.8 1,172 1.3 1.8

61 .1 58 .1 - .31,375 2.3 3,054 3.4 -f .57,060 11.7 13,991 15.5 + 7.05,060 8.4 6,232 6.9 1.1

595 1,0 932 1.0 + .41,444 2.4 1,200 1.3 - 1.4

703 1.2 926 1.0 - .21,386 2,3 1,916 2.2 + .34,586 7.6 6,459 7.2 .0

191 .3 209 .2 + .1

1,147 1.9 2,243 2.5 + 1.720,830 34.6 32,801 36.4 - 5.712,556 20.8 23,507 25.9 - 4.98,274 13.7 9,491 10.5 - 1.79,419 15.7 13,070 14.5 - 4.05,785 9.6 7,546 8.4 + 2.5

960 1,383

Source, Herbert Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal Income in Illinois Counties, 1950.2020. Illionce DepArlMent Of Busineu and Ecotomic Development.

Total personal income . Wages and salary disbursements. plus other labor income, Plus silo-prieirin' income, plus property income, plus transfer pOrMenU, minus personal contributions forsocial insurance.

Transfer Fromenu. "7.5ia rategoey is coolposed of payment, to persons from ry: rrnmentand business for syhich no price, are performed or expected. Goserneient Parolees consist offederal, state. and kcal government payments, including rach items ss. Old-Ase and Survisoseinsurance; unemplayrent benefits; puolic employee petvioni: direct Teta; and pension,and related pasm,nu to s Titan seteraro. individual bad debt, to businesses are counted as busi-ness transfers along with corporate gift, to private nonprofit institutions, cash prises, and se,. tralother minor items." i ord and Lyon, p. 9.

25


As a general measure of the magnitude of the whole economic system,data on personal income have been obtained from two sources: the Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Development and the IllinoisDepartment of Labor.

The data given in Tables 7-12 are from the Illinois Department ofBusiness and Economic Development. These data not only give the totalpersonal income figures, which indicate the general magnitude of the eco-nomic system, but they also have the personal income subdivided by sourceof income. Each income source is given as a percent of the total, indi-cating the relative importance of the various income sources.

To bre r:. - Penonal income Estimates by Source for LaSalle County, 1950,1960,and 1965, Ws Change to Percent of Income, 1950 to 1965

1950 1960 1965 Changein

percent,In-come($000)

Percent

t:tral

In-come($000)

Per-cent

total

In-

($000)

Per-cent

tota l

Total personal income... .171,851 100.1 252,656 100.1 321,029 99.9Wage and salary disburse-

ments 104,558 60.9 160,501 63.4 191,053 59.4 - 1.5Farms 1,751 1,0 1,707 .7 1,312 .4Mining 2,640 1.5 3,754 1.5 3,572 1.1Contract construction 4,275 2.5 10,908 4.3 9,983 3.1 + .6Manufacturing 59,306 34.5 135,940 34.0 103,683 32.2 - 2.3Trade 14,266 8.3 21,269 8.4 24,157 7.5 .8Finance, insurance, real

estate 1,521 2.6 3,290 1.3 4,643 1.4 - 1.2Tr anspo-tation 5,016 2.9 8,337 3.3 9,665 3.1 + .2Communication, public

utilities 1,608 .9 3,399 1.3 5,157 1.6 + .7Services 5,335 3.1 8,399 3.3 10,745 3.3 + .2Government 8,703 5.1 13,136 5.2 17,486 5.4 + .4Other industries 137 .1 352 .1 450 .1 + .1

Othei labor income 2,950 1.7 9,031 3.6 13,674 4.3 + 2.61 Proprietors' incotnc 35,664 20.8 39,006 15.4 55,209 17.2 3.6

Farm 17,189 10.0 14,178 5.9 26,203 8.1 1.9

Er

Nonfarm 18,473 10.8 24,228 9.6 29,006 9.0 1.8

Property incerne. 22,206 12.9 30,610 12.1 44,169 13.7 .8

Transfer payments',

LESS: Personal contribu-tions for social in-

8,173 4.8 19,135 7.6 23,824 7,4 + 2.6

surance 1,700 5,627 6,900

Source: Herbed Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal income io Counties, 1950.2020. Pli-oois Department of Business and Economic Dere/opment.

loud per nal income = Wages And salary disbursements, pity other labor income, Ow pro-prietors' income, plus property inc,one, plus transfer payments, minus personal cuntributions forsocial in,urance.

Tsansfer Payments. 1111, category is compos-ed of payments to persons from gosernmentand business for .shich no sersices are peaoemed re espected. Go, ernroent transfers consist offederal, S.W. and go,esnenent payments, including pact, items is Oict.Age and St., iOreInturance; unemployment benefits; public employee pensions: diteci relief; and pension, disability,and tested payments to military se:eram. Individual bad debts to businesses are counted u bon-ne" transfers along ...its totposate gifu pri.ete ponproSt cub pears, and severalother minor items." Ford and Lyon, p. 9.

26

1969J BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 27

Table 9.- Personal Income Eatimatos by Source for Marshall County, 1950,1960,and 1965, With Chang. In POrallif of Income, 1950 to 1965

1950 1960 1965 Changein

percent,1950-

1965

In.come

("9)

Per-cent

oftotal

In-come("9)

Per-cent te

total

In-come(19"

Per-centoftotal

Total personal income... -17,430 100.1 20,273 100.0 28,986 100.0Wage and salary disburse-

ments 5,240 30.1 8,313 41 ., 10,550 36.4 ÷ 6.3Farms 540 3.1 572 4.8 374 1.3 - 1.8Mining 104 .6 54 .3 64 .2Contract construction 225 1.3 357 1.8 530 1.8 + .5Manufacturing 1,097 C.3 2,329 11.5 3,210 11.1 + 4.8Trade 1,103 6.3 1,922 9.5 2,169 7.5 ÷ 1.2Finance, insurance, real

estate 130 .7 190 .9 335 1.2 ÷ .5Transportation 302 1.7 378 1.9 552 1.9 ÷ .2Communication, public

utilities 87 .5 598 2.9 588 2.0 + 1.5Services 229 1.3 507 2.5 724 2.5 ÷ 1.2Government 1,392 8.0 1,363 6.7 1,940 6.7 - 1.3Other industries 31 .2 43 .2 64 .2 .0

Other labor income 124 .7 415 2.1 719 2.5 ÷ 1.8Proprietors' income 6,096 39.6 6,678 32.9 11,482 39.6 .0

Farm 5,186 29.8 4,243 20.9 8,228 28.4 - 1.4Nonfarm 1,710 9.8 2,435 12.0 3,254 11.2 ÷ 1.4

Property income 4,246 24.4 3,094 15.3 4,083 14.1 -10.3Transfer payments' 1,041 6.0 2,073 10.2 2,574 8.9 ÷ 2.9LESS: Personal contrib9-

tions for social in-surance 117 300 422

Source: Herbert Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal Income in Illinoia Counties, 1950-2020. Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Development.

iota! personal income o Wages and Ulan/ disbursements, plus other labor income, plus pro-prietors' income, plus property income, plus transfer payments, minus personal contributions frysocial insurance.

Transfer Tamest, "Ibis category is composed of payments to persons from governmentand business for which no seniors are performed or expected. Gmernment trarssfers consist ofedrral, state, and local go, ernment 'moments, including such item as OldAgt and Survisors'Insurance; unemployment benefits; public employee pension, direct rebel; and pension, disability,and related payment to military seterans. Indisidual bad debts to businesses are counted so bun.nest transfers along with corporate guts so prissie nonprofit institutions, cash prises, and severalother mint items." Ford and Lyon, p. 9.

2-1

28 Smarm No. 736 [Decem5er,

Table 10.- Personal Intorno Estimates by Source for Putnam County, 1450,1960,and 1965, With Change In Percent of Memo, 1430 to 1903

1950 1960 1965 Changein

percent,1950 -

1965

In-come(4000)

Per-pent

total

In-come

($0"

Per-

CTtotal

In-come($000)

Pct.

ccortotal

Total personal incom.... 5,519 100.7 6,769 99.7 10,394 100.1

Wage and salary disburse-ments ... 1,311 23.7 2,297 32.8 2,920 28.1 + 4.4

Farms 231 4.2 209 3.0 145 1.4 - 2.8Mining 5 .1 3 .1 12 .1 .0Contract construction ... 21 .4 107 1.5 134 1.3 + .9Manufacturing 4 .1 0 .0 74 .7 + .6Trade 317 5.7 462 6.6 559 5.4Finance, insurance, real

estate 15 .3 53 .8 69 .7 + .4Transportation 65 1.2 203 2.9 286 2.8 + 1.6Communication, public

utilities 21 .4 504 7.2 625 6.0 + 5.6Services 44 .8 148 2.1 185 1.8 + 1.0Government 579 10.5 575 8.2 803 7.7 - 2.8Other industries 9 .2 33 .5 28 .3 + .1

Other labor income 19 .3 101 1.4 152 1.5 + 1.1Proprietors' income 2,672 48.4 2,749 39.3 4,892 47.1 - 1.3

Farm 2,061 37.3 1,649 23.6 3,420 32.9 - 4.4Nonfarm 611 11.1 1,100 15.7 1,472 14.2 + 3.1

Proper', income 1,151 20.8 1,139 16.3 1,613 15.5 - 5.3Transfer payments', 402 7.3 781 11.2 956 9.2 + 1.9LESS: Personal contribu-


Source: 'Herbert Lyon and Neil Ford. Personal Income in /Illness Counties, 1950-2029. Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Deselopment.

'iota! personal im-orne = Wages and salary dibuirsemeno, plus other labor income, plus pro-prieton' income. plus property income, plus transfer payments, minus personal contributions for

imurance.Transfer Patments. 'T his category is Cative,ed of payments to persons from goner n111 11 I

and business for uhich no services are performed or espectedi Ornament trarufen consist offederal. slate, and local gosernment parnents, including such items a, Old-Age and Sun non'Insurance; unemployment benefits; public employee pensions; direct rebel; and pension,and related patments in military veterans Individual bad debts to businesses are counted Si bus:-MSS transfers along srith corporate gds 5, imitate nonprofit institutions, cash prises. and astralother minor items. ford and Lyon, pi. 9.

28


Table 11. - Personal income Estimates by Seurat for baguets County, 1950,1960,and 1965, With Change in Percent of income, 1950 to 1965

1950 1960 1965 ChangePer- In- Pr" Per- in

In- In- percent,cent ceat centCome come e come 1950 -($ "] total ($000) total ($000) total 196$

Total personal income 47,865 100.1 56,557 100.2 78,127 100.0Wage and salary disburse-

ments 13,201 27.6 21,671 38.4 27,578 35.3 1- 7.7Farms 1,802 3.8 1,412 2.5 776 1.0 - 2.8Mining 72 .2 1 .0 11 .1 - .1Contract construction 873 1.8 1,531 2.7 1,930 2.5 + .7Manufacturing 1,685 3.5 6,162 10.9 8,068 10.3 + 6.8Trade 2,730 5.7 5,077 9.0 6,260 8.0 + 2.3Finance, insurance, real 1

estate 264 .6 484 .9 971 1.2 + .6Transportation 1,044 2.2 1,141 2.0 1,194 1.5 - .7 i

Communication, publicutilities 243 .5 386 .7 536 .7 1- .2

Services 687 1.4 1,301 2.3 1,751 2.2 + .8Government 3,407 7.1 4,027 7.1 5,839 7.5 + .4Other industries 394 .8 149 .3 244 .3 - .5

Other labor income 295 .6 1,009 1.8 1,745 2.2 + 1.6Proprietors' income 21,755 45.5 19,060 35.2 29,893 38.3 - 7.2

Farm 17,190 35.9 13,125 23.2 21,719 27.8 - 8.1Nonfarm 4,565 9.5 6,735 11.9 8,174 10.5 + 1.0

Property income 10,749 22.5 9,526 16.9 13,035 16.7 - 5.8Transfer payments* 2,156 4.5 5,357 9.3 6,961 8.9 + 4.4LESS: Personal contribu-

tions for social in-surance. 290 866 1,085

Source: Delbert Lyoo and Neil Ford. Personal Income in Illinois Counties, 1950.1020. Illi-nois Department of Business and Economic Dexelopment.

Total personal income s-c Naga and talus disbursements, plus other labor income, Vus pro-victors' income, plus p-operty income, plus transfer paymen minus personal contributions foesocial insure ore.

Trawler Fitments. "This cstricors is composed of payments to persona from gosetnrnentand business for with no services are performed or expected. Comernment traraten consist offederal, state, and focal government payments, including web items as OlchAge and Sul-visor'Insurance; -unemployment benefits; public employee pensions; direct relief; and pension, disahilitT.and related pat-cocoa to military yttrium.. Ind, ideal bid debts to businesses are tainted sa bust.test transfers along with corporate glts to priuste not-Tv-TA institution', cash prises, and seieral01:Ur mires: tines." Food and Lyon. C, 9,

23


Tables 13-18 give the number of employees and total wages paid, aswell as the percent of the total for the various categories listed by the Illi-nois Unemplcyment Compensation Act. These employment categoriesare not the same as the employment categories listed in Tables 7-12. Thus,the data are rot directly comparable. The data available from the IllinoisUnemployment Compensation Act do not include proprietor income orpersonal income from property or other investment sources.

Table 12.- Personol Income Estimates by Source for Illinois, 1950,1960,and 1965, With Change In Percent of Income, 1950 to 1965

1950 1960 1965 ChangeIn-

come($000,-000)

Per-centof

total

In-cc me

($000,-000)

Per-cent

oftotal

In-niconic

($000,-)00)

Total personal incom 15,985 100.0 26,564 100.3 34,903Wage and salary disburse-

ments 10,832 67.8 18,541 70.0 23,763Farms 90 .6 92 .3 68Mining 171 1.1 154 .6 190Contract construcon... 552 3.5 1,132 4.3 1,361Mans facturing 4,244 26.6 6,789 25.5 8,901Trade 2,099 13.1 3,569 13.4 4,791Finance, insurar cc, real

estate 468 2.9 920 3.5 1,'84Transportation 800 5.0 1,160 4.4 1,558Communication, public

utilities 314 2.0 531 2.0 657Services 986 6.2 1,914 7.2 2,658Government 1,096 6.9 2,255 8,5 3,066Other industrir s 12 1 25 .1 29

Other labor income 289 1.8 760 2.9 1,296Proprietors' income 2,206 13.8 2,653 10.0 3,504

Farm 707 4.4 564 2.1 1,003Nonfarm 1,499 9.4 2,089 7.9 2,501

Properly income 2,040 12.8 3,433 12.9 5,045Transfer paymentsb 804 5.0 1,774 6.7 2,149LESS: Personal contribu-


Per- inentcent p erc

sf 1950-,

total 1965

100.0

68.2 + .4.2 - .4.5 - .6

3.9 + .425.5 - 1.112.3 - .8

3.4 + .53.9 - 1.11.9 - .17.6 + 1.48.8 + 1.9

. e .03.7 + 1.9

10.1 - 3.72.9 - 1.57.2 - 2.2

14.5 + 1.76.2 + 1.2

Source: Herbert boo and Ne Ford. Personal Income to Illinois Counties, 1950-202(r.0013 Department of Business ryd Economic aèyelopment.

Iotal personal income a Wages and salary disbursements, plus other lain income, plus pro-prietors' income, plus property income, plus transfer patmenu, 1131111a personal contribution, forsocial insurance.

si Transfer Payments, "Ibis category is composed of payments to persons from gosernmentand business for which no services are performed expected. Cessernment transfers consist offederal, state, and local government pnymerits, including such, items at Old-Age and Sursisors'Insurance: unemployment -benefits: public employee pensions; direct relief; and pension, dioabiltTand relied payments to military uterus,. Indicidsosl bad debts to businesses are counted u bus,men transfers along with corporate gifts to prisate nonprofit institutions, carts prizes, and severalother minor items." Ford and Lyon, p. 9,

30

Tab

le 1

3.-

Bas

in..

Est

ablis

hmen

ts C

ovet

ed b

y th

o Ill

inoi

s U

nom

ploy

mon

t Com

pens

atio

n A

ct,

Eto

n le

mm

a an

d O

vart

or ly

Was

ps b

y T

ypo

In &

anon

Cer

ny, 1

947.

1955

, and

196

5

1947

"E

mpl

oyee

s19

55b

Em

ploy

ees

Num

-be

r

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

r-te

rlyw

ages

(300

0)

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Num

-be

r

Per

-ce

ntc. tota

l

Qua

r-te

rlyw

ages

(300

0)

Min

ing

108

3.5

674.

275

2.0

98C

ontr

act c

onst

ruct

ion

105

3.4

875.

527

07.

129

0M

anu'

-ctu

ring

1,89

261

.796

961

.02,

061

54.2

2,09

9T

rans

port

atio

n, c

omm

unic

atio

n, a

nd p

ub-

C^D

lie u

tiliti

es19

36.

31C

.16

721

55.

720

7

)'J'

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

deF

inan

ce, i

nsur

ance

, and

rea

l est

ate

521 45

17,0 1,5

258 33

16.3

2.1

751 68

19.7

1.8

604

91S

ervi

ce a

nd m

isce

llane

ous

201

6.6

654.

036

59.

624

0T

otal

3,06

510

0.0

1,58

599

.83,

805

100.

13,

635

Per

-ce

nt ofto

tal

2.7

8.1

57.7 5.7

16.6

2.5

6.6

99.9

1965

Em

ploy

ees

Num

-be

t

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qum

-tc

rlyw

ages

(300

0

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

6.1

5.1

2..3

5,5

378

7.3

2,55

255

,33,

100

59.9

225

4.9

255

4.9

1,17

625

.51,

014

19.6

144

3.1

169

3.3

262

5,7

247

4,8

4,61

810

0.1

5,16

899

.9

Sam

os:

Illin

ois

Dep

art..

.of

Lab

or, I

llino

is S

tate

Em

ploy

men

t Ser

vice

, Div

isio

n of

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion,

Res

earc

h an

d S

tatis

tics

Sec

tion.

Mon

thly

Em

ploy

men

t atm

Atio

n.d

Vsy

rolls

of F

irms

Cov

ered

by

the

Illm

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

rsom

on A

ct, b

y In

dust

ry. a

nd C

over

ed E

mpl

oym

ent a

ndW

age,

. by

Sue

of E

stab

lishm

ent a

nd b

y C

ount

y.(E

selu

des

data

for

farm

s, r

ailro

ads,

non

-pro

fit in

stitu

tions

dom

estic

ser

vice

, sel

f-em

ploy

men

t, an

d fir

ms

with

Wu

than

four

wor

kers

, unl

ess

they

hav

e vo

lunt

arily

ele

cted

cov

erag

e or

P-r

e su

bjec

t to

the

Fed

eral

Une

mpl

oym

ent T

ax A

ct.)

1947

dat

a:A

vera

ge e

mpl

oym

ent f

or fi

rst t

hree

mon

ths:

Wag

es p

ublis

hed

for

year

onl

y, b

ut o

ne q

uart

er o

f the

ann

ual w

ages

tota

l is

repo

rted

her

e fo

rco

mpa

rativ

e pu

rpos

es.

195S

dat

aA

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent f

or th

e se

cond

hal

f of 1

955:

Wag

es p

ublis

hed

as to

tal f

or s

ec-m

d ha

lf, b

ut o

ne h

alf o

f tha

t fig

ure

is r

epor

ted

here

for

com

para

tive

mum

mer

.19

65 d

ata:

Am

moe

mon

thly

em

ploy

men

t for

lint

qua

rter

and

wag

es fo

r tin

t qua

rter

.

tO this

IQ

Tab

le 1

4. -

Bus

ines

s E

stab

lishm

ents

Cov

ered

by

Moo

Illin

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

Act

,E

mpl

oyee

s an

d C

nono

wly

Wag

es b

y T

ype

In L

aSal

le C

ount

y, 1

947,

195

5, a

nd 1

965

1947

Em

ploy

ees

1955

°E

mpl

oyee

s19

65E

mpl

oyer

s

Num

-be

e

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

r-te

rlyw

ages

($00

0)

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Num

-be

e

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

r-te

rlyw

ages

($00

0)

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Nun

.-be

e

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qum

-te

rlyw

ages

($00

0)

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Min

ing

774

3.4

566

3.5

622

2.1

941

3.0

464

1.7

786

2.2

Con

trac

t con

stru

ctio

n77

23.

41,

070

6.7

1,66

65.

71,

953

6.3

977

3.6

1,40

54.

0M

anuf

actu

ring

17,3

3368

.511

,102

69.6

19,1

1665

.621

,722

69.8

15,4

7760

.923

,808

67.8

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion,

com

mun

icat

ion,

and

pub

-lic

util

ities

1,1%

4.7

656

4.1

1,49

45.

11,

570

5.0

1,74

36.

42,

636

7.5

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

de3,

751

14.8

1,8%

11.9

4,61

015

.83,

702

11.9

5,07

318

.84,

404

12.5

Fin

ance

, ins

uran

ce, a

nd r

eal e

stat

e27

21.

118

01.

1A

271.

546

31.

565

12.

490

82.

6S

ervi

ce a

nd m

isce

llane

ous

I ,20

24.

747

33.

01,

209

4.1

774

2.5

1,65

86.

11,

181

3.4

Tot

al25

,300

100.

015

,943

99.9

29,1

4499

.931

,125

100.

027

,043

99.9

35,1

2E10

0.0

Sou

rce:

Illin

ois

Dep

artm

ent o

f Lab

or, I

llino

is S

tate

Em

ploy

men

t Ser

vice

, Div

isio

n LI

1 U

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n, R

esea

rch

and

Sta

tistic

s S

ectio

n.N

font

hh. E

mpl

oym

ent a

nd A

nnua

l Pay

rolls

of R

ents

Cov

ered

by

the

Illin

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

AM

. by

Indu

stry

, and

Cov

ered

Em

ploy

men

t and

Wag

es b

y S

lay.

of E

stab

lishm

ent a

nd b

y C

ount

y.(E

xclu

des

data

for

farm

s, r

ailro

ads,

non

-pro

fit in

stitu

tions

, dom

estic

ser

vice

, sel

(imop

loym

ent,

and

firm

a w

ithIs

m th

an fo

ur c

oulte

rs, u

nles

s do

or h

ave

volu

ntar

ily e

lect

ed c

over

age

or a

re s

ubje

ct to

the

Fed

eral

Une

mpl

oym

ent T

ax A

ct.)

1947

dat

a:A

vera

ge e

mpl

oym

ent f

or fi

rst t

hree

mon

ths:

Wag

es p

ublis

hed

for

year

onl

y, b

ut o

ne q

oart

er o

f the

ann

ual w

ages

tota

l is

repo

rted

her

e fo

rco

mpa

rativ

e pu

rpea

m.

1955

dam

:A

vv,1

1.e

mon

thly

em

ploy

men

t for

the

seco

nd h

all o

f 195

5: W

ages

pub

lishe

d as

tota

l for

sec

ond

half,

but

one

hal

f of t

hat f

igur

e is

rep

orte

dM

ee fo

r co

mpa

rativ

e po

rpow

s.1%

5 da

ta:

Ave

rage

mon

thly

em

ploy

men

t for

Grit

qua

rter

and

wag

es fo

r fir

st q

uart

er.

41.

Bus

ines

s is

tabi

lthm

ents

Cov

ered

by

the

Illin

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

Act

,E

mpl

oyee

s an

d Q

uart

erly

Wag

es b

y T

ype

in M

arsh

all C

ount

y, 1

947,

195

5, a

nd 1

965

1947

1955

b19

65°

Em

ploy

ers

Em

ploy

ees

Em

ploy

ees

Per-

Qm

.r-

Per-

Per-

Qoa

r-Pe

r-Pc

r-Q

uar-

Per-

Num

- ce

ntte

rly

cent

Num

- ce

nttc

rly

cent

Num

- ce

ntte

rly

cent

bet

ofw

ages

ofbe

rof

wag

esof

bet

ofw

ages

ofto

tal

(500

0)to

tal

tota

l(5

000)

tota

lto

tal

(80O

O)

tota

l

!Alin

ing

182.

5.26

6.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Con

trac

t con

stru

ctio

n14

1 . 7

133.

328

2.7

252.

717

1.2

342.

4M

anuf

actu

ring

449

54.8

218

54.7

599

56.9

519

57.1

676

46.0

727

50.3

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion,

com

mun

icat

ion,

and

pub

-lic

util

ities

313.

810

7..5

555.

235

3.8

139

9.5

178

12.3

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

de27

9:',

'1.0

121

30.4

275

26.1

226

24.9

510

34.7

401

27.8

Fina

nce,

insu

ranc

e, a

nd r

eal e

stat

e8

1.0

41.

024

2.3

384.

237

2.5

463.

2Se

rvic

e an

d m

isce

llane

ous.

.21

2.6

61.

571

6.7

657.

190

6.1

594.

1T

otal

820

100.

139

899

.91,

052

99.9

908

99.8

1,46

910

0.0

1,44

510

0.1

Sour

ce;

Itlio

..r D

epor

tmen

t of

Lab

or, I

llino

is S

tate

Em

ploy

men

t Ser

vice

, Div

isio

n of

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion,

Res

earc

h an

d St

atis

tics

Sect

ion.

Mon

thly

Em

ploy

men

t and

Ann

ual P

ayro

lls o

f Fi

rms

Cov

ered

by

the

Illin

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

Act

, by

Indu

stry

, and

Cov

ered

Em

ploy

men

t and

Wal

es b

y Si

re o

f Fa

tblis

hmem

and

by

Cou

nty.

(Exc

lude

s da

ta f

or f

arm

s, r

ailr

oads

, non

-pro

fit i

nstit

utio

ns, d

omes

tic s

ervi

ce, s

elf-

empl

oym

ent,

and

firm

s w

ithIm

s th

an f

our

wor

kers

, unl

it,s

they

hav

e vo

lunt

arily

ele

cted

cov

erag

e or

are

sub

ject

to th

e Fe

dera

l Une

mpl

oym

ent T

ax A

ct.)

1947

dat

a:A

vera

ge e

mpl

oym

ent f

or li

nt th

ree

mon

ths:

Wag

es p

ublis

hed

for

year

onl

y, b

ut o

ne q

uart

er o

f th

e an

nual

wag

es to

tal i

s re

peat

ed h

ere

for

com

para

tive

purp

ort,.

1955

dat

a:A

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent f

or th

e se

cond

hal

f of

195

3: W

ages

pub

lishe

d as

tota

l for

sec

ond

half

, but

one

hal

f of

that

fig

ure

is r

epor

ted

here

for

com

para

tive

purp

oses

_19

63 d

am: A

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent f

or f

irst

qua

rter

and

wag

es f

or f

irst

qua

rter

,

Tab

le 1

6.B

usin

ess

Est

edsl

ishr

rom

h C

over

ed b

y th

e Ill

inoi

s U

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n A

ct,

Em

ploy

... a

nd O

vert

., ly

Wog

s, b

y T

ypo

in P

utna

m C

ount

y, 1

947,

1955

, and

196

5

1947

Em

ploy

ers

1955

h

Em

ploy

ees

1965

Ê

mpl

oyee

s

Num

-be

r

Per

-ce

nt ofto

tal

Qua

,te

rlyw

ages

(5000)

Per

-ce

nt oftotal

Num

-bc

r

Per

.ce

nt ofto

tal

Qua

,te

rlyw

ages

(S00

0)

Pcr

-ce

nt of tota

l

Num

-be

e

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

,te

rlyw

ages

(S00

0)

Per

-ce

nt ofto

tal

CA

O

1;1.

Min

ing

Con

trac

t con

stru

ctio

n0 0

.0 .00 0

.0 .0(1

)(4

)(1

)(a

)(4

) ()(4

)(n

)(4

) 6(4

)2.

4(4

)11

(4)

3.4

anuf

actu

ring

0.0

00

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion,

com

mun

icat

ion,

and

pub

licoo

litic

0.0

0.0

9944

.212

357

.288

35.3

148

38.3

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

de17

22.1

514

.335

15.6

3013

.977

30.9

6419

.9F

inan

ce, i

nsur

ance

, and

rea

l est

ate

6077.9

3085

.7(4

)(4

)(4

)(4

)15

6.0

165.

0S

ervi

ce a

nd m

isce

llane

ous

0.o

0.0

9040

.262

28.8

6325

.382

25.5

Tot

al,

..

......

....

7710

0.0

3510

0.0

224

100.

021

599

.924

999

.932

110

0.2

Sou

rce

Illoo

na D

epar

tmen

t or

Labo

r.St

are

Em

ploy

men

tS

ervi

ce, D

ivis

ion

ofU

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n, R

esea

rch

and

Stat

istic

s Se

ctio

n.M

umm

yF

,,opl

o,m

ent a

nd A

nnua

l Pay

roll.

of F

irms.

C r

eed

by th

e Il

linoi

s U

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n A

rt, b

y In

dust

ry, a

nd C

over

ed E

mpl

oym

ent a

ndW

age.

be

See

of E

stal

dohm

ent a

nd b

y C

ount

y.(E

gelu

des

data

for

(arm

.,ra

ilroa

ds,

non-

prof

it in

.titu

tioni

. dom

estic

ser

vice

, sel

f-em

ploy

men

t, an

d fir

ma

with

Ins

than

four

wor

ker.

. uni

tv th

ey h

ave

volu

ntar

ilyle

cted

cov

erag

e or

are

sub

ject

to th

e Fe

dera

l Une

mpl

oym

ent T

ax A

ct.)

1147

.lat

er:

Ave

rage

em

ploy

men

t for

firs

t thr

ee m

onth

s:W

ages

pub

lishe

d fo

r ye

aron

ly,

but o

ne q

uart

er o

f the

ann

ual w

ages

tota

l is

repo

rted

here

for

""Ir

1.41

71":

,traP

7kV

erlIt

te m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent F

or th

e se

cond

hal

f of 1

955;

Wag

., pu

hfilh

edas

tota

l for

sec

ond

half

, but

one

hal

f of

that

fig

ure

is r

epor

ted

here

Inc

iWoi

KW

." A

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent f

orfi

rst q

uart

etan

d w

ages

for

fint

qua

rter

.N

ot r

epor

tsd

topr

otec

t ide

ntity

of

indi

vidu

al b

usin

esse

s.

3

Tab

leB

usin

ess

Est

ablis

hmen

ts C

over

ed b

y th

e Ill

inoi

s U

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n A

ct,

Em

ploy

ee. a

nd Q

uart

erly

Wag

es b

y T

ypo

in Ir

oquo

is C

ount

y, 1

947,

195

5, a

nd 1

965

1947

Smpl

oyee

s19

556

Em

ploy

ees

Num

-bc

r

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

r-te

rlyw

age'

s($

000)

Per

-ce

nt or tota

l

Num

-bc

r

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

r-te

rly

wag

es(S

000)

Min

ing

(4)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(d)

(t)

(4)

Con

trac

t con

stru

ctio

n55

3.2

697.

530

89.

629

2St

anuf

actu

ring

870

50.4

471

50.9

1,45

645

.21,

056

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion,

com

mun

icat

ion,

and

pub

licut

ilitie

s12

37.

153

5.7

187

5.8

123

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

de57

333

.129

131

.499

330

.862

1Fi

nanc

e, o

tsur

ance

, and

rea

l est

ate

563.

228

3.0

642.

074

Serv

ice

and

mis

cella

neou

s49

2.8

181.

921

56.

715

5T

otal

1,72

699

.893

0'10

0.4

3,22

3°10

0.1"

2,32

1°

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

(d)

12.6

45.5

5.3

26.8 3.2

6.7

100.

1

1965

°E

mpl

oyee

s

Num

-bc

r

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

Qua

r-te

rly

wag

es(8

000)

Per

-ce

nt of tota

l

(d)

(4)

(4)

(4)

208

5.5

250

6.5

1,59

142

.21,

828

47.5

223

5.9

241

6.3

1,24

833

.11,

042

27.1

147

3.9

184

4.8

356

9.4

300

7.8

3,77

3°10

0.0'

3,84

5°10

0.0

Sr,

oree

:Ill

inoi

s D

epar

tmen

t of L

abor

, Illi

nois

Sta

te E

mpl

oym

ent S

ervi

ce. D

ivis

ion

of U

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n, R

esea

rch

and

Sta

tistic

s S

ectio

n.M

onth

ly E

mpl

owrw

ot a

nd A

nnua

l Pay

rolls

of F

irms

Cov

ered

by

the

Illin

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

Act

, by

Indu

stry

, and

Cov

ered

Em

ploy

men

t and

Wag

es b

y hi

re o

f Est

ablis

hmen

t and

by

Cou

nty.

(Exc

lude

s da

ta fo

r fa

rms,

rai

lroad

s, n

on-p

rofit

inst

itutio

ni, d

omes

tic s

ervi

ce, s

elf-

empl

oym

ent,

and

firm

a w

ithkm

than

flue

wor

kers

, °oh

m th

ey h

ave

volu

nt,ti

ly e

lect

ed c

over

age

or a

re s

ubje

ct to

the

fede

ral U

nem

ploy

men

t Tax

Act

.)l'4

7 da

m A

vera

ge e

mpl

oym

ent f

oe li

nt th

ree

mon

ths,

Wag

es p

ublis

hed

for

year

onl

y, b

ut o

ne q

uart

er o

f the

ann

ual w

ags

tota

l is

repo

rted

her

e fo

rco

mpa

rativ

e pu

rpos

es.

I955

dat

a,A

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent f

or th

e se

cond

hal

f of 1

955,

War

m p

ublis

hed

as to

tal f

or s

econ

d ha

lf, M

.: on

e ha

lf of

that

figu

re is

rep

orte

dhe

re fo

r ro

mpa

rativ

e pu

rpos

es.

fOh5

dat

aA

vera

ge m

onth

ly e

mpl

oym

ent f

or fi

rst q

uart

er In

d w

ages

for

first

qua

rter

.4

Not

rep

orte

d to

pro

tect

iden

tity

of in

divi

dual

bus

ines

ses,

Tot

al ti

n, n

ot in

clud

e "n

ot r

epor

ted"

dat

a.

Cr.

Tab

le 1

11. -

!hill

ines

s E

stab

lishm

ents

Cov

eted

by

the

Illin

ois

Une

mpl

oym

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

Act

,E

mpl

oyee

s an

d Q

oast

esly

Wag

es b

y T

ype

in Il

linoi

s, 1

947,

195

5, a

nd 1

965

1947

Em

ploy

ers

1955

Em

ploy

ees"

1965

Em

ploy

ees

Num

ber

Perc

ent Q

uart

erly

ofw

ages

tota

l($

000,

000)

Perc

ent

of tota

lN

umbe

rPe

rcen

t Qua

rter

ly P

erce

r.

(000

)to

tal

(sOCZNo)

total

lum

ber

Perc

ent Q

uart

erly

Per

cent

'(°n°)

(s(Wroesoo)

total

Min

ing

NR

NR

NR

NR

301.

238

1.3

24.9

421.

0C

ontr

act c

onst

ruct

ion.

.N

RN

RN

RN

R14

65.

721

17.

112

74,

622

75.

5C

OM

anuf

actu

ring

Nit

Nit

NR

Nit

1,26

749

.61,

550

52.0

1,26

745

.72,

039

49.4

CP)

Tra

nspo

rtat

ion.

com

mun

ica-

tion,

and

publ

ic u

tiliti

esN

RN

RN

RN

R.

177

6.9

215

7.2

188

6.8

323

7.8

Who

lesa

le a

nd r

etai

l tra

deN

itN

RN

RN

R.

596

23.3

61 5

20.7

721

26.0

917

22.2

Fina

nce,

insu

ranc

e, a

nd r

eal

esta

teN

RN

RN

RN

R13

25.

215

05.

016

65.

925

06.

1Se

rvic

e an

d m

isce

llane

ous.

.N

RN

RN

itN

R20

98.

220

06.

727

710

.033

08.

0T

otal

NR

NR

.N

RN

R2,

558

100.

12,

980

100.

02,

770

99.9

4,12

810

0.0

Illin

u:so

!V

olum

ene

of L

abor

. Illi

nois

Sta

n: E

mpl

oym

ent S

ervi

ce, D

ivis

ion

of U

nem

ploy

men

t Com

pens

atio

n, R

esea

rch

and

Stat

ist'.

Sec

tion,

Mon

thly

Em

-pl

oym

ent a

nd A

nnua

l Pay

rolls

of

Firm

s C

over

ed b

y th

e Il

linoi

s tln

empl

isrm

ent C

ompe

nsat

ion

Act

. by

Inou

sery

. and

Com

e re

d E

mpl

oym

ent a

nd W

ages

by

Size

of

Est

ablis

h.m

em a

nd b

y O

no I

r.E

Irill

des

data

for

far

ces,

rai

:roa

ds. n

on.p

ront

Ins

titut

:oft

, dom

estic

ser

vice

, sel

l-em

ploy

men

t, an

d fi

rms

with

less

than

fou

r w

orke

rs, u

nles

s th

eytw

ee y

olon

tara

y .L

eane

d co

vera

ge o

r or

e su

bjec

t to

the

tede

ral U

nem

ploy

men

t T.:

Act

.)19

55 d

ata.

Ave

rage

mon

thly

...n

omm

en. f

or th

e se

cond

hal

f of

195

5:W

ages

pub

lishe

d as

tota

l for

sec

ond

half

, but

one

-hal

f of

that

fig

ure

is r

epor

ted

here

for

orul

pesr

ariv

e pu

rpos

e,10

(.S

Ais

ta,

Ave

rage

mon

thly

em

ploy

men

t for

fir

st q

uart

er a

nd w

ages

for

fir

st q

uart

er.

NIL

Not

rep

orte

d.

BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 37

The Agricultural SectorAs was noted in the ecological analysis of the experimental and control

areas, the number of persons employed in agriculture has decreasedsteadily during the past two ckcades; however, farm proprietors' incomestill accounts for about a quarter of the personal income in Bureau andMarshall counties and for a third in Putnam County.

The list below shows the percentage of personal income in 1965 fromthe agricultural sector for at+ county in the study area and for the state.Putnam 34.3Marshall 29.7Iroquois 28.8Bureau 27.2LaSalle 8.5Illinois 3.1

Add to this wages paid on farms ar d the farm share of the propertyincome, and a very sui)stantial part of the total income in these countieswould come from farming. In LaSalle County, the farm proprietors' shareof the total income is much smaller, about 8 percent, and for the state ofIllinois as a whole it is only about 3 percent. Thus from most of theexperimental area agricultural income still is the most important segmentof the economy, though its importance relative to other sources of incomeis declining.

In Iroquois County farm proprietors' income accounts for about 30percent of thl total income. Add to this the farm income from propertyand farm wages within the county, and the total income attributable tofarming would likely be almost half of the total income in the county.

l,everal agricultural trends can be seen in the study areas (Table 19).Farms in both the experimental and control areas have followed the gen-eral pattern of becoming fewer in number and larger in size. The averagevalue of land and buildings per farm has increased much more than farmsize in all counties concerned. Of course, there has been general inflationin the economy during this period. The average value of products soldper farm has increased, but not as much as the rise in land values.Development of larger machinery for field work has resulted in lowerlabor requirements in the aggregate. Thus many farm operators havecompletely left the farm.

Other farmers who sere unable to expand their farming cperation,but who remained in farming, have looked for and often founi. part-timeoff-farm jobs. Many farm operators have held down full-time ca-farmjobs while continuing their fanning operation.

The number of farms in all fann sizes below 260 acres {Tables 20-25)has declined from 1950 to 1)61 in all the counties studied by this project.And in Putnam County even the size group 260 to 499 acres has had adecline in farm numbers since L95a. &fore that tiine the number offarms in that %in group was increasing in Putnam County.

3

Tab

le 1

9. -

Agr

icol

hara

l Tre

nds

by C

ount

y an

d fo

r Ill

inoi

s, 1

950,

195

4.19

59, a

nd 1

964

1950

1954

1959

1964

Per

cent

chan

ge,

1950

-196

4

Bur

eau

Cou

nty

Num

ber

of fa

rm2,

904

2,73

52,

585

2,23

7-2

3.0

Per

cent

of l

and

in fa

rms

93.6

91.2

V4.

592

.6-

1.0

Ave

rage

AliT

C o

f far

ms

(acr

es)

179.

118

5.2

203.

223

0.0

28.4

Ave

rage

val

ue o

f lan

d an

d bu

ildin

gs p

er fa

rm$4

1,81

455

7,57

557

2,25

8$

85,8

7710

5.4

Acr

es h

arve

sted

372,

000

369,

000

392,

000

358,

000

- 3.

8A

vera

ge v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

per

farm

$10,

576

$12,

874

$17,

129

$ 22

,026

108.

3F

arm

ope

-..s

tors

wor

king

off

farm

s 10

0 or

mor

e da

ys21

818

627

522

11,

4C

.,C

eT

otal

val

ue o

f pro

duct

s so

ld (

mill

ions

of d

olla

rs)

LaS

alle

Cou

nty

$30

.75

35.2

S44

.3$

49.3

60.6

Num

ber

of fa

rms

3,73

03,

487

3,23

32,

765

-25.

9P

erce

nt o

f lan

d in

farm

s89

.890

.090

.489

.0-

.8A

vera

ge s

ize

of fa

rms

(acr

es)

177.

819

0.4

206.

323

7.7

33.7

Ave

rage

val

ue o

f lan

d an

d bu

ildin

gs p

er fa

rm...

$45,

245

560,

081

587,

373

5102

,336

126.

2A

cres

har

vest

ed51

6,00

051

7,00

053

6,00

049

6,00

0-

3.9

Ave

rage

val

ue o

f pro

duct

s so

ld p

er fa

rm$

9,60

751

2,15

251

5,86

85

21,0

9811

9.6

Far

m o

pera

tors

wor

king

off

'arm

s 10

0 or

mor

e da

ys37

239

048

142

213

.4T

otal

val

ue o

f pro

duct

s so

ld (

mill

ions

of d

olla

rs)

$35

.8$

42.4

$51

.3$

58.3

62.8

Mar

shal

l Cou

nty

Num

ber

of fa

rm1,

190

1,11

11,

029

914

-23.

2P

erce

nt o

f lan

d in

farm

s91

.489

.890

.389

.1-

2.3

Ave

rage

siz

e of

farm

s (a

cres

)19

4.2

204.

422

1.7

246.

526

.9A

vera

ge v

alue

of l

and

and

build

ings

per

farm

$43,

842

$66,

925

$83,

176

$102

,294

133.

3A

cres

har

vest

ed.

162,

000

161,

600

164,

000

159,

000

- 1.

9A

vera

ge v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

per

farm

$ 9,

390

511,

529

513,

720

$ 20

,574

119.

1F

arm

ope

rato

rs w

orki

ng o

ff fa

rms

100

or m

ore

days

133

9611

012

4-

6.8

Tot

al -

slue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

(m

illio

ns o

f dol

lars

)$

11.2

$12

.85

14.1

518

.867

.9

Tab

' ) 1

9. -

Agr

icul

tura

l Tre

nds

by C

alm

ly a

nd fo

r Ill

inoi

s, 1

950,

195

4, 1

959,

and

196

4 Ic

oncl

adoe

n

Per

cent

1950

1954

1959

1964

char

ge,

1950

.196

4

Put

nam

Cou

nty

Num

ber

of fa

rms

468

437

395

346

-26.

1P

erce

nt o

f lan

d in

farm

s87

.884

.286

.984

.4-

3.4

Ave

rage

siz

e of

farm

s (a

cres

)19

9.5

204.

723

3.7

259.

029

.8A

vera

ge v

alue

of l

and

and

build

ings

per

farm

538,

534

554,

502

592,

823

$ 95

,347

147.

4A

cres

har

vest

ed60

,000

58,0

0061

,000

61,0

001.

7A

vera

ge v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

per

farm

% 9

,6o

511,

375

516,

548

5 23

,061

13h.

0F

arm

ope

rato

rs w

orki

ng o

ff fa

rms

100

or m

ore

days

4440

5958

31.8

Tot

al v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

(m

illio

ns o

f dol

lars

)$

4.5

S5.

0S

6.5

$8.

077

.8

Iroq

uois

C.o

..ity

Num

ber

of fa

rm3,

526

3,09

42,

976

2,50

7-2

8.9

CZ

Per

cent

of l

and

in fa

rms

Ave

rage

site

orfa

rms

(acr

es)

94.6

192.

390

.320

9.7

94.0

226.

894

.126

9.6

-.5

39.8

CD

Ave

rage

val

ue o

f lan

d an

d bu

ildin

gs p

er fa

rm54

3,88

356

0,67

159

0,12

631

12,1

2415

5.5

Acr

es h

arve

sted

559,

000

532,

000

565,

000

546,

000

- 2.

3A

vera

ge v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

per

farm

S 8

,889

$12,

162

$12,

712

$ 22

,541

153.

6F

arm

ope

rato

rs w

orki

ng o

ff fa

rms

100

or m

ore

days

240

231

405

313

30.4

Tot

al v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

(m

illio

ns o

f dol

lars

)S

31.3

S37

.6S

37.8

$56

.580

.5Ill

inoi

sN

umbe

r of

farm

s19

5,26

817

6,54

315

5,64

413

3,82

2-3

1.8

Per

cent

of l

and

in fa

rms

86.5

84.9

84.7

83.7

- 2.

8A

vera

ge s

ize

orra

ms

(acr

es)

158.

617

3.2

196.

122

5.5

42.2

Ave

rage

val

ue o

f lan

d an

d bu

ildin

gs p

er fa

rm$2

8,35

711

40,9

6756

3,94

4$

80,8

9418

5.3

Acr

es h

arve

sted

(00

0,00

0)20

2121

200

Ave

rage

val

ue o

f pro

duct

s so

ld p

er fa

rm$

6,97

6$

8,57

751

1,70

8$

18,8

8017

0.6

Far

m o

pera

tors

wor

king

off

farm

s 10

0 or

mot

e da

ys33

,846

32,7

5035

,765

18,2

12-4

6.2

Tot

al v

alue

of p

rodu

cts

sold

(m

illio

ns o

f dol

lars

)S

1,3

60$

1,50

9$

1,81

4$

2,51

184

5

Sou

rce:

U.S

. Cen

sus

of A

gric

ultu

re.

40 BULLETIN No. 736

Table 20. Number of Farms by Acreage Sire Group,Bureau County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964

[December,

1950 1954 1959 1964

Percentchange,

1950-1964

Number of farms 2,904 2,735 2,585 2,237 -23.0Acres

Under 10.. 125 140 73 39 -68.810- 49 182 153 165 117 -35.750- 69 52 33 41 34 -34.670- 99 260 220 161 153 -41.2

100-139. 397 336 266 196 -90.6140 -179.. 663 639 555 419 -36.3180 -219.. 385 355 348 259 -32.7220-259 337 355 343 288 -14,5260-499 456 447 560 628 37.7503-999 44 55 72 96 118.2Above 999 3 2 1 8 166.7

Source: U.S. Census or Agriculture.

There has been a substantial increase in the numbers of farms in the500- to 999-acre gro,n in alt counties studied, ranging from 166 percentin Marshall County to 211 percent in Iroquois County. Farm numbersin the farm size over 1,000 acres have increased from 85 percent in IroquoisCounty to 100 percent in LaSalle County. The absolute increase in num-bers seas also largest in LaSalle County. The increase in farm numbershas speeded up since 1959 in the larger size groups.

Table 21. Number of Farms by Acreage Sire Group,LaSalle County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964

1950 1954 1959 1964

Percentchange,

1950-1964


Under 10 176 105 73 59 -66.510- 49 268 221 222 135 -49.050- 69 67 59 54 53 -20.970- 99 311 28/ 243 176 -43.4

100-139 427 394 332 225 -47.3140 -179 913 797 634 439 -51.9180-219 418 413 387 288 -35 7220 -239 462 462 438 389 -15.8260-199 613 671 773 868 41.6500-999 43 51 72 123 186.0Above 999 2 2 5 10 100.0

Source: U.S. Census or Agriculture.

40

1969] B.rOISE INDUSTRIALIZATION

Table 22. Nureker of Farms by Acreage Size Group,Marshal County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964

41

1950 1954 1959 1964

Percentchange,

1950-1964

Number of farms 1,190 1,111 1,029 914 23.2Acres

Under 10 81 53 19 25 69.110- 49 70 69 62 44 37.150- 69 21 18 15 13 38.170- 99 97 84 79 52 46,4

100-139 86 76 71 62 27.9140 -179 273 241 200 157180-219 126 113 96 80 36.5210-259 151 165 166 129 14.6260-499 259 260 277 295 13.9500-999 25 32 42 54 116.0Above 999 1 0 2 3 200.0

Source: U.S. Census of Agriculture.

The increase of farm operators working of their farms 100 days ormore (Table 19) shows the importance of the trend to larger fulls. Thistrend should be increasingly important with the creation of additionalemployment possibilities in industry in the community.

Farm operators in the experimental and control areas are in a strongeragricultural position than farmers in Illinois as a whole (Tables 19 to 25).

Table 23. Number of Forms by Acreage Size Group,Putnam County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964

1950 1954 1959 1964

Percentchange,

1950-1964

Number of farms 468 437 395 346 26.1Acres

Under 10 19 20 4 5 73.710- 49 31 32 27 24 22.654- 69 11 13 12 13 18.270- 99 39 33 24 19 51.3

100-139 63 .51 37 29 54.0140-179 85 76 72 51 40.018C -219 56 51 41 36 35,7220-259 56 50 57 45 19.6260 499 89 89 91 85 3.4503-999 17 21 23 34 100.0Above 9'99 2 1 4 4 100.0

Source:, U.S. Census of Agriculture.

42 BULLETIN No. 736

Table 24. - Numb's. of Farms by Acreage Silo Group,Iroquois County, 1950, 1954, 1959, and 1964

[December,

Percent1950 1954 1959 1964 change,

1950-1960


Under 10 190 122 119 65 -65.810- 49 198 132 155 97 -51.050- 69 44 28 40 19 -56.870- 99 242 196 182 132 -45.5

100-139 402 318 226 163 -59.5144-179 801 670 556 377 -52.91's0-219. 438 383 323 231 -47.3220-259 434 419 389 288 -33.6260-499 .33 728 836 913 29.9500-999 67 92 143 209 211.9Above 999 7 6 7 13 85.7

Source: U.S Census of Agriculture.

The average size of fann was larger in the study areas in 1950 and 1964than in the state as a whole; the average value of land and buildings wasgreater; the average value of products sold per farm was greater; and al-though farm numbers have decreased less rapidly than in the state as awhole, average farm size and products sold were still larger in the studyarea than in the state as a whole. Some of the differences come fromhigher agricultural productivity in the study area than in other parts ofthe state.

UM. 25. - Numbir of Fermi by Acreage SI:* Group,Minch, 1950,1954,1959, and 1964

1950 1954 1959 1964

Percentchange,

1950-1964


Under 10 14,009 11,225 6,245 4,380 -68.710- 49 27,966 21,883 18,668 14,418 -48.450-- 69 8,537 6,893 5,973 4,953 -42.070- 99. 20,551 17,135 14,106 11,367 -44.7

100-139 25,002 20,912 16,392 12,939 -48.2140-179 31,709 28,354 22,653 16,866 -46.8180-219 19,4-04 18,413 15,875 12,375 -36.2720-259 16,140 16,264 15,279 12,481 -22.7203-499 .. 27 65, 79,504 32,689 33,214 20.1500-999. 3,849 4,501 6,190 8,919 129.3Above 999 408 426 574 910 123.0

Source: U.S. Census of Agriculture

42


A summary of the general importance of the agricultural sector in theeconomic system of each of the counties being studied here can be ascer-tained by figuring the percent of total income derived from agricultuifor farm proprietors' inccme and farm wages. The percentages are asfollows: Putnam, 34.3 percent; Marshall, 29.7 percent; Iroquois, 28.8 pc :-cent; Bureau, 27.2 percent; LaSalle, 8.5 percent; and the state as a whole,3.1 percent. If the agricultural share of income due to properties andinvestments was added to these figures they would likely be substantiallyhigher in the more rural counties, such as the first four listed, but it islikely that the counties would still be listed in the same order for percentof income which is derived from agriculture.

With industrialization and greater local job opportunities, the declinein farm numbers in the smaller size groups may be arrested. Farms upto 180 acres are generally considered less than a full-time one-man job.Fann operators in these size groups could have a full-time off-farm joband stir continue farming. In the size group from 180 to 260 acres, afull-time off-farm job would be hard to hold while doing a good job offarming. In the next size group (260 to 499 acres), a full-time off-farmjob would not be possible along with the farm work without a great dealof hired farm labor. Operators of farms over 500 acres are not expectedto seek off-fain work except on a part-time seasonal basis on grain farms.

Thus a slowdown of decline in farm numbers in the size groups below180 acres, a continued decline in farm numbers in the size groups from180 to 499 acres, and a continued but slower increase in number of farmsover 500 acres in size may be expected. For farms to expand much above600 acres, the farm operator must begin hiring labor. Since the local priceof labor will rise with industrialization, increase in large farms will likelybe slowed, more capital substitution for labor will occur, and substitutionof less labor-intensive farm enterprises Will occur (e.g., grain farming in-stead of livestock farming).

The Contract-Construction SectorThe percentages of total personal income (Tables 7 to 12) provided

in 1965 by contractconstruction were as follows:

Illinois 3.8LaSalle 3.1Iroquois 2.1Bureau 2.2Nfa rshal I 1.7Putnam 1.2

these figures reflect only wages paid for contract-construction workin the study areas and may not accuratc1) ref? ct other kinds of capitalinvestment being made their. Still, the ranking would seem to indicatethat more construction is taking place in the state as a 5, hole or in indus-trialized areas like LaSalle County than in more rural areas. For example,

44 131214ATIN No. 736 [December,

the rank order of percentage of total personal income contributed by con-tract construction is almost the inserse of that noted for agricalture. Therelative contribution of contract-construction ,:ork to the economy ofPutnam County will probably increase sharply, in the figures for 1966 andlater because of construction associated with the J&L plant.

In all counties the number of contract-construction employees in-creased rapidly between 1947 and 1955, but declined between 1955 and1965 (Tables 13 to 18). The state shows the same pattern. The patternmay be due to the monthly employment levels from schich the averagemonthly employments were computed in the different years (entire year,1917; second six months, 1955; first quarter, 1965). The pattern does,however, seem to be verified in the estimates of personal income figures(Table 7 to 12).

The amount of contract construction is closely related to the economicgrowth rate in an area. Since construction for any specific investment isa one-time-only expenditure, a continuing high level of construction isindication of an expanding economy. In subsequent years the effect ofconstruction is a multiplier effect assuming continued full employment offacilities. The general economic growth in following years is dependenton preceding levels of construction.

One of the most important recent construction jobs (before the J&Lplant) that will have long-run effects is the limited-access highway U.S.80 which passes east and west through the north edge of the experimentalarea. This highway greatly reduces truck and auto travel time betweenthe Chicago metropolitan area and the tri-city area (Rock Island, Moline,and Davenport).

The Manufacturing (and Alining) SectorSince mining income has dwindled to a veri small proportion of the

income in all the counties being considered and in Illinois as a whole, itis being aggregated here with income derived from manufacturing.

Personal income from mining is not a very good measure of .ho con-tribution of mining to the economy because of high mechanization in themining industry. Most of the remaining mining in the area is surfacemining of gravel and cement lime. Both of these are as highly mechanizedas other strip-mining types of operations.

The ranking for the proportion of income derived from manufacturingand mining in 1965 (Tables 7 to 12) would then be:

L: Salle 33.4Illinois 26.0Bureau 16.0Marshall 10.9Iroquois 10.3Putnam .8

44

1969] BEFORE NM:ST/UAL! EAT/ ON 45

The remarkable change found in the data on proportion of incomeaccounted for by manufacturing and mining from 1955 to 1965 is theunexpected increase in the rural counties of Bureau, Marshall, and Iro-quois (Tables 7, 9, 11). In previously industrialized LaSalle County, theperiod 1917 to 1963 showed a small decline in people employed in manu-facturing (Table 31) while the proportion of income received within thecounty from manufacturing remained about the same (Table 8). InPutnam County, on the other hand, there has never been much manu-facturing and at some points in time no persons appear to have beenemployed by manufacturing plants (Table 31).

When these figures are compared with U.S. census figures on theindustry groups of employed people (Table 5), the only conclusion onecan reach is that a good deal of commuting across county lines to manu-facturing jobs must be taking place. In 1960, for example, 420 personslisted their industry group as manufacturing in Putnam County wherereports for total personal income paid out in the county show no manu-facturing income. The same kind of discrepancies are noted in Marshalland Bureau counties, though to a much smaller degree. Accounting forthe interregional transfer of income from its source or production to theplace of expenditure is easy when countries or relatively large regionsare the units of analysis, but becomes difficult vith smaller units such ascounties. The use of secondary data in conjunction with sample surveyscan specify such patterns of interchange,' but unfortunately the latterwere not available for this analysis.

Data on kinds of manufactur:og plants and numbers of employees(Tables 26 to 30) make possible the following descriptive summaries ofmanufacturing in each of the counties.

In Bureau County (Table 26) there has been a sharp decline in num-ber of food industry plants along with some decline in apparel and relatedproducts plants. Lumber and wood products industry completely disap-peared fmm the county between 1954 and 1963, along with stone, clay, andglass products manufacturing. However, the county has managed to showoverall industrial growth, especially in fabricated metal products produc-tion. Though there were no such plants in 1947, there were 13 in 1963.Also, six machinery plants were opened in the early 1950's.

Although the total number of plait.; has declined, the number ofemployees engaged in manufacturing has increased. This has occurredbecause there has been a large enough increase in numbers of plants hiringbetween 20 and 99 employees and those hiring 100 or more employees tooffset the decline in number of plants hiring 19 employees or less. Thischange in the structure of the manufacturing sector shows up in thefood, printing and pubIlvliing, and machinery industries. This structural

'S-ott Kees and Bcuy C Churchill. IntraCounty Allocation of County In-come Estimates: A Potential Tool for Local Economic Studies. University of Illi-nnis at Urbana-Champaign B ireau of Cr-mr iunity Planning. 1967.


Table 26. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Bureau County, 1947, 1954, and 1963

1947Employees

1934Employees

1963Employees

20- ver1-19 Over99 99 1-19 20.

99Over

99Over20-

99 99

Ordn?7,..e and ac cessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Foci.; and kindre i 15 1 0 11 2 0 1 3 1

Tobacco manufactures 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 J

Textile mill products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Apparel and related 2 2 0 0 1 0 1 1 0Lumber and wood 3 1 0 3 2 0 0 0 0

Furniture and fixtures ft 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Printing and publishing 7 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0

Chemicals and allied. 1 0 1 2 0 1 0 0 0Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0Stone, clay, and glass 6 1 0 4 1 0 0 0 0

Primary metals 0 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0Fabricated metal 0 0 0 1 1 1 8 4 1

Machinery (except electrical) 0 0 0 4 2 0 2 2 2

Electrical machinery 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0Transportation equipment 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0instruments and related 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0

Miscellaneous 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 1

Total 36 7 4 29 12 4 19 12 6

Source: U.S. Census of Manufactures.

change in the manufacturing sector parallels the structural change in thefarm sector were total number of farms is declining, but farm outputis increasing as average farm size increases.

In LaSalle County (Table 27) the largest number of plants has beenconcentrated in the food products category. However, the stone, clay, andglass industry group still is probably the real mainstay of manufacturing inthe county, with the number of plants remaining about the same and nineof them numbering over 100 employees in 1963. In fact, at least so ofthese plants had over 1,000 employees. The small number of apparel, lum-ber and wood, furniture, and paper and allied products manufacturers hasremained about the same since 1947. The few chemical plants haveremained much the same since 1947. There h .'s been a slow decline inpimary metal plants, wish only five remaining in 1963, while the numberof fabricated mttai products plants has remaine I about the same. The!low increase in non-electrical machinery manufacturing has brought thenumber of plants in that category to 18 in 1963. There are several largerelectrical machinery plants as well.

46

1969] BE FORE INDUSTRIALIZAT ION 47

Overall, in the 16-year period, there has been a proliferation of smallerindustrial plants in the county %,ith some decline in the number of largerones. However, several of the large plants have increased it size substan-tially. One plant in Ottawa, for example, has increased Com less than1,000 to over 2,000 employees, with output much more than doubledbecause of investment in improved equipment.

In Marshall County (Table 28) the overall number of industrial plantsis up slightly, but the character of manufacturing in the county has changed.The change in character has resulted from the addition of new industryrather than the decline of existing industrial plants. Since 1954, thecounty has o,lened its first chmical, rubber or plastic, fabricated metal,non-electrical machinery, and transportation equipment plants. Thenumber of stcne, clay, or glass plants has grown to three.

In Putnam County (Table 29) only one industrial plant was reportedthrough 1954, a printing and publishing plant. Between 1954 and 1963 afood plant, a paper or allied products plant, and a stone, clay, or glass plantappeared, all having fewer than 20 employees.

Table 21. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,LaSalle County, 1941, 1954, and 1963

1947:mployccs

1954Employees

1963Employees

1.1.4 2099

Over99 1 -19 20-

99Over

991_19 20-

99Over

99

Ordnance and accessories .. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Food and kindred 18 12 0 25 7 3 21 10 2Tobacco nanufactures 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Textile mill products 0 0 9 0 0 0 3 I 0Apparel and related 1 4 2 4 2 2 2 4 0Lumber and wood 3 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0

Furniture and fixtures 0 I 1 0 2 0 1 0 1

Paper and allied ...... 1 1 2 0 0 2 1 0 2Printing and publishing II 4 I 15 4 I 12 4 1

Chemicals and allied 3 2 1 0 3 1 3 3 1

Petroleum and coal products 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1

Stone, clay, and glass II 3 10 10 3 10 11 2 9

Primary metals 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 2 1

Fabricated metal 4 3 2 9 4 2 7 4 2Machinery (except electrical/ 7 8 I 8 6 2 10 7 1

Electrical machinery I 0 2 0 0 3 1 I 3

Transportation equipment I I 1 2 (1 1 4 1 1

Instruments and related 0 0 2 0 0 1 I 1 1

Miscellaneous 2 3 1 2 1 1 5 0 0Total 69 43 .0 78 35 33 85 42 27

Source: U.S. Gen.. d Mandaciurrs.

48 Buttxrug No. 735 [December,

Table 19. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Marshall County, 1947, 1954, and 1963

1947Employees

1954Employees

1963Employees

1.19 20-99

Over99 1-1S

20-99

Over99

1-19 20-99

Over99

Ordnance and accessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Food and kindred 3 1 0 4 1 0 2 1 0Tobacco manufactures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Textile mill products 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1

Apparel and related 0 1 0 0 3 0 0 1 0Lumber and wood 0 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0

Furniture and fixtures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Printing and publishing 4 0 (.1 3 0 0 3 0 0

Chemicals and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0Petroleum and coal product, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Stone, clay, and glass 1 1 0 1 1 0 2 1 0

Primary metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fabricated metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Machinery (except electrical) 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0

Electrical machinery 0 0 0 G 0 0 0 0 0Transportation equipment 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0Instruments and related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total 9 3 0 II 5 1 13 4 1

&Lace: U.S. Census of Manufacture.

Iroquois County (Table 30) has shown an overall increase in thenumber of small manufacturing plants, However, the number of food-producing plants dropped from eight to four between 1917 and 1963. In1963 only one apparel plant Was left. On the growth side, there has beena slow increase in the number of lumber and wood products plants to five.The number of printing and pui,lishing plants has remained the same,although now one of these has changed from the 20- to 99-employee sizegroup to the over 100-employee sire group. There are now two chemicalplants, as well as sot new, small non-electrical machinery plants and twonew transportation equipment plants. One large fabricated metal productsplant has group employ over 10') persons, while the other still employesless than 20.

Gains recorded in LaSalle County in payroll and value added between1917 and 1963 are under those of the state as a whole and far below thelarge gains in Bureau, Iroquois, and Marshall counties (Table 31). Further,

48

19691 BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 49

capital expenditures in relation to value added is most striking in IroquoisCounty for 1963 where the ratio is 12 to 1, while it is almost 20 to 1 in theother counties and in the state. There are several possible explanations forthis finding, none of which can be adequately tested with the data available.First, the low ratio could be due to recent heavy investment in two largeelectrical machinery- plants (Table 30) which by 1963 had not begun toproduce returr.s large enough to offset the initial expenditure. Second, thepresence of labor - intensive industry could contribute to the same result.Finally, with a relatively low capital investment base new expenditureswould initially have a negative impact on the ratio.

Manufacturing establishments were of considerable importance to theeconomy in LaSalle County, of increasing importance to the economics inBureau, Marshall, and Iroquois counties, and were virtually unimportantM Putnam County in 1963.

Table 29.. . Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Putnam County, 1947, 1954, and 1963

1947Employees

1954Employees

1963Employees

1-1920-99

O ver99

1_19 20-99

Over99

1-19 20-99

Over99

Ors'etalce and accessories... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Food ...id kindred 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Tobact) manutn,' ire:, 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Textile mill products. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Apparel and related 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Lumber and wood 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Furniture and fixtures .... 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0Printing and publishing 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Chemicals and allied 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber and plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Stone, clay, and gl?..1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0

Primary metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Fabricated metal 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Nfachinery (except electrical) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Electrical ma.^.hiner: 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Transportation equipment 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Instrument . end related t.) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0'Miscellaneous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Total I 0 0 1 0 0 3 0 0

Sarre: U.S. Census of Mk .dictum.

43

fi

50 &immix No. 736 [December,

The Trade and Commercial SectorThere are more data available on trade than any other sector of the

economy except the government. The percentages of total personal in-come provided in 1965 by trade were (Tables 7 to 12):

Illinois 12.2Iroquois 8.0LaSalle 7.5Marshall 7.2Bureau 6.8Putnam 5.3

Iroquois County has shown an increase in personal income from tradesince 1945 that ranks above the state increase (Tables 11 and 12). Mar-shall, Putnam, Bureau, and LaSalle counties, on the other hand, have beenfar below the state increase, although they have shown small gains in per-sonal income.

There are three sources that expose patterns of retail trade in the areas

1-51. 30. --Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employees,Iroquois County,1947, 1954, and 5963

1947Employees

1954Employees

1963Employees

1-19 20-99

Ovcr99 1.19 20-

99Over

99 1-19 20-99

Over99

Ordnance and accessories 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Focd and kindred 5 2 1 8 1 1 1 2 1

Tobacco manufactures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Textile mill products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Apparel and related 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0Lumber and wood 0 1 0 3 0 0 4 1 0

Furniture and fixtures 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Paper and allied 0 0 U 0 0 0 0 0 0Printing and publishing 6 1 0 6 1 1 6 0 1

Chemicals and allied.. 0 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0Petroleum and coal products 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Rubber aid plastics 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Stone, clay, and glass 3 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0Primary metals 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 01- abricated metal 1 0 0 2 0 0 1 0 1

Machinery (except electrical) 0 0 0 1 0 0 6 0 0Electrical machinery 0 0 1 0 0 2 0 0 2Transportation equipment . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0Instruments and related 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0

Nliscellancous 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0Tot al 15 5 2 24 3 4 24 5 5

Suaret US. Cenrus ol Nfaaufactures.

50

1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIALrATION 51

Table 31.- Alanvfacr.rring Establishments, Employees, Payroll, Value Added,and Capital .'xpenditures by County, 1947,1954, and 1963

Numbers or 3000 Percentincrease,

1947 1954 1963 1947-1963

Bureau CountyEstablishments 47 45 37 -21Establishments, 20 emplu,ces or more 11 16 18 64Employees. 1,602 1,787 2,075 30Payroll 3,694 6,740 9,753 164Value added by manufactures, ad-

justed. 6,934 13,411 23,145 234Capital expenditures, new NR 568 1,367 ..

LaSalle CountyEstablishments 142 146 154 8Establishments, 20 employees or more 73 68 69 --5Employees... 17,221 17,585 15,233 -12Payroll 44,459 74,361 86,810 95Value added by manufactures, ad

justed. 100,280 163,114 203,405 :03Capital expenditures, new NR 8,051 10,999

Marshall CountyEstablishments 12 17 18 50Establishments, 20 employees or more 3 6 S 67Employees 412 610 658 60Payroll 877 1,777 3,008 243Value added by manufactures, ad-

justed. 1,873 2,658 5,548 196Capital expenditures, new NR 100 391

Putnam. CountyEstablishments I 1 3 200Establishments, 20 employees or more 0 0 0 0Employees NR NR 7

Payroll NR NR 17Value added by manufactures, ad

justed. NR NR 50Capital expenditures, new NR NR 3

Iroquois CountyEstablihments 22 31 34 55Establishments, 20 employees or more 7 7 10 43Employees 955 1,185 1,963 106Payroll 2,024 3,288 7,755 283Value added by manufactures, ad-

justed. 3,378 6,445 11,745 248Capital expenditures, new NR 140 1,023

IllinoisEstablishments 15,988 17,628 19,952 19Establishments, 20 employeeS Or more NR NR 6,973Employees (total number) 1,18,,,820 1,177,933 1,210,802 2Payroll 3,585,000 5,137,000 7,558,000 111Value added by manufactures, ad-

justed 6,680,000 9,669,000 14,640,000 119Capital expenditures, new NR 551,882 775,512

Source: I? S. Cons» of Manufactures,Value added by manufacture' is deri-ed by subtracting the fetal cost of materials (including

maceriab, supplies, fuel, electric energy, cost of resales and eniseenateous receipts) from the salveof shipments riochithrig resoles) and other receipts and adjoiting she resoluta amount by thevalue change in finished products end work-inprocess in.entories between the begianins and endof the r-u. ibis is the best asilable measure for salve added for compering erorromic importanceof industries.

51

52 BLLLETIN No. 736 [December,

under consideration. Table 32 summarizes data from state sales tax collec-tions by county and incorporated place. Table 33 summarizes the U.S.Census or Business data on the number of retail establishments and salesvolume. Table 34 summarizes Sales Management Magazine's Survey ofBuying Power estimates of retail sales.

Data for the latest year available in each of these sources give exactlythe same rank order of counties in terms of sales, number of establish-ments, and sales-tax receipts. LaSalle ranks far above the others. Bureauis next, with Iroquois only slightly behind, while Marshall and Putnamrank far behind the others (Tables 32 to 34).

To summarize trend lines on the various factors relevant to retailsales, ranking: were drawn up on the percent increase or decrease innumber of taxpayers, tax receipts, sales, and number of retail establish-ments. The rankings in terms of percent change were as follows:

Number of taxpayers (number of establishments submitting tax rev-enue; percent of change, 1950 to 1965) :

Putnam 39.0Iroquois 34.0Marshall 31.6Bureau 26.0Illinois 21.9La Salle 14.4

Ta.s: receipts (percent of change, 1950 to 1965) :

Illinois 258.8LaSalle 195.6Iroquois 192.1Bureau 172.0Putnam 165.2Marshall 146.0

Sales (percent of change, 1948 to 1963) :

Illinois 72.5Iroquois 63.5LaSalle 58.1Marshall 55.0Bureau 51.2Putnam 12.6

Number retail establishments (percent of change, 1948 to 1963) :

Iroquois 1.8Illinois 1.2Marshall 10.1LaSalle 11.1Bureau 18.1Putnam 20.3

52

1969] BEFORE IMDL SIR IALI ZA TION 53

In terms of number of taxpayers, the greatest percentage growth hasoccurred in the more rural areas Putnam, Iroquois, Marsha!', andBureau counties. However, in terms of percentage increase in tax receipts,the greatest change is found in the more industrialized areasLaSalleCounty and Illinois. Percentage increase in sales also would indicate thatit is the more industrialized areas that show the greatest growth in thetrade sector.

A trend to fewer but larger establishments is found in the trade andcommercial sector as %veil as in agriculture. The number of retail estab-lishments has declined in all areas considered except Iroquois County, ac-cording to Sales Management Magazine figures (Table 33). The differencebetween this trend and the increased number of taxpayers noted above isevidently to be found in the rigid exclusion of wholesale stores and manu-facturers from the Sales Management data. Thus, the number of actualretail outlets is almost half the number of taxpayers.

Several generalizations then seem to emerge concerning the importanceof trade and commerce to the areas being studied. Trade \vas playing anincreasingly important role in the control area, with Watseka showing veryconsiderable grow th. In Bureau and Marshall counties trade was providingfor an increased proportion of the county's economy, but the growth rateswere not nearly as significant as in Iroquois. In LaSalle, 'where tradeplayed a more important role in the economy to begin with, it has showna small overall decline in importance in comparison with other segments ofthe economy.

Finally, in Putnam County the picture was mixed. The fluctuationfrom year to year in number of retail establishments and number of statesales-tax payers appears radical in terms of percentage, but the closing oropening of only a few establishments can skew the picture when there issuch a small trade base to begin with. There does appear, however, tohave been a recent increase in the number of retail outlets in the county(1963-1965). But in terms of growth of sales or tax receipts, as well as interms of absolute amounts of sates or sales tax collected it is r ne of thelowest counties in the state. Finally, it appears that establishment of newretail outlets is following the movement of population to the less industrialcounties, but the volume of sales is still concentrated in the establishedretail and trade centers. This pattern resembles the inner-city to suburbanmovement of retail outlets in more urbanized arras.

The Finance, Insurance, and Real Estate Sector'1usinesses in this sector are of primary importance in that they are

interconnected with all other sectors of the economic system. this sectoris the source of three of the most important inputs to businesses i t almostall other economic sectors. These inputs are operating and long-term in-\rstments, capital, and real estate. Businesses in this sector are, therefore,catalytic or multiplicative in their effect on the rest of the economic system.11th sector is far more important to the whole economy than the amount of

53

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955,

196

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nd 1

965,

With

Per

cent

of

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ease

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stin

eed)

1950

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55°

1960

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65"

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ent

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55-1

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1960

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259

Tab

le 3

2. S

olos

-Tax

Pay

ees

and

Res

olpt

s by

Gan

dy a

nd In

corp

orat

ed A

na, 1

950,

195

5, 1

960,

and

196

5, W

ith P

erce

nt o

f Inc

reas

e (c

oncl

uded

/

1950

.19

55"

1960

196.

5"P

erce

ntP

erce

ntin

crea

se,

1950

1955

"19

60°

1965

'in

crea

se,

1955

.196

519

55-1

965

Illin

ois

Tot

al a

vera

ge n

umbe

r ta

xpay

ers

138,

000

133,

423

140,

521

168,

244

26.1

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al ta

x re

ceip

ts (

008,

000)

' . ..

.518

1$

245

S38

5$

649

164.

9G

ener

al m

eres

andi

se24

3044

8117

0.0

Foo

d40

IC.

8899

76.3

Drin

king

and

eat

ing

plac

es20

2840

5285

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ppar

elF

urni

ture

, hou

seho

ld, r

adio

119

14 1221 17

29 2310

7.1

91 .7

Lum

ber,

bui

ldin

g, h

ar.w

are

1114

1957

307.

1A

utom

otiv

e,fil

ling

stat

ions

. ,32

4566

123

173.

3M

ax. r

eaZ

. who

lesa

le s

tore

s18

5061

C4

28.0

Mis

cella

neou

s.(')

(')("

)20

1Via

nula

ctur

ers

1517

2871

....

Mow

ry:

Illin

ois

Dep

artm

ent o

fR

even

ue,

Rec

eipt

s Fr

om R

emile

n O

ccup

atio

n T

ao.

1.11

41 c

olle

etio

n in

to w

as 7

per

cent

.01

5 co

llect

ion

rate

was

2pe

rcen

t thr

ough

Jun

e 30

th, 2

Y, p

erce

nt a

fter

Jul

y I.

rid)

col

lect

ion

rate

was

1 p

erce

nt.

1'11

5 co

llect

ion

rate

ais

s 3.

/, pe

rcen

t.M

anul

actit

nrn

wer

e co

mbi

ned

with

Mis

cella

neou

s un

til 1

965.

Tax

nra

ripe

e le

e lu

nd o

f lu

mne

ww

ellno

t usu

ally

add

to e

qual

the

Tot

alT

..R

ecei

pts

for

the

coun

ty o

r in

corp

orat

ed p

lace

sin

cesu

chda

ta a

re o

ften

not

rep

orte

d fo

rta

mpe

rers

io s

mal

l com

mun

ities

to p

rote

ct th

eir

iden

tity.

How

ever

, the

tax

rece

ipts

fro

m s

uch

sour

ces

are

incl

uded

in th

e to

tal.

Whe

re r

ecei

pts

for

all b

usin

esse

sar

ere

port

ed. s

ome

smel

l dis

crep

anru

, may

als

ore

sult

from

rou

ndin

g er

ten,

Tab

le 3

3. -

Wai

l Tra

de P

atte

nss,

by

Cou

nty

and

Typ

e of

Est

ablis

hmen

t, 19

48, 1

954,

195

8, a

nd 1

963,

With

Per

cent

of I

ncre

ase,

194

8 to

196

3

Bur

eau

Cou

nty

LaS

alle

Cou

nty

1948

1954

1958

1963

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

48-1

963

1948

1954

1958

1963

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

48-1

963

Num

ber

or $

000

Num

ber

or $

000

Ret

ail e

stab

lishm

ents

659

561

591

534

-18,

91,

530

1,50

31,

254

1,41

3-

7.6

Ret

zil s

ales

32,3

5938

,004

41,8

1741

,013

51.5

105,

040

132,

791

139,

482

163,

712

55.9

Ret

ail f

irm

s, p

ayro

ll (e

ntir

e ye

ar).

2,29

62,

943

3,27

43,

749

63,5

10,2

5812

,416

13,8

5716

,599

61.8

Ret

ail f

irm

s, e

mpl

oyee

s1,

424

1,16

11,

248

1,27

1-1

0.7

5,49

65,

061

5,31

25,

281

- 3.

9Sa

les

by C

ateg

orie

s:L

umbe

rE

stab

lishm

ents

.92

8165

58-3

6.9

117

120

112

108

- 7.

7Sa

les.

8,17

98,

420

8,06

26,

540

-20.

013

,790

14,5

6115

,202

16,5

3219

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ener

al m

erch

andi

seE

stab

lishm

ents

2420

1916

-.33

.347

4445

36-2

3.4

Sale

s1,

435

1,48

81,

432

2,10

546

.79,

848

9,77

510

,598

13,8

9741

.1Fo

od F,st

ablis

hmen

ts13

610

687

76-4

4.1

350

260

2120

4-4

1.7

Sale

st.u

tom

otiv

e6,

557

8,37

58,

330

10,2

8456

.826

,670

29,5

6835

,134

39,9

3749

.7

Est

ablis

hmen

ts39

3539

28-2

8,2

102

9385

7r-2

7.5

Sale

s,4,

737

7,41

97,

237

8,67

183

.0:5

,369

24,5

8222

,801

27,9

6381

.9G

as s

tatio

nsE

stab

lishm

ents

8249

6968

-17.

115

112

413

513

5-1

0.6

Sale

s2,

385

2,28

03,

963

4,53

790

.25,

297

7,28

810

,379

11,2

7711

2.9

App

arel

Est

ablis

hmen

ts34

2527

28-1

7,6

108

121

114

111

2.8

Sale

s1,

048

839

1,65

21,

690

61.3

7,76

98,

320

9,48

510

,939

40.4

Furn

iture

, hom

e fu

rnis

hing

_ s

Est

ablis

hmen

ts38

2933

35-

7.9

7691

9683

9.2

Sale

s,.

1,44

51,

052

1,11

71,

938

34 1

6,04

07,

080

7,92

26,

928

14.7

Eat

ing,

dri

nkin

g pl

aces

Eita

blis

hmen

ts15

212

614

713

411

.839

538

637

936

2-

8.5

Saks

3,06

33,

029

3,82

14,

451

45.2

9,98

314

,829

12,7

7012

,967

29.9

Dru

g st

ores

, pro

pric

tory

sto

res

Est

ablis

hmen

ts19

1918

12-3

6.8

3539

3437

5.7

Sale

s50

674

11,

141

1,08

811

5.0

2,83

74,

237

3,94

85,

134

80.9

Oth

er r

etai

lE

stab

lishn

.ent

s43

4967

6141

.914

916

119

820

537

.6Sa

les

3,00

23,

826

4,81

07,

286

142.

77,

417

10,5

359,

805

14,3

3293

.2N

on-s

tore

ret

aile

rsE

stab

lishm

ents

NR

2220

18W

I64

3558

Sale

sN

R53

525

242

3N

R2,

016

1,43

83,

806

noon

See

foot

note

s on

p. 6

0.

CO 3

Tab

le 3

3.--

Ret

ail T

ra le

Pat

tern

s, b

y C

ount

y an

d T

ype

of E

stab

lishm

ent,

1948

, 195

4,W

ith P

erce

nt o

f Inc

reas

e, 1

948

to 1

953

(con

tinue

d)19

58, a

nd 1

963,

Mar

shal

l Cou

nty

Putn

am C

ount

y

1948

1954

1958

1963

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

48-1

963

1948

1954

1958

1963

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

48-1

963

Num

ber

or $

000

Num

ber

or $

000

Ret

ail e

stab

lishm

ents

.20

718

219

317

6-1

5.0

7973

6463

-20.

3R

etai

l sal

es10

,617

12,7

7117

,026

16,4

5655

.02,

893

2,58

43,

548

3,25

612

.5R

etai

l fir

ms,

pay

roll

(ent

ire

year

) .

..

.71

194

31,

310

1,36

892

.425

012

721

721

912

.4R

etai

l fir

ms,

em

ploy

ees

494

453

529

503

1 .8

114

6510

797

-14.

9Sa

les

by c

ateg

orie

s:L

umbe

rE

stab

ushm

euts

3635

3633

- 8.

312

88

8-3

3.3

Sale

s2,

814

3,61

55,

213

4,23

950

.647

030

537

879

068

.1G

ener

al m

erch

andi

seE

stab

lishm

ents

910

78

-11.

13

21

3.0

Sale

s72

379

576

976

76.

110

3(t

)(t

)71

-31.

1Fo

od Est

ablis

hmen

ts39

1818

18-5

3.8

1710

119

-47.

1Sa

les

2,74

92,

176

3,00

43,

278

19.2

664

672

921

924

39.2

Aut

omot

ive

F.st

ablis

hmen

ts14

i315

11-2

1.4

11

22

100.

0Sa

les

1,66

72,

494

2,17

52,

008

20.5

(')0

(9

(G

as s

tatio

nsE

stab

lishm

ents

2522

2319

-24.

011

94

8-2

7.3

Saks

678

919

1,11

81,

367

101.

615

525

087

301

94.2

App

arel

Est

ablis

hmen

tsSa

les.

.5 83

817

711

288

518

9.0

127.

71 (.)

1

(.9

0 01 (t)

Furn

iture

, nom

e fu

rnis

hing

sE

stab

Esh

men

ts12

1213

7-4

1.7

00

10

Sale

s21

831

831

423

47.

00

(t)

0. .

. .E

atin

g, d

rink

ing

plac

esE

stab

lishm

ents

5243

444'

- 9.

630

3426

25-1

6.7

Sale

s1,

130

1,22

11,

409

1,64

145

.240

068

054

256

641

.5D

rug

star

es, p

ropr

ittor

y st

ores

Est

ablis

hmen

ts4

55

525

.01

00

210

0.0

Sale

s18

233

239

744

514

4.5

(')0

0(t

)O

ther

ret

ail

Est

ablis

hmen

ts11

1212

2190

.93

611

566

.7Sa

les

373

678

(°)

0(e

)38

61,

315

(')...

.N

on-s

tore

ret

aile

rsE

stab

lishm

ents

NR

49

2N

R2

00

Saks

NR

46(*

)(.

)N

R(')

00

Sre

foot

note

s on

p

Tab

le 3

3.R

etai

l Tro

d. P

atte

rns,

by

Cou

nty

and

Typ

o of

Esl

oblig

hnio

nt, 1

946,

193

4, 1

950,

and

196

3,W

itt. P

orta

nt o

f in

crea

se, 1

946

to 1

963

teei

nclu

dod)

Iroq

uois

Cou

nty

Illin

ois

1948

1954

195d

1963

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

48-1

963

1948

1954

1958

1963

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

48 -

1963

Num

ber

or $

000

Num

ber

or $

000

Ret

ail e

stab

lishm

ents

.44

944

944

745

71.

810

3,40

599

,669

98,1

7292

,203

-.10

.8R

etai

l sal

es29

,196

35,3

1937

,789

49,2

0668

.58,

804

11,2

1512

,999

14,7

7967

.9R

etai

l fir

ms,

pay

roll

(ent

ire

year

)2,

094

2,69

43,

245

4,19

710

0.4

1,07

71,

252

1,45

21,

775

64.8

Ret

ail f

irm

s, e

mpl

oyee

s1,

307

1,14

91,

366

1,32

21.

149

9,66

046

3,80

849

7,54

852

4,18

34.

9Sa

les

by c

ateg

orie

s:L

umbe

rE

stab

lishm

ents

6958

5961

-11.

66,

196

6,22

56,

655

5,77

6-

6.8

Sale

s7,

970

8,18

73,

437

10,4

3130

.968

981

490

187

727

.3G

ener

al m

erch

andi

seE

stab

lishm

ents

1920

1514

-26.

32,

893

3,10

73,

169

2,80

6-

3.0

Sale

s1,

490

1,60

21,

086

927

-37.

81,

512

1,10

81,

305

1,83

021

.0Fo

od

CT

)E

stab

lishm

ents

Sale

s85

6,13

057

5,85

753

7.79

451

8,54

9-4

0,0

39.5

27,3

271,

918

20,7

E4

2,41

418

,068

'2,9

2415

,108

3,30

5-4

4.7

72.3

C)

Aut

omot

ive

Est

ablis

hmen

ts35

3133

32-

8.6

4,64

24,

349

4,40

24,

560

1.8

Sate

s4,

076

5,18

74,

905

7,65

287

.71,

254

1,80

51,

802

2,62

610

9.4

Gas

sta

tiors

F.st

ablis

nmen

ts69

6049

701.

49,

164

8,92

09,

915

9,90

98.

1Sa

les

2,38

12,

600

3,42

55,

526

132.

139

360

583

296

314

5.0

App

arzl

Est

ablis

hmen

ts19

1818

18-

5.3

7,77

97,

589

7,37

86,

781

-14.

7Sa

les

822

822

976

1,44

675

,971

675

484

289

124

.4Fu

rnitu

re, h

ome

furn

ishi

ngs

Est

ablis

hmen

ts13

2925

1730

.84,

615

5,47

74,

676

4,81

04.

2Sa

les

591

984

1,00

61,

136

92.2

408

518

620

597

46.3

Eat

ing.

dri

nkin

g pl

aces

Est

ablis

hmen

ts92

9313

410

716

.324

,623

22,2

8322

,741

21,4

84-1

2.7

Sale

s2,

215

3,52

64,

623

4,09

084

.783

81,

013

1,09

71,

949

49.0

Dru

g st

ores

, pro

prie

tory

sto

res

Est

ablis

hmen

ts13

138

12-

7_7

3,29

43,

171

3,14

93,

033

- 7.

9Sa

les

529

672

614

715

35.2

260

333

432

560

115.

4O

ther

ret

ail

Est

ablis

hine

ms

3547

3759

68.6

12,8

87a.

12,8

2113

,573

13,2

092.

6Sa

les

2,99

25,

310

5,78

87,

650

155,

799

71,

176

1,22

349

.9N

on-s

tore

ret

zile

rsE

stab

lishm

ents

NR

2316

16N

R4,

962

4,44

64,

727

Sale

sN

R57

21,

135

1,08

4N

R85

41,

068

678

SOU

K, U

.S. C

.o..

of B

usin

ess.

Est

ablis

hmen

ts =

Num

ber

of e

stab

lishm

ents

rep

ortin

g du

ring

tSis

'ear

,Sa

les

= T

otal

sal

es f

or th

e ye

w.

With

held

to a

void

iden

tifyi

ng in

divi

dual

bus

itses

ses.

2 0 is

Tab

le 3

4. -

-Sal

es M

arse

rgow

nani

Mag

azin

e R

etai

l Sal

es E

stim

ates

by

Cou

nty,

195

0,19

55,1

960,

and

196

5, W

ith P

orta

nt e

Inc

reas

e, 1

955

to 1

965

1950

1955

1960

(500

0)19

65Pe

rcen

tin

crea

se,

1955

-196

519

5019

5519

60(5

000)

1965

Perc

ent

incr

ease

,19

55-1

965

C>

)

Bur

eau

Cou

nty

LaS

alle

Cou

nty

Tot

al33

,772

39,9

6540

,453

53,5

8334

.110

9,89

913

8,42

214

5,23

219

4,95

040

.8E

atin

g an

d dr

inki

ng p

lace

sN

R3,

050

3,71

55,

131

68.2

NR

14,7

6012

,937

15,9

858.

3G

ener

al m

erch

andi

se1,

317

1,92

11,

747

2,91

151

.59,

038

12,0

4412

,779

22,0

0782

.7A

ppar

elN

R86

21,

605

1,67

494

.2N

R8,

470

9,77

112

,509

47.7

Furn

iture

, hou

sew

ares

1,58

31,

125

1,03

22,

174

93.2

6,61

77,

503

7,81

78,

534

13.7

Aut

omot

ive

6,71

38,

622

7,04

210

,063

16.7

21,8

5628

,335

25,3

1035

,187

24.2

CPS

sta

tic. I

sN

R2,

375

3,93

94,

858

104.

5N

R7,

531

10,7

6213

,192

75.2

Dru

gs44

975

51,

198

1,20

259

.22,

515

4,28

04,

318

6,04

941

.3Fo

od.

6,57

88,

460

8,17

311

,050

30.6

26,6

5729

,309

35,4

7146

,303

58.0

Lum

ber,

bui

ldin

g, h

ardw

are

NR

.8,

617

7,36

26,

883

-20.

1N

R14

,780

15,3

5418

,915

28.0

'a

Mar

shal

l Cou

nty

Putn

am C

ount

yT

otal

11,0

1113

,584

16,

441

17,5

2329

.03,

030

2,57

63,

481

3,49

635

.7E

atin

g an

d dr

inki

ng p

lace

sN

R1,

238

1,33

31,

829

47.7

NR

659

517

637

- 3.

3C

DG

crer

al m

erch

andi

se66

487

52,

209

982

12.2

9513

589

83-3

8.5

i)"

"4A

ppar

elN

R18

427

319

98.

2N

R29

037

27.6

gFu

rnitu

re, h

ouse

war

es23

934

328

726

024

.20

082

014

Aut

omot

ive

2,36

32,

928

2,22

32,

295

-21.

6N

R.

9812

929

019

5.9

0G

as s

tatio

nsN

R96

71,

080

1,43

748

.6N

R25

285

320

27.0

Z

Dru

gs15

434

240

048

040

.4N

R40

066

65.0

Food

2,74

72,

221

2,81

64,

334

95.1

664

655

081

524

.4L

umbe

r, b

uild

ing,

har

dwar

eN

R3,

738

4,96

93,

451

7.7

NR

301

3G4

981

225.

9

Iroq

uois

Cou

nty

Illin

ois

Tot

al30

,573

37,9

0537

,461

52,3

7538

.29,

101

11,9

0513

,386

17,7

9751

.0E

atin

g an

d dr

inki

ng p

lace

sN

R3,

355

4,46

24,

538

35.3

NR

1,04

31,

161

1,51

245

.0G

ener

al m

erch

andi

se1,

367

2,29

92,

234

2,32

51.

11,

439

1,89

72,

328

3,62

691

.1

App

arel

NR

866

950

1,53

176

.8N

R80

388

51,

007

25.7

Furn

iture

, hou

sew

ares

647

1,08

094

81,

263

16.9

442

562

629

714

27.0

Aut

omot

ive

5,77

66,

190

5,16

48,

777

41.8

1,77

72,

148

2,06

23,

242

50.9

Cas

sta

tions

NR

2,78

23,

396

5,76

810

7.3

NR

648

907

1,10

670

.7D

rugs

469

703

640

771

9.7

227

349

490

655

87.7

Food

6,12

76,

074

7,51

28,

994

48.1

1,91

42,

500

3,08

63,

788

51.5

Lum

ber,

bui

ldin

g, h

ardw

are.

..N

.17,

8,60

38,

229

10,6

1023

.3Nit

852

962

977

14.7

Sour

ce:

Sole

s M

anag

emen

t Mag

azin

e. S

urve

y of

Buy

ing

Pow

er.


personal income generated by the sector would suggest. Generally, also,many of the economic decisions in all sectors arc strongly influei.ced bypersons in business in the finance sector.

In all the counties being considered here (Tables 7 to 12) the propor-tion of income from finance, insurance, and real estate does not approachthe state average (around 3.5 percent), but property income far exceedsthe proportion of state income from property (around 14.5 percent). Intraditionally agricultural areas, such as the experimental and control areas,the income from property, mainly farm property, is relatively high.

Significantly, income from property and from finance, insnrance, andreal estate combined constitutes a larger share of the income for IroquoisCounty than any other in the study. The ranking of the counties on personalincome from these sources in 1965 (Tables 7 to 12) appears as follows:

Iroquois 17.8I Ilinois 17.7Putnam 16.1Bureau 15.4LaSalle 15.1Marshall 14.7

The proportion of income from these sources has declined significantlyfor all counties under consideration here, while total income has increased.The county experiencing the greatest change has been Marshall, which hadabout one quarter of its income from these sources in 1950, but in 1965received only about 15 percent. Bureau and Putnam counties have showndeclines in the relative importance of this portion of the economy to thewhole, but these declines were not so radical as in Marshall County. La-Salle County, however, has remained fairly constant in terms of the pro-portion of income provided by these sources.

The control area, Iroquois County, has also shown a decline in the im-portance of these sources. This decline was about like those in Bureau andPutnam counties.

Wages from institutions in this category have always constituted a veryswan proportion of personal income in any county being considered (Ta-bles 13 to 18).

Data from banks and savings and loan associations (Tables 35 and 36)are useful indicators of changes in the economic system as a whole. Inperiods of intense economic activity, the loans and discounts of bankingestablishments can be expected to increase rapidly, with total resourcesincreasing at the same time. Sayings and loan associations should showgrowth in such periods as well. The time trend of deposits and loans isimportant, but perhaps just as important is the proportion of total re-sources in loans and discounts. The bank loan ratio is an indication ofseveral things: (1) the relative conscry atisin of the persons operating the

62


financial institutions, (2) alternative investment opportunities outside thearea, and (3) the pressure of the community for loans for local growth.

Loans and discounts increased more rapidly for Putnam County (Table35) than any other county in the survey from 1960 to 1966 and 1945 to1966. Since Putnam has been almost entirely agricultural, this trend mustbe linked to the agricultural sector. Along with this increase in loans, therewas also a greater increase in farm size in Putnam County than in theother counties. In fact it is the only county of those studied where farmnumbers decreased in an size categories below 500 acres and increased inonly the two large size categories farms from 500 to 999 acres and those1,000 acres or over. For such rapid expansion of firm size to occur in anysector, large amounts of capital are required.

Deposits and total resources also showed the most growth in PutnamCounty (total resources include deposits, capital stock, and surplus). Thiswould indicate that the people remaining in that county extended theircontrol over much greater amounts of resources per person or family (popu-lation of the county decreased 16.8 percent from 1940 to 1960). Elsewherein the study area, Bureau and Marshall county banks show roughly thesame pattern in growth of deposits, total resources, and loans and discounts.LaSalle County, however, showed a disproportionate growth in loans anddiscounts from 1945 to 1966. This reflects the industrial development thathas taken place there in the last 20 years. Himcver, the increase in loansand discounts for LaSalle from 1960 to 1966 was lower than that of anyother area, thus indicating a relative slowdown in the development of theeconomy there.

In Iroquois County deposits and total resources have not shown dra-matic growth, but they have grown steadily. Loans and discounts, on theother hand, have growl disproportionately, indicating continuous develop-ment of the economy.

Data from savings and loan associations in these areas are too frag-mentary to permit much analysis. However, new associations have openedin Princeton and Henry recently and this may indicate some increaseinterest in the use of this kind of institution in the area. In Iroquois Countythe two savings and ban associations show healthy, steady growth patternscomparable to those in the state as a whole.

Real estdte sales and transfers have been relatively ?ow. Most farmland in both areas is rather tightly held. Farm ownership is not only pres-tigious but necessary to control resources for farm enlargement. As indus-trialization occurs, there may be greater numbers of real estate transactionsand more people engaged in the real estate business.

No home office of any large insurance company is located in the studyareas. The usual low level of insurance activities that uonld be expected ina rural area are present, Activity in all insurance lines, but especially ingroup health, life, and guarantcedincome insurance, will no doubt increrein the area as indt.strialiration increases.

b-0

64 BULLETIN No. 7S6 [December,

Table 35, - Deposits, Assourres, Loans, and Discounts In Millions of Dollars of BanksIn lie Study Antra, by County, 1945-1966, With Percrtt of Increase

Bureau County.

1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1966

Percentof increase

1945-1966

1960-1966

Deposits 18,140 23,194 27,050 29,487 44,503 44,160 143.4 49.8Total resources 19,033 25,291 28,735 31,979 42,497 47,535 149.8 48.9Loans and dis-

counts 2,016 7,291 8,775 12,216 18,584 20,138 338.9 64.8Loan ratios 10.6% 28.8% 30,5% 38.2% 43.7% 42.4%

LaSalle CountybDeposits 20,581 30,142 35,237 39,114 43,647 46,233 124.6 18.2Totalresources 21,871 31,959 37,889 42,481 48,632 51,425 135.1 21.1Loans and dis-

counts 1,340 3,883 6,326 16,225 17,417 18,894 1,310.0 16.4Loan ratio 6.1% 12.1% 16.7% 38.2% 35.8% 36.7%

Marsha li County'Deposits 1,968 2,962 3,601 3,964 5,138 5,700 189.6 43.8Total resources 2,066 3,192 3,964 4,477 5,884 6,493 214.3 45.0Loans and dis-

counts 354 1,054 1,533 2,011 2,785 3,110 778.5 54.6Loan ratio 17.1% 33.0% 38.7% 44,9% 47.3% 47.9%

Putnam CountydDeposits 2,956 4,178 4,871 6,008 9,482 11,438 286.9 90.4Total resources 3,189 4,468 5,306 6,657 10,329 12,355 287.4 85.3Loans and dis-

counts 253 934 1,628 2,152 4,040 5,035 1,890.1 134.6Loan ratio 7.9% 20.9% 30.7% 32.3% 39.1% 40,8%

Iroquois County.Deposits 6,616 9,249 10,183 10,302 13,202 14,129 113.6 37.1Totalresources 6,964 9,790 11,092 11,527 14,726 15,667 125.0 35.9Loans and dis-

counts 690 1,629 2,774 2,857 5,035 5,238 659.1 83.3Loan ratio 9.9% 16.6% 25.0% 24.8% 34.2% 33.4%

Source: Rand hfcNaIly International Banker's Directory; The Backer's Ike Bock. Finaledition.

Includes: Depue State Banks Farmers and Miner, Bank (Ladd); Citiren's First NationalBank (Princ:ton); rust State Bank (Princeton); Spring Valley City Bank.

Includs: LaSalte National Bank -snd Trust Company; LaSalle State Bank; Pint NationalBank of Oglesby; First National Bank in Peru.

Includes: Henry State Bank.Includes: Farmer's State Bank (McNabb); Granville National Bank; Hennepin City State

Bank.Includes: Iroquois Farmer's State Bank; Sumner National Bank of Sheldon; Pint Trust

and Sm.ings Bank (Watseka).f Loan ratio refers In the ratio of loans and discounts to total resources.

6f

Tab

le 3

6. A

sset

s an

d M

ortg

age

Lean

s of

Sav

ings

and

Loa

n A

ssoc

iatio

ns in

the

Stu

dy A

reas

, 194

5-19

66, W

ith P

erce

nt o

f inc

reas

e

Per

cent

of i

ncre

ase

1945

1956

1964

1965

1966

1945

-19

64-

1966

1966

Bur

eau

Cou

nty'

(800

0)

Mor

tgag

e lo

ans

410

2,68

93,

819

3,80

39,

175.

6'T

otal

ass

ets

490

3,06

34,

280

4,40

78,

693.

9La

Sal

le C

ount

y.'

00

00

0...

.M

arsh

all C

ount

y*M

ortg

age

loan

s10

955

31,

181

1,52

51,

726

1,48

3.5

46.1

Tot

al a

sset

s23

363

21,

343

1,83

32,

351

887.

875

.1P

utnz

an (

,oun

ty4

00

00

0...

.Ir

oquo

is C

ount

yM

ortg

age

loan

s30

61,

870

5,54

97,

294

7,00

52,

189.

226

.2T

otal

ass

ets

431

2,13

36,

362

7,35

67,

876

1,72

7.4

23.8

Illin

ois

Mor

tgag

e lo

ans

212,

000

1,75

8,00

04,

333,

000

4,52

0,00

04,

655,

000

2,09

5.8

7.4

Tot

al a

sset

s3:

4,00

02,

057,

000

5,19

8,00

05,

432,

000

5,56

5,00

01,

672.

37.

1

Sour

ce: S

tate

of

snoo

ds.

Sav

ings

and

Loo

n D

ivis

ion.

Rep

ort o

r Sa

ving

s an

d L

oan

Ass

ocia

tions

.B

urea

u C

ity B

uild

ing

and

Loa

n A

ssoc

iatio

n (P

rinc

eton

, clo

sed

in 1

945)

; Fir

st S

avin

gs a

nd L

oan

Ass

ocia

tion

ofB

urea

u C

ity (

1962

to p

rese

nt).

No

savi

ngs

and

loan

ass

ocia

tion

in s

tudy

are

a of

cou

nty.

Hen

ry B

uddi

ng A

ssoc

iatio

n (1

945-

1949

) H

enry

Bui

ldin

g en

d L

oon

Ass

ocia

tion

(195

0-19

57);

Illi

nois

Val

ley

Savi

ngs

and

Loa

n A

ssoc

iatio

n (1

963.

1964

);Il

linoi

s Sa

ving

s an

d L

oan

Ass

ocia

tion

(196

..5-1

966)

.*N

o sa

ving

s an

d lo

an a

ssoc

iatio

n in

cou

nty.

Shel

don

Bui

ldin

g an

d L

oan

Ass

ocia

tion;

Wat

seka

Bui

ldin

g an

d L

oan

Ass

ocia

tion.

to1

66 BULLETIN No. 736

The Transportation, Communication,and Public Utilities Sector

The list below shows the percentage of personal income in 1965 fromthis sector for each county in the study area and for the state.

Putnam 8.8Illinois 5.8LaSalle 4.7Marshall 3.9Bureau 2.3Iroquois 2.2

While one might expect the relative importance of this segment of theeconomy to be higher in more industrialized areas, the growth trends re-vealed in this ranking and in Tables 13 to 25 require some qualification ofthis expectation. LaSalle County has remained fairly constant with only aslight increase in the proportion of personal income provided by this source,while in Illinois as a whole the sector has slowly but steadily decreased in itsimportance (down from 7.0 to 5.8 in 15 years). On the other hand,Marshall has shown a fairly sharp rise in the importance of this source ofincome in the late 1950's with a gradual decrease in the 1960's. PutnamCounty has experienced a sharp increase while Bureau and Iroquois coun-ties show a decline in the proportion of income from this source.

Of interest as supplementary indication of trends in this segment of theeconomy are data on motor vehicle registrations (Table 37). As one mightexpect from population trends, all the counties under consideration exceptLaSalle have shown a growth rate of less than half that of the state in pas-senger car registrations. However, in the registration of trucks and busses,all five counties have growth rates much higher than the state. Marshall,Putnam, and Iroquois have shown considerable growth. Sonic of thisgrossth may be due to farm truck usage increases, since the registration ofheavy trailers and semi-trailers has not kept pace with state growth exceptin Marshall County. Bureau County ranks lowest among the experimentalcounties in the increase of these kinds of vehicles.

Data available on electric power utilities arc presented in Tables 38 to40. In general, small municipal oirrpanics were unable to supply dataand the figures available from the larger companies were not strictly com-parable. Nevertheless, increases in residential kilowatt-hour per con-sumption (Table 38) have been higher in the area served by Illinois PowerCompany in the experimental area (with several exceptions) than in thecontrol area. Spring Valley, contiguous to an industrialized area, showshigher industrial consumption growth rates than other communities servedby Illinois Power Company.

Industrial accounts in Oglesby (Table 39) also increased more rapidlythan residential accounts.

66

Tab

le 3

7. -

Mot

or V

ehic

le R

egis

trat

ion

by T

ype

and

Cou

nty,

194

6, 1

956,

and

196

6, W

ith P

erce

nt o

f Inc

reas

e

Cou

ntie

s

Pass

enge

r ca

nT

ruck

s an

d bu

sses

Tra

ilers

and

sem

i-tr

aile

raT

otal

veh

icle

s

Per-

cent

Per-

cent

Per-

cent

Per-

cent

and

stat

e1946

1956

1966

iena

;19

4619

5619

66in

-Crease,

1946

1956

1966

in-

crea

se,

194G

1956

1966

in-

crea

se,

1946

-19

46-

1946

-19

46-

1966

1966

1966

1966

Bur

eau

10,0

4514

.016

16,3

0662

.31,

808

3,39

64,

367

141.

534

555

31,

130

227.

512

,381

18,1

9622

,295

22.5

LaS

alle

23,0

1037

,555

46,9

4310

4.0

3,73

96,

850

9,04

814

2.0

633

1,36

53,

643

475.

527

,740

46,3

3361

,195

120.

6M

arsh

all

3,26

04,

681

5,56

870

.858

21,

186

1,68

218

9.0

8721

251

949

6.6

3,98

16,

158

7,91

098

.7

Putn

am1,

312

1,69

42.

175

658

262

490

689

163.

028

5615

34-

46.4

1,61

12,

264

3,07

416

4.8

Iroq

uois

8 77

912

,082

14,2

1661

.91,

857

3,42

54,

944

166.

239

254

01,

125

187.

011

,142

16,2

5210

,596

84 9

Illin

ois

(000

)1,

609

2,97

14,

008

149.

125

441

955

811

9.7

4610

426

848

2.6

1,93

03,

534

4,93

115

5.5

Sou

rce.

Illin

ois

Sec

reta

ry o

f Sta

te. M

otor

Veh

icle

Reg

istr

atio

n by

Typ

e an

d C

ount

y.


Table 38. Kilowatt Haws of Metric Power Consumpden by Direct Consumersof lillnols Power Cempany In CornmenV. es in the Expel {mantel Artf.

Kilos att hours consumed (000)

Percent1942 1950 1960 1955 increase,

1942-1965

Bureau Bureau CountyResidential 165 317 617 671 .306.7Commercial 86 110 260 612 611.6Industrial 162 200 211 1 99 4

Dei,ueP.esidential 879 1,824 3,457 3,575 306.7Commercial .. 224 512 747 689 296.9Industrial 0 0 7,711 12,474

Holl3wayvilleResidential 24 50 123 169 so& 2commercial 12 15 53 75 525.0Andusurial 0 0 0 0

Sea toe.villeResidential 24 128 335 373 859.2Con irnel vial . . . . 14 63 128 114 714.3Industrial 6 13 0 0

Spring ValleyResidential 1,129 2.609 4,61' 5,8/3 420.4Commercial 600 1 ,318 2,69. 3,766 527.7Industrial 740 1,094 3,314 6,832 823.2

Granville Pi itnam Count)Residential .... 499 1,434- k,7,8 3,307 5 i2 .7Commercial . .. . 141 343 1,026 1,360 864.5Industrial .... 45 194 76 110 144-.4

HennepinResidential 54 134 666 807 1,394.4Commercial 50 67 462 628 1,156.0Industrial. 4 57 0 0

MagnoliaResidential 41 131 363 404 885.4Commercial . 24 30 127 179 645.8Industrial . .. 0 0 0 0

MarkResidential 40 144 418 499 1,147.5Commercial .. 25 52 112 133 428.0Industrial 7 0 0 0

McNabbResidential. 64 137 253 399 523.4Commercial. 53 98 326 402 658 5Industrial 17 3° 0 0

StandardResidential 35 122 286 512 791.4Commercial .. ...... 32 58 90 98 '4'06. 3Industrial 0 0 0 0

Source; Posner CVMPIIRT.

S

1969] BEFORE INDUSTRIAITZAT/ON 69

Data on the control area (Table 40) reseal no significant differences inincrease between number of customers in residential or commercial classi-fications. How.ver, the pattern is that use of electric power has incre.:sedsircc. 1942 at a rate five times that of number of customers.

The Service Industry SectorThe list below shos the percentage of persorol income in 1965 from

this sec,or for each coun.y in the study area and for the state.

Illinois 7.6LaSalle 3.3Marshal: 2.5Iroquois 2.2Bureau 2.2Putnam 1.8

To Act 39. Numbor of Electric Pawer Consumer Accounts Supplis Iby the Oglesby Municipal Power Company, 1942-1965

Number of accounts

1942 1950 1960 1965Percent

increase,1912.1965

Residential 964 1,190 1,451 1,447 50.1Commercial 109 124 139 134 22.9Industrial 14 26 41 45 221.4

Source: Oglesby Isfuricipai Power Company.

Table 40. Customers and Average Annual Use of Electric Power In Kilowatt Hours Inthe Paxton Opeisting group of the Central Illirels Public Service Company, 194'11963

Percent1942 1950 1960 1965 increase,

1942 -1965

Res:dentialCttstotacrs 13,117 16,640 19,200 20,186 53.9Average use 92, 2,014 3,614 4,594 398 8

CommercialCustomers.... 2,626 2,987 3,933 3,940 50.0Average use 2,I39 4,239 9,549 12,173 40.1

Total, electric customers(Cresent City,Iroquois County,Sheldon, Watseka,and Woodland). 2,206 2,750 3,335 3,480 57.8

Source: Central Illinois Public Senior Company.The Parton Operating Group includes all r f Iroquois County, plus portions of Vermilion,

Champaign, IsfcLeal., and Ford countii

69


This general breakdown indicat( s tha the more industrialized and ur-ban an area becomes the more the demand for service work increases. How-ever, changes in the pc, cent of income from this source snow a slaty', almostidentical increase in the proportion of inreme provided by service wagesin all the counties in the study area (Tab; s 7-12). The increase in abso-lute incon.e from this source has remained roughl:' comparable to statepercentages in all counties.

The only conclusion one reach without furtly rata is that urbanand industrialized areas have an initial advantage in the amount of servicesthat can be prodded, but the demand for increase in services remains aboutthe same in rural n d urban areas. Industrialization et the Putnam Countyarea in particular might change this balance and create more demand forservices.

The Govmmigtntal SectorAlthough the govenunental system will Sc analyzed in the next section,

some comments at this point are included on government wages and invest-ment as constituting a sector of the economic system. The list below shows:he percentage of personal income in 1965 from this sector fcr each countyin the study area and for the state.

Illinois 8.8Putnam 7.7Iroquois 7.5Bureau 7.2Marshall 8.7LaSalle 3.6

In Bureau and Iroquois counties the proportion of total income fromthis source has remained about the same over time. In Marshall Countyit has declined from 8 to 6.7 rercent. In LaSalle County it has droppedfrom 5.1 to 3.6 percent, and in Putnam County it has declined from 10.5to 7.7 percent. Illinois as a whole has shown slow growth in the proportionof personal income from government sotmccs. In the two counties whichhave been predominantly rural with substantial outmigration (Putnam andMarshall), ti:1 proportion of income from governmental services has de-clined. With a lower concentration of people, fewer governmental servicesare requited particularly in the area of education and social control.There arc, however, some fixed governmental structures whose costs go onunless governmental unit:, are consolidated. With a higher correntrationof pecple, the demand for governmental services on a per capita basis mayincrease.

The analysis of year to -year figures comparable to those in Tables 7 to12 shows numerous random shifts from year to year. Perhaps it is signifi-cant that none of the areas being studied here seems to have experienced

70

Tab

le 4

1. E

mpl

oym

ent a

nd F

inan

cial

Exp

endi

ture

s fo

r In

divi

dual

Cou

nty

Gov

ernm

ents

and

Illin

ois,

195

7 en

d 19

62

Bur

eau

LaS

alle

Mar

shal

lP

utna

mIr

oquo

isIll

inoi

s19

5719

6219

5719

6219

r719

6219

5719

6219

5719

6219

5719

62

:-11

1 F

lore

s12

018

222

822

6N

it29

1320

8386

24,0

4829

,014

Ful

l-tim

e eq

uiva

lent

em

ploy

racn

tH

ighw

ays

4559

2837

415

43

2828

2,65

43,

650

Pub

lic w

elfa

reN

R74

NR

170

0C

T0

02

2,83

35,

164

Hea

lth a

nd h

ospi

tals

102

4860

11

10

13

7,10

07,

290

Pol

ice

prot

ectio

n12

56

112

31

222

121,

244

1,52

3

Fin

anci

al e

xpen

ditu

res

Cap

ital c

..itla

y (0

00)

S 9

C57

81,

205

2,87

343

240

725

628

45,6

6568

,455

Hig

hway

s (0

00)

5581

581

144

1,29

811

015

746

2155

838

661

,616

78,6

46P

ublic

wel

fare

(00

0).

-3

43u4

997

104

1025

.23

2238

13,9

5171

,404

Hea

lth a

nd h

ospi

tals

(03

0)..

_ .

.S

17

2726

265

109

28

848

33,2

4049

,328

Pol

ice

prot

ectio

n (0

00)

11, 4

380

139

293

621

315

3780

6,54

99,

000

Sour

ce:

15.5

. Cem

®of

Gov

ernm

ents

.O

nly

cteg

ones

of p

artic

ular

rel

rvan

ce a

re in

.-lu

lled.

72 BULLETIN No. 736

an overriding demand for the improvement of governmental services, orits place in the economic system would have become more important. Thisof course, may change with industrialization. The U.S. Census of Govern.ments provides more detailed information on county and local govern-ments' capital and operating expenditures and on number of governmentalemployees in different categories (see Tables 41 and 42).

In the period 1957 to 1962 increases in county employment across thestate were concentrated in tile public welfare sector. Within the study arealittle can be ascertained since two counties did not report welfare person-nel in 1957 and the remaining three reported none. However, an exami-nation of the financial expenditures shows that public welfare has beengrowing in the five counties as well as in the whole state. Pureau Countyshowed the largest increase in total employees.

Since similar comparative data on local government employment andexpenditure for the five-year period are lading, only the most recent(1962) figures are shown in Table 42. These are interesting because of thelisting of number of employees per 10,000 inhabitants in selected govern-mental service sectors. As might be expected, 'oval governments in thestudy areas rank far above state averages in educational employment, gen-erally above on highway employment; and far below in heatt't and hospitalsand porce protection employment. This clearly demonstrates the prioritiesestablished by rural people in local governmental expenditures.

Table 42. 1962 Employment and Fin an d Statistics for local Cos trnmentsby County Tools

Eurca4 LaSatIe Marshall Putnam Irost.ois Illinois

'Fatal cmployeee 1,490 2,873 130 197 1,307 280,000Full time equivalentemployees per 10,000inhabitants

Education 152 lis 148 211 173 121.0Highways 27 10 26 14 21 14.0Health and hospitals 1 28 1 1 1 15.1Police protection 7 10 7 5 9 19.8

Financial t.spenditure;Capital outlay (000, $1,546 4,684 676 85 853 246,000Education capital

(0) $ 595 2,766 6C) 27 634 1,081,000Education other

(000) $3,700 8,443 1,232 511 3,641 1,02,000Hxghways MO 51,269 2,914 337 120 966 142,000Public welfare S 761 377 41 19 92 29,000H-alth and hospitals $ 15 285 9 8 49 6,000Police protection $ 251 859 49 26 104 41 ,003

Source: U.S. Cenots of Governments.

72

Table 43.- Effect !ye &tying Income by County, 19504965, With Percent of Increase

Bureau County

1950 1955 1960 1965Percentincrease,

1955-1965

Net dollars ($OOO) 45,796 56,620 70,458 76,999 36.0Per household 3,881 4,798 5,823 6,696 39.6Percent of households by income

10-2,499 NR 27.6 15.7 25.2 8.712,500-3,999 NR 31.4 24.1 18.4 -41.454,000-6,999 NR 29 5 37.9 29.7 1.017,000-9,999 NR 11.6 13.4 13,2 127.6°$10,000 and over NR () 8.9 13,5 132,8°

LaSalle CountyNet dollars (8000) 146,871 177,859 242,600 285,693 60.6Per hcuschold 4,996 5,506 6,912 7,980 44.9Percent of households by income

11-2,499 NR 20.2 11.b 14.6 -27.7V. ,500-3,999 NR 24.6 18.8 13.3 -45.94,000-6,999 NR 38.1 40.2 34.8 8.7

57,000-9,999 NR 17.1 16.9 18.3 115.3°810,000 and over NR () 12.3 19.0 123.5°

Marshall CountyNet dollars (5000) 14,279 19,998 25,233 25,085 25.4Per household 3,483 5,000 6,008 5,973 19.5Percent of households by income

51-2,499 NR 28.6 16.9 26.1 9.452,500-3,999 NH. 26.9 22.7 18.9 -29.714,000-6,999 NR 30.4 36.1 32.0 5.357,000-9,999 NR 14 1 13.6 12.7 81.4b510,000 and over NB. () 10.7 10.3 47.1b

Fctnam CountyNet dollars ($000) 3,967 5,230 7,095 8,806 68.4Per household 2,645 4,023 5,458 5,871 45.9Percent of households by income

11-2,409 NR 30.2 18.3 25.4 -15.952,500-3,999 NR 31.0 25.5 16.8 -45.854,000-6,999 NR 27.4 35.6 32.2 12.217,000-9,999. NR 11.4 12.3 15.9 178.91$10,000 and over NB. ( 8.3 10.7 87.76

Iroquois CountyNet dollars (5OOO) 40,188 47,229 58,853 67,019 41.9Pcr household 4,101 4,541 5,659 6,383 40.6Percent of households by income

11-2,499 NR 29.3 27.7 26.4 - 9.952,HC-3,999 NR 30.8 25.1 18.8 -39.054,000 6,999 NR 28.2 35.9 29.8 5.717,000-9,599 NR 11 7 12.5 12.8 120.74510,000 al .4 over NR y) 8.8 12.3 112.1°

IllinoisNet dollars (3000,000) 13,785 18,290 23,742 28,817 57.6Pcr household 5,239 6,259 7,454 9,140 46.0Percent of households by income

51-2,499 NR 22.4 10.6 14.8 -33.912,500-3,999 NR 22.8 16.6 11.6 -49.134,000-6,999 NR 35.3 39.4 30.1 -14.757,000-9,999 NR 19.5 18.2 17.8 83.56510,000 and over NR ( 15.2 25.7 19.06

Source: Sales Ma it:gement Magazine. Survey of buyer Power.In 1955 the hist est category reported was l'$7,000 and abase."The percent inaeases for these income categories are an approximation arrived at byo the percentage of households yids incomes of 17,000 ,nd oser in 1955 etc's', between

the 17..a0.9,949 category and he 110 DOD end over category. This Spore (lot example. 00e-hall ofcc 5.11 foe both categories, la totems Coont5 tined as the base from ...bids percentage in-

act a were calculated. Ills is necessary because all income of $7,000 and abate nu pooled to the1955 Sales Management Magazine reports.

73

74 Butt.ETEN No. 736 [December,

The Economic System: A SummaryOne more source of data helps round out the picture of the economic

system within the study areas. Table 43 present data on effective buyingincome as it is estlmated by Sales Management Magazine.

"Ii ranking of counties according to the increase in effective buyingincome per household be:wee 1955 and 1965 appears as follows:

Illinois 46.0Putnam 45.9LaSalle 44.9Iroquoi5 40.6Bureau 39.6Marshall 19.5

In terms of actual income per household in 1965 the ranking is:

Illinois $9,140LaSalle 7,980Bureau 6,696Iroquois 6,383Marshall 5,973Putnam 5,871

Ranking of per capita income computed from Tables 7 through 12 for1965 is:

Illinois $3,262LaSalle 2,892Bureau 2,380Iroquois 2,325Putnam 2,277Marshall 2,254

The overall impression that emerges from these data as well as fromthose presented earlier is that the experimental area's economic system isextremely mixed. LaSalle and Putnam counties show a number of dia-metrically opposed economic trends. However, since the J&L plant islocated in Putnam County and since that county is the only whole countyto fall within the surrey boundaries, this summary section will concentrateon Putnam and treat the rest of the counties in the experirnentd1 area asdeviations from its economic pattern.

Putnam County had the poorest economy in the experimental area twodecades ago. However, it has shown significant growth and has succeededin narrowing the gap in per capita and per household income betweenitself and the other counties and the slate. In some respects it seemedto be progressing more successfully in the 1960's than Marshall County,and even without the boost of J&L it probably would have surpassed theaverage income of Marshall before the end of the decade.

74

1969] BEFORE INDUSI RIALIZ AMON 75

The remarkable factor in Putnam County's development over the pasttwo decades has been that it has proceeded virtually without industriali-zation. Aside from Jed, there are still only a iew small manufacturingplants in the county. In 1965 wages accounted for only about 30 percentof Putnam's personal income as compared with some 66 percent from thissource in the state as a whole.

The greatest change in Putnam County's economic system has been inthe agricultural sector. Some 26.1 percent of the farms in the county in1950 have disappeared and the existing farms are some 29.8 percent largerthan they were at that time. Of particular significance is the fact that onlythe largest two sizes of farms in Putnam County (500.999 acres and over1,000 acres) have increased in number. All other farm sizes have declinedin number. In the state as a whole and in the other counties of both theexperimental and control areas, some other smaller farm sizes have in-creased in number. As was noted in the section on environment, the ru alpopulation in Putnam County has shown severe losses since 1940.

Such factors, taken together with the capital substitution for labor infarming and improved cropping practices, account for the fact that theaverage value of products sold per farm per year in Putnam County hasrisen some 71 percent since 1950, more than in any other- county beingconsidered here and above the average increase for the state. The r.veragefarm production for market as %North less than $10,000 in 1950 and in1965 more than $16,500. The only county considered here which putsmore goods on the market per farm is Bureau County.

Finally, the average value of land and buildings per farm has increasedin Putnam County from arcund $39,000 in 1950 to some $9? 000 in 1964.Part of this, of course, is due to general inflation during this sime period.This places Putnam County far above the other counties in percent increasein value and well above all but Iroquois County in actual value today. Thevalue of land and buildings on the average farm in Illinois in the sameperiod rose only to some $64,000 from $28,000.

Thus a vigorous agricultural sector has been mainly responsible forthe economic system of Putnam County showing some real advance in thelast two decades. It should be mentioned that personal income from com-munications and public utilities has risen in the county some 6 percentduring the period, but that is about the only other significant variation.Trade income has declined, with eating and drinking establishments andautomotive dealers ranking as exceptions. Of all the counties consideredin this study, Putnam ranks the lowest in terms of personal income fromcommercial trade. Income from contract construction and mining has beennegligible. Also, government expenditures in the economy have declined.The finance, insurance and real estate, and the transportation sectors haveshown some tendency to be more active in the middle 1960's, but they havenot yet made any substantial expansion.

Marshall County's economy has shown only moderate growth duringthe same period. Today it remains a mixture of very small industry and

75

76 Mauro: No. 736 [December,

poorer farming in comparison Ivith the other counties in the area. In percapita and per household income it has been losing ground rapidly, par-ticularly in the 1960's, relative to the other counties and the state. How -ever, the judgment should probably be qualified for the sector of MarshallCounty which actually falls within the experimental area. It is dominatedby Henry, which appears to have a healthy economy. Certainly the popu-lation trends discussed above show that Henry has not been subject to thesame population loss as the rural area of the county. However, Henry'ssource of strength appears to be in terms of wage income and trade orcommercial income. Some of the commercial trade results from Henrybeing a small agricultural trade center for the immediate vicinity.

Some significant increases in industrial expansion and a healthy agri-cultural sector have enabled Bureau County to show some significantgrowth in the overall economic system in the last two decades. However,in terms of per capita and per household income, the county appears to belosing ground in relation to the state as a whole. In terms of the impor-tance of the various economic sectors, Bureau County differs from nearbycounties in that agriculture provides only about 25 percent of the personalincome and that wages account for some 40 percent of the personal income.Manufacturing wages have Ilse.) most, but income from trade and com-mercial endeavors and governmental sources are also on the rise and aremore important in this county than in Putnam or Marshall. Of the coun-ties in the experimental area, Bureau probably most closely resembles thecontrol arca.

In contrast, LaSalle County differs most from the other counties in theexperimental area and from the economy of the control area as well. Onlysome 10 percent of personal income in the county is derived from agri-culture. Some 60 percent is derived from wages, and over one-half of thatfrom manufacturing wages. The trade, service, contract-construction, andfinancial sectors rank more importantly in LaSalle's economic system thanin the other counties being considered. The economic system more closelyresembles that of the stale as a whole than those of the other more ruralcounties. White LaSalle County has per capita and per household incomesconsiderably above the levels in the surrounding counties, the gap has beennarrowing in the 1960's. Manufacturing in LaSalle County has tended toremain at a fairly even level, perhaps even declining somewhat during the1960's in marked contrast to the 15 years preceding.

It should also be kept in mind that only Oglesby M LaSalle Countywas selected to be part of the actual experimental area. Oglesby has notshown the same kind of slowdown in the 1960's as Peru and LaSalle.

Except for Oglesby, the similarities of the experimental and controlregions are clear. Bureau, Marshall, and Putnam counties are still consid-erably more rural oriented that: the state as a whole. Further, they havedeveloped the economic sectors which support and are complementary withthe r. gricultural sector.

76


In the control region in Iroquois County the same emphasis on agri-culture is found, but ith vigorous trade, small manufacturing, govern-mental, financial, and contract-construction subsystems. However, insteadof the specialization of economic endeavors in different locales as in theexperimental area, the Watseka area seems to incorporate them all. Thusthe picture of the overall economic system in Iroquois County is a healthyone. Watseka is a relatively well developed trading area. It is the largesttown in a rather large county. To get to a town of comparable or largersize, one must travel 30 miles north to Kankakee or 33 miles south toHoopeston. A smaller town, Kent land, Indiana, lies 15 miles east, and tothe west there is no town of significant size within 50 miles. The trans-portation and communicaticn subsystems are the only ones showing anyspecial weakness over time.

Comparison of the experimental and control areas would lead to theconclusion that the control area serves as a viable example of an integrated,relatively self-contained economic system. It would appear that the ser-vices of different sectors of the economy are necessary to some extent inrural as in urban envirorrnct.ts thoirgh in different amounts. Persons livingin Iroquois County evidently rely on the county seat town for most of theeconomic services. This pattern is different in the experimental area andthere is a great deal of crossim- of county boundaries in search of the kindsof economic services individuals require. If the four - :aunty experimentalregion could be taken as a Nrhol-, the economic system would appear fairlyself-contained. Thus, the relatively self-contained economic communityin the experimental area covers several political subdivisions (counties)compared with the control area

Finally, one would anticipate that a development of a strong manufac-turing sector in the Hennepin area, as a result of J&L's entry, would haveserious ramifications throughout the economic system, leaving it still lesslike that of the control area than it now is. The tightening of interactionprocesses between different locales in the cxperimental area would seemlikely as persons are drawn into various communities around Hennepin andyoung persons are encouraged to stay in the area instead of moving outto seek work. The sheer amount of commuting from one locale to anotherand the potential increase in terms of per capita income and consequentdemands for more and new kinds of economic services would tend to drawthe locales into a more integrated kind of economic structure. Locales thathave already specialized in certain services may increase their specialization,becoming more dependent on the whole economic system.

Insofar as J &L significantly advances the industrialization of the area,demands for increased activity in the economic system by the ser. ice, trade,financial, contract - contraction, and governmental sectors are likely. Thusthe experimental area may charge in its economic features to more closelyresemble the system in LaSalle County or in the state as a whole than thesystem in Iroquois County.

eft

78 BULLETIN No. 736 [De:ember,

It is to be anticipated that such change in the economic system willhave consequences for other major community systems as well. In the fol-lowing section an attempt is made draw together the kinds of .iecondarydata that may allow some hypotheses on the course that such change willtake in relation to the governmental and educational system.

MAJOR SYSTEMS IN INTERRELATIONA general guiding hypothesis of the Rural Industrial Development

Project has been that charges in the economic system of the experimentalarea will have repercussions throughout the entire social system. This sec-tion presents some data, derived from secondary sources, which may pro-vide the necessary benchmarking to allow the identification of changes inthe educational and governmental systems.

The Educational SystemThe oat; in Table 44 furnish a benchmarking for the educational sys-

tem. The Annu i Statistical Report of the Illinois Department of PublicInstruction from Which the data were compiled presents certain difficultiesthat need to be noted. The problems of shifting reporting categories fromyear to year, the changing of school district boundaries, and the change-ability in the kinds of data that are published make it difficult to drawcomparisons over time about changes in the operations of schools.

The most reliable figure is that on elementary and secondary enrollmentover the years at the county level. The data indicate that elementary en-rollment has expanded more rapidly in Putnam County than in othercounties in our experimental area. Further, the increase has been con-tinuous and consistent over the last two decades. In strong contrast, how-ever, secondary enrollment in the couitty has slightly decreased during thesame period. It declined most rapidly in the early and middle 1950's andhas remained level since the late 1950's.

Although the other counties we are considering do not show the samedramatic increase in secondary as they do in elementary enrollment, theydo show significant increases at the secondary level, Thus something seemsto have been happening to the high school population in Putnam Countythat has not been experienced in other counties in the area. Part of theanswer may be a selective migration process. It was noted in the demo-graphic section that Putnam County was esperiencing more loss of popu-lation than other counties and that its distribution had dec?ined substan-tially at the late adolescent level. Also, it ors noted in the agriculturalsector that numbers of farms in Putnam County were declining faster thanin other counties. Many farmers leaving agriculture are those in the agegroups that would have adolescent children. Outmigration, possibly com-bined with a higher dropout rate than other counties, could account forthe fact that Putnam Counq's secondary enrollment has not increased asmuch as in other counties.

1969] BE uRE NDUSTP.1A1-17 IION 79

Table 41 School Data, 1945,1954,1959, and 1963, With Percent of Increaseby County and Slats

1915

Bureau County

1954 1959 1963Percentincrease,

1945-1963

Elementary enrollment 3,321 5,289 5,883 6,547 97.1A 'rage elementary teacher

load 29,9 24.0 24.1 22.9 -23.4Secondary enrollment 2,091 1,946 2,071 2,354 12.5Average secondary teacher load 20.3 14.6 14.9 12.9 -36.5Average annual teacher salary S 1,393 3,365 (`) 4,901b 259.4Total operating expenditures

(000) S 756 2,31U 3,318 4,002 437.9Total per capita cost S 139.7 313,0 417.0 456.9 226.3Total value of school property

(000) S 3,040 8,785 15,542 ( (9Total capital outlay S 6,232 764,538 878,236 (9 (

LaSalle CountyElementary enrollment 9,132 11,"5'30 13,420 15,710 71.6Average elementary teacher

load 31.9 25.5 24.7 25.1 -14,. 3Secondary enrollment.. . 4,871 4,479 5,423 6,371 36.3Avcragesecondaryteacherload 25.1 18,3 18.8 19.1 -23.9Average annual teacher salary E 1,593 3,867 ( 5,827" 265.7Total operating expenditures

(000) S 1,839 5,626 7,425 10,132 505.3T otaI per capita cost 5 133.0 355.9 394.1 458.9 245.0Total value of school property

(000) S 8,131 30,361 29,3E7 ( (Total capital outlay 571,507 880,139 1,181,442 ( (9

Marshall CountyElementary enrollment 934 1,525 1,660 1,754 87.7Average elementary teacher

load 26.7 21.8 21.8 19.3 -27.7Secondary enrollment. 596 637 753 850 42.6At. _rage secondary teachcrload 14.5 12.3 12.8 12.0 -17.2Average annual teacher salary 5 1,311 3,180 ( 5,210 '297.8Total operating expenditures

(000) 5 249 793 1,161 1,195 379.9Total per capita cost .5 162.8 366.8 481.1 458 9 181.8Total value of school property

(000) 5 1,402 2,418 4,019 (9 (9Total capital outlay 5 2,345 18,978 16,188 () (9

Putnam CountyElementary enrollment 467 689 786 837 100.6Ave age elementary teacher

load 27.5 19.1 20.7 17.8 -35.3Secondary znroPincot 274 220 275 269 - 1 2Average secolidar y teacher load 16.1 11.0 12.5 10.0 -37Average annual teacher. salary- 1,378 3,456 ( 4,594b 233.3Total operating expenditures

(000) 125 2J1 426 600 380.0Total per capita cost 5 168.7 309.1 401.5 542.5 221.5Total value of school property

(000) 5 408 1,061 1,963 (t) (9Total capital outlay 510,11X1 49,321 45,708 ( (9

See footnotes on p. BO.

79

80 Bynum No. 736 [December,

Table 44. - School Data, 1945, 1954, 1959, and 1963, With Percent OF Increaseby County and Pato Icancludod1

1945 1954 1959 1963Percent

increase,1915-1963

Iroquois CountyElementary enrollment 2,402 4,759 5,594 5,602 133.2Average elementary teacher

load 28.9 25.2 24.2 20.0 -30.8Secondary enrollment 1,588 1,705 2,072 2,267 42.7Average secondary teacher

load 15.6 13,3 14.7 14.0 -10.3Average annual teacher's salary $ 1,459 3,441 (.) 5,0286 244.6Total operating expenditures

(000) $ 722 2,380 3,665 3,885 438.0Total per capita cost $ 180.9 368.2 498.4 493.7 173.8Total value of school property

(000) 5 2,818 7,642 10,701 (a) (a)Total capital outlay $ 4,548 810,389 112,700 ( ()

IllinoisElementary enrollment (000) . . 808 1,038 1,294 1,480 83.1Average elementai y teacher

load 33.9 28.6 28.4 26.4 -22.1Secondary enrollment (000) 317 326 422 514 62.1Average secondary teacher load 31.7 20.5 20.8 19.3 -39.1Average annual teacher's salary S 1,595 4,267 () 5,'861 262.7Total opera'. 'g expenditures

(000) $77,298 389,783 642,726 021,642 1,092.3Total per capita cost $ 68.7 285.9 274.7 472.4 587.6Total value of school property

(000) $ 316 1,261 2,068 () (')Total capital outlay S 5,446 119,125 147,856 (') (a)

Source: Illinois Department of Public Instruction. Animal Statistical Report.No comparable data published.

I No comparable data published for 1963; 1962 figure substituted for comparison.

The. sorting out of influences of industrialization on the secondaryschool system of the experimental area as a whole may be difficult in thenext few years. The secondary school population is almost certain toexpand rapidly as those now in elementary school move up the grades. Thismay well precipitate new expenditures, especially of capital investment fornew or expanded high school buildings, over the next few years to meet in.creased needs generated by the present population. This factor will haveto be kept in mind as attempts are made to analyze change in this system.Also, the minimum cost for a modem program can be lowered only so far,and with a relatively small enrollment the minimum prog ain costs moreper capita to operate. 'There are scale econimies in education just as inany other endeavor, and t're fixed costs in plant and a minimum numberof course offerings result in high per capita costs with low enrollrratt.

Other trends are to be noted in the experimental area. Differentialpatterns of investment in education were found among the counties. Thereare stall significant differences among counties in the experimental area

80

1969] BEFORE 1 ',OUSTRIALI ZA nor.: 8I

in absolute salaries paid teachers, even though all of the counties have vir-tually kept pace with state growth rates in teacher salaries.

Their ranking on average annual teacher's salary in 1963 was asfollows:

LaSalle $5,827Marshall 5,216Bureau 4,901Putnam 4,594

The state average in the same year was $5,786. Teachers tend to staylonger in Bureau and Putnam counties than they do in the state as a whole,an average of some 20 years according to the Annual Statistial Report ofthe Illinois Department of Public Instruction, 1945 to 1963. This factor,corlained with stable or declining populations, has made it less necessaryfor Bureau and Putnam to compete for the service of teachers with thesame urgency as LaSalle County where the expansion in numbers of stu-dents has required a constant influx of new teachers.

The ranking of the counties in 1963 by average per capita operatingcost shows that Putnam County has considerably higher cost than the other

ties.

°I.it 3m $54314a hall 459L7,Salle 459Bureau 457

The per capita cost in the state for the same year was $472. Part oft le difference here can be accounted for by information gathered in fieldimerviews with school leaders. The Hennepin schr,,i district has been ableto operate at a high cost level as the result of an inheritance of land receivedse- le years ago which is now rented out for farming.

It should also be noted that the mcrease in per capita cost has beenover twl"c as much in the state as it has been in the experimental areaduring the two decades.

Pupil-teacher ratios have been lightened in all the counties, but they arestill by far the heaviest in LaSalle. Putnam County has remarkably lightteacher loads of 10.0 in secondary school and 17.8 in elementary school.Average teacher loads in the state rank above those found even in LaSalleCounty.

Although figures are not complete, capital expenditures appear to haveincreased far more heavily in the state and in LaSalle and Bureau countiesthan they have :n Putnam or Marshall counties. This should be expectedsince env.iiment increase has been less than in the latter two counties.

In the control area, elementary ehrollrnent was up 133 percent duringthe two decades, far above the increase shown in the experimental areaThe secondary enrollment has increased significantly, but not dramaticallymore than that in LaSalle or Nfarshali counties. In terms of teachers'

81

82 BuLLEnN No. 736 [December,

salaries, Iroquois County ranks belo,v LaSalle and Marshall counties, butabova the other two. On per capita cost, however, it ranks above all ex-cept Putnam. Teaching loads have been declining but they are still higherthan any county in the experimental area except LaSalle. Total operatingexpenditures have increased more rapidly than in Marshall and Putnamcounties.

One might expect changes in the educational system in response tothose in the economic system. Such changes might well see operating costsand capital investment climb more slowly for the more rural counties inthe experimental area than in the industrializing area.

The Governmental SystemAs a genpral indicator of the potential for government expenditure, the

assessed valuations of incorporated places in the survey area are presentedin Table 45. The level of valuation is particularly significant for Illinois

Table 45. - Assessed Valuation and A ed VON°, Ion per Capita by Incorporated Plot.,1953,1961,1963, and 1965, With Percent of Ina, Ms

Assessed valuation ($000) Assessed valuationper capita

1953 1961 1963 1965Percent

increase,1953-1n65

1953 19&Percentincrease,

1953-'65

Bureau CountyBureau 1,225 822 804 774 -36.7 2,552 1,932 -24.2Dcpue 5,489 4,354 4,400 4,648 -18.0 2,574 2,420 - 5.9Ladd 1,603 2,837 2,897 3,068 91.3 1,309 2,927 123.6Princeton 18,032 19,818 19,000 23,732 14.9 3,127 3,315 6.0Scatonville. . . 310 402 416 110 38.7 775 1,184 52.7Spring Valley 6,095 11,197 11,754 12,409 87.1 1,230 2,310 86.4

LaSalle '''..ouatyOglesb, 12,118 11,054 15,357 17,221 42.1 3,089 4,085 32.2

Marshall CountyHens/ 4,188 5,041 5,024 5,162 23.2 2,094 2,262 8.0

Putnam CountyGranville 1,423 1,896 1,792 2,094 47.1 1,455 1,998 37.3ILtnnepin 404 4'19 700 750 35.6 1,294 1,918 48.2McNabb Nk 495 NR 606 ... rat 3,482Magnolia 200 ':50 263 302 51.0 667 1,226 98.8Mark.. 260 NR 352 357 37.3 578 801 56.2Standard 196 263 290 294 50.0 715 1,043 60.3

Iroquois Cou r-,t yCrescr,L Gay 628 707 787 937 49.4 1,935 2,347 21.2Iroquois 516 694 NR 689 33.5 2,217 3,043 37.4Sheldon 2,000 2,387 2,837 2,951 47.5 1,817 2,610 49.515'at, k a 9,472 NR 13,21; 14,444 52.4 2,239 2,769 23.2Woodland 566 554 592 557 - 1.5 1.677 1,647 - 1.2

Source: U.S. Census of Governments.

82

1969) BEFORE INDUSTRT LIZATION 83

communities since most local government funds are derived from propertytaxes. There is a good deal of variation in the increases or decreases ofproperty valuation bet-weir communities in the qucly areas. With analysisof the year-to-year changes in communities, trends in vale. ition correlatefairly cksely with the level of governmental expenditures.

In the experimental area, most communities in Putnam County haveexperienced a significant increase in valuation since 1 X53. The larger com-munities show a consistent tendency to higher per capita valuations, butnone, save McNabb, h:r.c a strikingly high cat-:..

Henry, in Marsh 111 County, had a rate of increase m valuation thatwas low, but the per capita assessment figure started at a comparativelyhigh level ($2;1941 and has increased to $2,262.

In Oglesby in Lo.Salle County the per capita assessment rate ($4,085)remains more than doubly that of any community in Putnam County Withthe exception of McNabb which has an 3hnormally high figure ($3,482).

In Eureau County, Seatonville ($1,184) and Spring Valley ($2,310)per capita assessments are about the saw, as those found it, Putnam County,but the rater o: Depue ($2,420) and Ladd k$2,927) are somewhat higher.The rate in Princeton ($3,315) is about 50 percent higher than those ofPatnarn County communities. The most striking decline in per capitaassessment in the study area took place in Bureau ($2,552 to $1,932). Thedecline has occurred beause of more equal assessed evaluations per capitaamong the various incorporated place,' in Bureau County, while at thesame time there has been an overall rise in valuations in the county.

In the control area, with the exception of Woodland, the communitieshave established per capita valuations that are homogeneous. The range isfrom $2,347 in Crescent City to $3,043 in Iroquois. Again, there appearsto be a process of leveling of rates. The valuations have been on a levelcomparable to that Bureau County, but with less extreme adjustmentshaving been made since 1953.

The general trend then seems to be for incorporated places to utilize theassessment process more efficiently as the rars progress. Further, the largercommunities almost universal'', establish higher rates. Undoubtedly, this isa consequence if greater demands for governmental services.

Table 46 p,ovides data o.1 what has been interpreted as an indicator ofthe willingness of a community to invest in community improvement pro-grams through its governmental system, the level of bonded i, -lebtedness.Generally, it has been supposed that industrializing communities have ahigher level of indebtedness per capita than more ruril communities.Close examination of the data here does not seem to bear out this assump-tion. There does appear to be some rough correlation between size of com-munity and per capita levels of indebtedness, but it is not strong. Thus, itappears that community demands for various governmental expenditurescan lead to quite high levels of bonded indebtedness even in communitieswhich are not experiencing growth or industrialization.

8


However, the county levels of bonded indebtedness M Table 47 mightsupply sorna slight substantiation of the theory with Putnam and Marshallcounties reporting no indebtedness. The least industrialized counties havenot found it necessary to resort to bonds to provide funds for needed invest-ments. Also, without expanding government services demanded by unexpanding population, much of the fixed investment (for which indebted-ness is often needed) may already have been paid off.

In Putnam Ccunty, Granville has shown a tendency to take on higherbonded indebtedness per capita than any of the other communities. Theother communities have generally experienced some bonded indebtedness,but only at eery low per capita levels.

Communities in Bureau County apparently have been more willing totake on such indebtedness or have requirf d improvements needing moreindebtedness than in other areas. The per capita indebtedness in thosecommunities generally has been far above any incorporated area in othercounties in the experimental area.

'fable 46. Banded Indebtedness and Bonded Indebtedness per Capitaby Incorporated Ara." 1953, 1961, and 1965

Bureau County

1953 bondedindebtedness



Total Percapita aolTotal Per

capita TotalT Prcapita

Bureau 5 11,000 $ 22 $ 5,000 $ :3 5 1,000 $ 3Deput 4,000 2 23,000 14 534,800 315Ladd 36,000 30 70,000 67 90,000 86Princeton 1,036,000 180 1,165,000 185 795,000 126St stonville 0 0 0 0 0 0Spring Valley 344,000 69 776,000 144 624,000 116

LaSalli, CountyOglesby 350,000 94 255,000 61 65,000 15

Marshall CountyHenry 76,000 38 68,500 29 37,000 15

Putnam CountyGranville V.1,000 50 44,000 42 54,010 51Hennepin 0 0 11,000 18 4,000 1)McNabb 0 0 0 0 0 0Magnolia 0 0 11,000 37 6,000 241%.:ark 0 0 0 0 0 0Standard 6 0 11,000 39 6,000 21

Iroquois Countyresent City 0 0 0 0 0 0Iroquois 0 0 0 0 0 0Sheldon 12,000 11 6,000 5 0 0SVatseka Nk 0 725,000 139 595,0(Y) 114'Woodland 0 0 0 0 0 0

Source: U.s Census a Onneinments.

84

1969] BEFO Rs INDUSTRIALIZATION 85

In the control area, only Sheldon and Watseka have hau bonded in-debtedness at all since 1953, and Sheldon only at a very low per capita level($11.00).

If valuation and bonded indebtedness are tr serve as indicators of thepotential for and willingness to engage in high ',vets of government serviceto the community, then one would expect those communities with highassessed valuation and high bonded indebtedness to provide the most insuch services. On the whole, this prediction would seem to be substantiatedas data on various categories of governmental services indicate in Tables 48and 49.

Police and fire protection. In general, the larger the community, thelarger the per capita expenditure on police and fire protection (Tables 43and 49). There have been increases in per capita expenditures on theseservices in all but two communities. In the experimental area there hasbeen more of a tendency for communities to invest in this service on thecommunity level than there has been in the control area where onlyWatseka, and to a much lesser extent, Sheldon, have made significantexpenditure.

In terms of county expenditures on police and fire protection, all thecounties have shown a per capita increase since 1957. Putnam County hasjumped from next to lowest in per capita expenditure in 1957 to the high-est it 1962. One could expect larger expenditures from inflationary pres-sures in the national economy.

It would appear that the highest per capita expenditures on these typesof services in the governmental system do not necessarily come where indus-trialization has made significant progress. Because of fixed costs in certainservices, it is difficult to reduce per capita costs in areas of lov populationdensity. Generally, the larger communities within counties ti Ad to showthe highest r)er capita expenditures.

Highway repair and construction. On the community level, the percapita expenditure (Tables 50 and 51) on this service varies radically fromyear to year, but generally in the experimental area it has been higher inrural areas than in Oglesby and Henry (but, of course, not in absoluteexpenditures). Such expcnuitures have tended, also, to increase rapidly in

Table 47.-1957 bonded indebtedness, Amount and perfor Counties in the Study Area

Amount Per capita

Bureau County $936,000 5246.00LaSalle County .. . . 45,000 4.00htu-shall Coonty ... 0 0Putnam County.. 0 0Iroquois County 58,030 17.00

Source: U.S. Censor of Goverocleott.

8Z


Table 48. Community Police and Fire Protection Expenditures,1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita

Bureau County

1960 1965

Amount Percapita Amount Per

capita

Bureau 8 2,457 $ 6.20 $ 3,745 $ 9.30Dcpue 8,911 4.70 10,042 5.30Ladd 714 .70 6,225 5.90Princeton 33,275 5.30 51,589 8.30Seatonville 0 0 2,132 5.90Spring Valley 25,096 4.70 12,528 2.30

LaSalle CountyOglesby 22,125 5.20 54,716 13.00

Iroquois CountyCr esent City 0 0 60 .20Iroquois 0 0 66 .30Sheldon 3,735 3,20 5,435 4,80Watseka 35,782 6.80 55,008 10.50Woodland 380 1.10 30 .90

Putnam CountyOrant,ille 1,528 1.50 3,747 3.60Hennepin NR NR 71 .20McNabb 0 0 0 0Magnolia 0 0 0 0Mark 242 .50 536 1.20Standard, 270 .90 120 .40

Marshall CountyHenry 6,305 2.80 9,280 4.10

Source. U.S. Census of Cosernments.

Table 49. County Police and Fire Protection Expenditures,1957 and 1962, Amount and per Capita

1957 1962

Amount Pcrcapita Amount Per

capita

Bureau County $ 56,000 515 $ 95,000 525LaSalle County. 189,000 19 339,000 30Marshall County 11,000 8 25,000 19Putnam County 5,000 11 17,000 38Iroquois County 54,000 17 90,00.7 2.,

Source: U.S. C.,OOO of Gar -ime tc.

86

1969] BEFORE INDUSTRI1LIZATION 87

Table 50. - Community Highway Repair and Construction Expenditures,1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita

Bureau County

1960 1965


capita

Bureau $ 1,080 $ 2.70 $ 2,091 $ 5.20Iiepue 28,466 15.00 17,281 9.10Ladd 20,256 19.30 14,965 14.30Princeton 145,549 23.30 156,158 25.10Seatonville 1,109 3.10 9,630 26.80Spring Valley 27,646 5.20 19,944 3.70

Iroquois CountyCrescent City 994 2.50 14,668 36.70Iroquois 1,534 6.60 4,621 20.10Sheldon 5,934 5.20 12,303 10.80Watseka 33,08C 6.30 89,337 19.00Woodland. 216 .70 1,730 5.10

Putnam CountyGranville 19,081 18.20 46,698 43.50Hennepin.. HR. NR. 3,757 9.10McNabb NR NR 3,963 23.30Magnolia 1,916 7.70 1,398 5.60Mark 4,039 8.90 2,675 6.00Standard 421 1.50 3,226 11.80

LaSalle CountyOglesby. 53,707 12.70 45,328 10.80


Source Ceram of Gov en_ le nu.

Table $1. - County Highway Repair and Construction Expenditures,1957 and 1962, Amount and per Capita

1957 1962

Amount Percapita Amount P

capiterPita

Bureau County $581,000 $153 $ 581,030 $154LaSalle County 44,000 4 1,W8,000 117Marshall Coul ty 110,000 85 157,000 120Putnam County 46,000 97 21,000 46Iroquois County 558,000 172 386,000 113

Seance: U.S. Census of Agriculture.

87


all communities. Although it is certain that inflation and increased demandhave both tended to raise highway expenditures, the trend is hard to docu-ment in Illinois except over long periods of time. The pattern of returningmotor fuel tax funds for expenditure at the county and local level and ofallowing such funds to accumulate for several years before they are usedfor a major investment gives the whole process an uneven look in morelimited periods of time. Annual expenditures would have to be averagedover several years to get an approximation of a realistic trend lire.

On the county level, highway repair and construction expenses have alsorisen in the experimental area, especially in LaSalle County.

In the control area a puzzling trend has emerged. Since 1960 per capitaexpenditure on this service has increased substantially for all the communi-ties, but has been declining for the county. A relative decline in rural resi-dences appears to be the reason for this change. Again, expenditures aremore evenly distributed among communities in the control are than in theexperimental area (Table 50).

Recreation. Historically, only the larger communities in the studyareas contributed anything to community or county recreation funds, butthat trend seems to have ended. In the 1960's some of the smallest com-munities have been contributing at least a nominal amount to recreation.However, the commitment to such a budget item is substantially related tothe size of the population center in both the control and experimental areas.Princeton, in Bureau County, is the one exception. On the county level,recreation expend:tures have been negligible (Table 52).

Public health and welfare. Three sources of expenditures on publichealth and welfare are anah-nd here: community, county, and state (Ta-bles 53, 54, and 55).

On the community level, there is traditional rural reluctance to becomeinvolved in governmental expenditure on public health and welfark service,along with a presumed smaller need for such service where more traditionalfamily aid is available. In the experimental area, with the exception ofOglesby, per capita expenditure on this service has been negligible. In thecontrol area, no expenditures on public health and welfare were recordedby communities in 1960. In 1956 a negligible amount per capita wasrecorded for Sheldon and Watseka.

Bureau County led the other counties in 1965 by a curiously largemargin in health and 'welfare expenditure per capita. LaSalle Countyranked second, Yv:th the more rural counties expending far less per capita.

State welfare expenditures are predictably mesh more evenly spreadthroughout the survey area. However, the number of persons receivingassistance per 1,000 persons in the population has been declining rathernoticeably for all counties except LaSp.11e. The amount of assistance re-ceived seems to vary little tccordin;.; to county. Only LaSalle may notreceive quite as much per capita assistance for persons on welfare as theothers.

88


Those receiving assistance in the study areas are only about a third ofthe number receiving such assistance per thousand population in the stateas a whole. A shift toward the state pattern may follow greater industri-alization.

Two rather tangential sorts of data can be presented in the context ofthe health and welfare service of the governmental system. Both are con-cerned with mental health and though they do not present indications ofactivity on the part of the mental health subsystem, they do present ratherrough indicators of the general mental health of residents of the area andprobable demands for services in this field.

The overall trend is for patients of Illinois State Mental Hospitals to bedecreasing (Table 56). The number of admissions is also decreasing.This trend is not observed in the study area, howevtr. LaSalle Countyhas shown a constant increase in absolute number of admissions and admis-sion rates, although the number of persons in the state hospital from LaSalleCounty has dec'ined.

In the other counties, the number on the books in state mental hospitalshas been decreasing, While the number of admissions and admission rates

Table 52. Community Recreation Expenditures, 1960 and 1965, Amount and par Cupita

Bur-au County

1960 1965


capita

Bureau. 0 0 0 0Dcpue 0 0 $ 3,695 $ 2.10Ladd 0 C 1,726 .20Princeton 0 C 0 0Scatonville 0 0 107 .50Spring Valley $ 8,936 1 1.50 NR NR

Iroquois CountyCrescent City 0 0 0 0Iroquois 664 2.80 437 1.C3Sheldon 0 0 0 0Watseka 9,601 1.80 12,235 2.30Woodland 0 0 34 .10

Putnam CountyGranville 474 .40 508 .50Hennepin 157 .40 175 .50McNabb 0 0 0 U

Magnolia 85 .40 0 0Mark 0 0 0 0Standard 0 0 0 0

LaSalle CountyOglesby 16,191 3.80 10,735 4.90


Souza : U.S. Census of AViculturt

89


Table 53. Community Public Health and Welfare Expenditures,1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita

Bureau CountyBureauDeoueLaddPrincetonSeatonvilleSpring Valley

Iroquois CountyCrescent Cityiroquo'sSheldon.WatsekaWoodland

Putnam CountyGranvilleHennepinMcNabbMagnoliaMarkStandard

LaSalle CountyOglesby

Marshall CountyHenry

1560 1965

Amount Percapita Amount capita

Per

5 3500

2,0450

1,075

00000

000000

34,457

0

$ .1000

.300

.40

00000

000000

$ 8.2r

0

5 168 5500

2,1370

7,341

00

1001,625

0

0430000

Nit

0

.40.3C

0.30

01.40

00

.01.30

0

0.10

0000

NC.

0


Table 54. County Public Health and Welfare Expenditures,1957 and 1962, Amount and per Copit.

1962

Amount Pecapita Amount Per

capita

Bureau County $ 60,000 516 5676,000 $179LaSalle County 113,000 11 365,000 33Marshall County 20,000 15 34,000 26?utnam County 5,000 11 1,000 2Iroquois Counts 2,000 1 11,000 3


90

Tab

le 5

5. -

Seal

eP

ublic

Wel

fare

Exp

endi

ture

s an

d C

ases

by C

ount

y, 1

945,

195

5, 1

960,

and

196

5

Tot

al a

ssis

tanc

eA

id to

dep

ende

nt c

hild

ren

1945

1935

1960

1965

1945

1955

1960

1965

Bur

eau

Cou

nty

Num

ber

973

623

570

425

147

255

88

133

Num

ber

per

1,00

0 po

pula

tion

NR

1714

12N

R3

NR

8

Am

ount

of

assi

stan

ce52

7,33

929

,535

30,7

1328

,517

2,98

61,

707

3,51

05,

249

LaS

alle

Cou

nty

Num

ber

1,8:

,91,

367

1,41

51,

545

250

189

304

587

Num

ber

per

1.00

0 po

pula

tion

NR

1413

14N

R5

NR

12A

mou

nt o

f as

sist

ance

546,

666

58,4

4162

,905

78,0

084,

879

5,71

911

,009

23,0

11

Mar

shal

l Cou

nty

CC

)N

umbe

r38

325

121

417

477

60

6463

1^"

Num

,..er

per

1,0

00 p

opul

atio

nN

R19

1613

NR

12N

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Table 56.- Admissions to and Population on the Books of Illinois StateMental Hospitels, by County, 1955, 1969, and 1965

1955 1960 1965

Bureau CountyNumber on books 119 98 104Number of admissions. 36 49 38Admission rate" 95.8 130.3 101.1

LaSalle CountyNumber on books 302 279 263Number of admissions 76 95 128Admission rate' 68.6 85.7 115.5

Marshall CountyNumber on books 48 49 43Number of admissions 17 27 29Admission rate'. 127.5 202.- 212.5

Putnam CountyNiirber on books 15 11 16Number of admissions 10 7 6Admission rate' 218.8 15:'.2 131 . 3

Iroquois CountyNumber on books 110 97 r.6Number of admissions 40 46 50Admission rate' 119.2 137.1 149.0

IllinoisNumber on 1---oks 39,267 35,824 33,106Number of admissions. 19,890 15,650 12,993Admission rate" 128.7 153.3 194.7

Source: Illinois Department of Mental Itea;t1s.Somber of admisstons per 100,000 pupolacton.

Table 57.- Number and Rates of Suicide, by County, 1956, 1959,1952, and 1965

1962 196519591956

Num- Rate' ber Rate'Num Num Num-bet. bur Rate' bee Rate'

Bureau County 8 19.0 6 16.2 4 10.7 4 10.8LaSalle County 12 11.6 16 14.6 16 14.3 9 8.0Marshall County 1 6.9 2 15.0 2 15.2 1 7.8Putnam County 2 44.4 0 0 1 22.2 0 0Iroquois County 1 3.0 2 6.0 1 3.0 2 6.0Illinois 938 9.9 982 9.9 997 9.7 i 947 9.8

Source.. State of !Ilion's:. Vice: Statistics.Rate per 100,000 population.

has tended to vary widely from year to year. Impr-_,..ed drugs and treat-ment procedures have decreased the length of stay in mental hospitals andmade larger outpatient care possible.

The other data relating to mental health are on the numIN.er of suicides(Table 57). On the state level, rates have remained about constant since1956. 'I he aide change in rates on the county level, representing small

92

1969] BEFORE I tTDUSTRIALIZATiON 93

actual changes from year to year, makes it difficult to establish any trendsthere. On the whole, however, numbers of suicides remained constantfrom 1956 to 1962 and then dropped rather sharply in 1965 in the .:xperi-mental area. Primarily, a drop in LaSalle County was the carne, and laterdata will have to become available uefore it is known if this indicates a newtrend in that county.

Library service. No easy kind of summation of the data (Table 58)can be made, but the library at Henr' in Marshall County appears to havemade the greatest progress in number of h,rrowers, circulation, and bookstock since 1945. On the other hand, Bureau County libraries have thelargest number of books, lx.rrowers, and circulation, the highest assessedvaluation, and the highest operating expenditures. Constant expansion ofoperating vxpv tdittires and services rendered is the trend, except in LaSelieand Putnam counties, where circulation has declined somewhat. On thewhole, libraries appear only in the larger communities with the county li-brary in Hennepin being the exception. A certain amount of increase inlibrary services would be expected in the next iew years in spite of popula-tion or industrialization trends. The response to new conditions in thiskind of governmental service may be quit.; slow.

Postal services. The final kind of governmental service to be analyzedhere will Isz postal services. The indicator used is postal receipts (Table 59).

All counties have shown some significant increase in utilization of thiskind of governmental service since 1945, but the percentage increase varies.A ranking of the counties by the percentage of increase is as follows:

Iroquois 242.6Bureau 203.7Putnam 166.7Marshall 150.0LaSalle 137.5

The ranking appeals rather puzzling, sine., the most industrializedcounty has shown the least increase since 1945 and toe control county themost. Iroquois County has always been relatively prosperous, but its gainsfrom y'ar to year since 1945 have been consisteLtly larger in tenns of per-centages than those in other counties, and its prosperity has not been thatsignificantly diffel int. Based on these data, rural use of postal service on aper capita or income-increase basis may be higher than for ui ban users inthe study area-.

The governmental system a summary. Rising assessment valua-tions and bonded indebtedness in the experimental area indicate an in-creasing tendency for the governmental systen. to provide more communityservices. This 'rend tends to hold for small as well as large communitieswithin the study areas. With increasing industrialization, demands andpotential for providing community services by government will probaryincrease still more, irrespective of population changes.

94 '301..teriN No. 736 [December,

Table 51.- library Services by Porti of Count ,e, WithIn Study Area,1945,1955, Ad 1965, Wan Percent of Incrense

Bureau County.

1945 1955 1965Percent

increase,1945-1965

Registered borrowers 3,606 3,6.9 3,724 3Book stock 33,132 42,541 51,055 54Circulat' n 61,438 56,309 79,614 29Assessed valuation (000). 3 5,675 31,218 38,546 579Total operating expenditures $10,29: 24,560 33,498 225

LaSalle CountybRegistered borrrwers 2,259 2,395 3,500 55Book stock 9,195 12,668 16,409 78Circulation 34,449 27,847 34,204 -1Assessed valuation (000)...... .$ 2,573 12,118 17,221 569Tota' opereing expenditures... .$ 4,389 7,601 14,579 232

Mars:iall County*Registered bee..owers 553 727 984 78Book stock 3,192 6,986 11,019 225Circulation 9,744 10,480 24,!74 148Assessed valuation (000) $ 785 3,556 5,162 558Total operating expenditures.....$ 1,042 2,460 5,632 440

Putnam County4Registered borrowers..... ...... 1.695 1,706 2,000 18Book stock 6,"161 8,993 11,844 83Circulation 21,307 23,282 19,000 -11Ay..essscl valuation (000) 5 5,465 21,997 36,459 567Total operating exp,ndiluies $ 2,684 4,920 NA NA

Iroquois County.Registered borrowers 2,191 1,522 2,635 20Book stock 13,041 18,117 25,052 92Circulation 27,776 21,080 51,120 12Assessed valuation (000) $ 4,015 16,616 23,076 475Total operating expenditures $ 4,121 12,457 22,659 450

Sourv.: the Minn:. LibrarianBureau Count) includes data it libraries within the experimental area at Depot, Ladd,

Princeton, and Spring ValleyLaSalle County ineludes data for libraries rithin the experimental area at Oglely,Marshall County includes data for libraries tei thin the experiment...! area at Henry.Putnam County includes data for libraries within the experimental arta at Hennepin.Iroquois County includes data for libraries within the cot trol area at Sheldon Lad Watseka.

However, there will be differential effects of industrialization on govern-mental services. Police and fire protection seems to vary with the size ofcommunities more than Nvith their relative industlialization. -I bus thiskind of governmental scrl'ict: may increase significantly if the presence of

causes significant alterati ),15 in the population environment. 1losseser,if the immediate population environment is not significantly altered, thechanges this sector of the governmental system may be fairly small.

Expenditures in the governmental system on highway repair and con-struction vary so widely, it is hard to make predictions. Clearli highwayco.istraction expenditures should rise dramatically in tlic 17,-st few searsafter the installation of the J&I, plant. Wncther that rise will be signifi-

19691 E TOP.1 INDtST/t/nLJZATION 95

cantly greater than those found in areas without similar industrializationmay be questionable. Also, it may be difficult to assess all highway construe -''.'u, because in most new subdivisions, the streets are paid for by the

'oper and indirectly by the individual lot purdiaser. National andinterstate influences and transportation systems make it less recessary forthere to be local expenditures on 'highway constructio, especially in theexperimental area.

Changes in governmental expenditures on recreation facilities may bedifficult to relate directly to industrialization. If the changes in populationenvironment arc dramatic, then demands for increased recreation facilitiesmay be g.-eat, but if population changes are than dramatic, one mayfind no more expenditure in this area than in relatively prosperous ruralcommunities. Non-runA people often have more leisure time in our societythan rural people, and thel e be greater expencilture on recreation afterindustrialization. However, more of this expendituic may be on commer-cial-type recreation than natural recreational facilities which are often sup-ported by the government.

Changes in health and welfare expenditures in the governmental systemwill vary with the level of governmental operation. At the local level itappears that welfare expenditures increase v.ith industrialization and pop-ulation expansion, but not with the latter alone. Changes in local com-munity expenditures on this kind of service may be slow in coming, espe-cially without dramatic population changes.

County health and welfare expenditures are likely to respond morequickly to new conditions created by industrialization than are local expen-ditures. The fact that Bureau County unaccountably holds a great leadover the others in this category of expenditure would make it difficult toassocLte such expenditures with ineustriilivtion alone. Certainly, though,in the experimental area as a whole changes in provision for public healthand welfare 'sill be more dramatic than in the control area because of theAL plant's effects on the experimental area.

Tols:o S9. Poslol Receipts by Portion of Counties In Study Arm,945, /950, 1955,1960, end 1964, With Pe cent of Increase

Percent1945 1550 1935 !960 1964 increase,

1945-1964

Bureau County 109,478 153,275 169,176 205,742 331,428 203 7LaSalle Cuntyb.... 18,069 '9,369 23,031 24,5H 40,352 137.5eta shall County'. 16.,035 18,177 21,J35 25,158 40,415 150.0P.:*.nam County'. 21,613 26,391 42,588 38,127 57,384 166.7Iroquois County' 54,19; 66,681 104,856 114,061 185,034 242.6

Includes efficet at Bureau, Dalrell, Pepue, Ladd, Prir.ceion, and Seatonsille.b Induct. office at Bureau,

Include, office at Henry.a Includes °Meet Gransilk Hennepin. McNa' o. Iklatnolia, Mark, Putnam. and Surtdard.

Includet Owes at Crescent ttuy, Iroquoif. She don, Watscia, and Woodland.

7.'

96 BULLETIN No 736 (December,

Finally, state welfare expenditures in the area are likely to use in abso-lute terms with rising population figures. They may also rise in terms ofper capita expenditures after industrialization.

Library services will probably be slow to respond to the change, butchanges in population ci:aractefisJcs wilt be a determinant of eventualchange in this service

-.Ctras "le effects of a radical change in the economic system in theexperimental area may not be easily linked with changes in the govern-mental system without the intervening variable of change in the populationenvironment. On;.. may envision population changes small enough in theimmediate Henrepin are-% and scattered enough in ,-irrotincling areas tomake dramatic changes in governmental and educational services unlikely.This is especially possible if J&L is able to hold to its stated policy ccemploying primarily local people. The changes from a slow internal im-provement of the economic system may be felt in teems of reducing out-migration from the area, but several years would have to elapse before thatkind of trend could he substantiated.

On the other hand, the contingent population variable could showenough change to dramatically affect educationtd, govsirmnental, religious,and familial systems.

SUMMARY

In this publication an attempt has been made to present basic trends ofdevelopment iti the social system cc an ex2erimental and a control area,with special reference to the economic and governmental systems. It isanticipated that the components of the social system in the experimentalarea would be well enough integrated to cause some change in each sectorfollowing a dramatic change in the economic system because of ill,. locationof a J&L steel plant at Hennepin.

The conclusion has been reached that major, dramatic changes in theeducational and governmental systems may not differ between the experi-mental and control areas, unless industialization precipitates significantalterations in the population component of the environment of the socialsystem.

The greatest changes in 'he economic system itself are naturally to beexpected in the manufacturing sector. Putnam Count/ barely had such asector until recently and, with the exception of Oglesby in LaSalle County,the importance of the manufacturing sector in the economic system of thestudy areas has not been major. i airly immediate change also can beanticipated in the transportation and finan, ial sectors. In the matter ofa year or two after op, ning operation of JAL, changes in the contract-construction, trade, and service sectors can be expected.

The agricultural sector will remain relatively unchanged by industriali-zation except in the proportionate importance it has for the economicsystem as a whole. With higher labor costs, there will be more rapid sub-

9

/f691 BEFORE INDUSTR!ALIZATION 97

stitut;on of capital for labor in agriculture, resulting in an even greaterincrease in size of farm. The typo of farm enterprise found will also changefrom more labor-'ntensive enterprises such as dany and swine productionto less labor-intensive enterprises such as beef cows and grain production.

Data have been presented establishing trends in each of the above sec-tors and significant variation from the observed trends can be expected inthe near future.

How the change in the economic system will affect the remainder ofthe social system is more in question. Of major importance is the effect ofeconomic chant,e on the demographic environment, If population migra-tion into the experimental area becomes large in the next few years, theimpact of the economic dange will be magnified it the other major sys-tems. If not, the changes in the other systems cau,ed by industrializationwill be hard to distinguish from :hanges in relatively prosperous rural areasgenerally. Given significantly increasing population, the alterations in thetrends established here for the educational and governmental systems islikely to be highly visible.

Thus industrialization and changes in the economic system of a socialsystem may have negligible effects on other systems unless it can alter thedemographic and ecological environment which conditions develop-ment of the system as a whole.

The systems approach and basic data presented here will pr.., 'tie muchof the framework and some of the basic data supporting later rep_ 13 andanalyses of this project.

LIST OF TABLES1. Population in Study Counties and State, 1940, 1950, 1960,

and 1965, With Percent of Increase, 1910 to 1965 17

2. Population in Study Townships and St.tc, 1940, 1950, and1960, With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960 17

3. Population in Incorporated Places and UnincorporatedPlaces of 1,000 or More in the Study Areas, 1940, 1950, and 1960,With Percent of Increase, 1940 to 1960 18

4. Births and Deaths per 1,000 Population, Number and Ratesby County and Sate for 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965 19

5. Employed Persons and Percent of Total in Selected IndustryGroups by County, 1940, 1950, and 1960, With Change in Percent,1940 to 1960 21

6. Occupational Group of Employed Persons and Percent ofTotal for Counties and State, 1910, 1950, and 1960, With Changein Percent, 1940 to 1960 22-23

7. Personal Income Estimates y Source for Bureau County,1950, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 25

8. Personal Income Estimates by Source for LaSalle County,1950, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Pen Lent of Income, 1950to 1965 26

9. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Marshall County,1950, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 27

10. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Putnam County,195C, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 28

t. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Iroquois County,195J, 1960, and 1965, With Change in Percent of Income, 1950to 1965 29

12. Personal Income Estimates by Source for Illinois, 1950, 1960,and 1965, With Change in Percent e,f Income, 1950 to 1965 30

13. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inBureau County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 31

14. Business Establishments Covered by Itlinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employtes and Quarterly Wages by Ty-pc inLaSalle County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 32

15. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inMarshall County, 1947, 1955, and 1965

98

98

BEFORE INDUSTRIALIZATION 99

16. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inPutnam County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 34

17. Busin ss Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inIroquois County, 1947, 1955, and 1965 35

18. Business Establishments Covered by Illinois UnemploymentCompensation Act, Employees and Quarterly Wages by Type inIllinois, 1947, 1955, and 1965 36

19. Agricultural Trends by County and for Illinois, 1950, 1954,1959, 1964 38-39

20. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Bureau County 4021. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, LaSalle County 4022. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Marshall County 4123. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Putnam County 4124. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Iroquois County 4225. Number of Farms by Acreage Size Group, Illinois 4226. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-

ees, Bureau County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4627. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-

ees, LaSalle County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4728. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-

ees, Marshall County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4829. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-

ees, Putnam County, 1947, 1954, 1963 4930. Manufacturing Plants by Product and Number of Employ-

ees, Iroquois County, 1947, 1954, 1963 5031. Manufacturing Establishments, Employees, Payroll, Value

Added, and Capital Expenditures by County, 1947, 1954 and 1963 5132. Saks-Tax Payers and Receipts by County and Incorporated

Area, 1950, 1955, 1960, and 1965, With Percent of Increase54.5733. Retail Trade Patterns, by County and 'type of Establish-

ment, 1948, 1954, 1958, and 1963, With Percent of Increase 58-6034. Sales Management Magazine Retail Sales Estimates by

County, 1950, 1955, 1960, 1965, With Percent of Increase 6135. Deposits, Re:ourccs, and Discounts in Millions of

Dollars of Banks in the Study Arca, by County, 1945.1966, WithPercent of Increase 64

36. Assets and Mortgage Loans of Savings and Loan Associa-tions in the Study Areas, 1945.19EA, With Percent of Increase 65

37. Motor Vehicle Registration by Type and County, 1946,1956, and 1966, With Percent of Increase 67

99

100 Nauru; No. 736

38. Kilowatt Hours of Electric Power Consumption by DirectConsumers of Illinois Power Company in Communities in the Ex-perimental Area 68

39. Number of Electric Power Consumer Accounts Supplied bythe Oglesby Municipal Power Company 69

40. Customers and Average Annual Use of Electric Power inKilowatt Hours in the Paxton Operating Group of the Central Illi-nois Public Service Company 69

41. Employment and Financial Expenditures for IndividualCounty Governments and Illinois, 1957 and 1962 71

42. 1962 Employment and Financial Statistics for Local Govern-ments by County Totals 72

43. Effective Buying Income by County, 1950-1965, With Per-cent of Increase by County and State 73

44. School Data, 1945, 1954, 1959, and 1963, With Percent ofChange, by County and State 79-80

45. Assessed Valuation and Assessed Valuation per Capita byIncorporated Place, 1953, 1961, 1963, 1965, With Percent of Increase...82

46. Bonded Indebtedness and Bonded Indebtedness per Capitaby Incorporated Areas, 1953, 1961, and 1965 24

47. 1957 Bonded Indebtedness, Amount and per Capita, forCounties in the Study Area 85

48. Community Police and Fire Protection Expenditures, 1960and 1965, Amount and per Capita 86

49. County Police and Fire Protection Expenditures, 1957 a. I

1962, Amount and per Capita 8650. Community Highway Repair and Construction Expendi-

tures, 1960 and 1965, Amount and per Capita 8751. County Highway Repair and Construction Expenditures,

1957 and 1962, Amoun' and per Capita 8752. Community Recreation Expenditures, 1960 and 1965,

Amount and Per Capita 8953. Community PublIc Health and Welfare Expenditures. 1960

and 1965, Amount and per Capita 9054. County Public He: Ith and Welfare Expenditures, 1957 and

1962, Amount and per Capita 9055. State Public Welfare Expenditures ind Cases by County,

1915, 1955, 1960, and 1965 9156. Admissions to and Population OP the Books of Illinois State

Mental Hospitals, by County, 1955, 1960, and 1C35 9257. Number ar.d Rates of Suicide, by County, 1956, 1959,

1962, and 1965 9258. Library Services by Portion of Counti s in Study Area,

1915, 1955, 1965, With Percent of Incre Ise 9459. Postal Receipts by Study Portion of Counties in Study Area',

1915, 1950, 1955, 1960, and 1964, With Percent of Increase 95

5M-12-69 -11509,

100

Documents

Before Industrialization: A Rural Social System Base Study