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Bell Ringer for 9/10. Without talking or using the text/your phone: 1. State the difference between cohesion and adhesion. 2. Draw the complete carbon cycle, as best you can, in your notes. Label where you can. You have 5 min. For today. We will revisit your carbon cycle soon Ch. 4 lecture - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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AP Biology
Bell Ringer for 9/10Without talking or using the text/your phone:
1. State the difference between cohesion and adhesion.
2. Draw the complete carbon cycle, as best you can, in your notes. Label where you can.
You have 5 min
AP Biology
For today We will revisit your carbon cycle soon Ch. 4 lecture Work time:
Carbon and water cycle diagrams w/ annotations and questions
Properties of water foldable
AP Biology 2007-2008
Ch. 4: Chemistry of Carbon
Building Blocks of Life
AP Biology
Why study Carbon? All of life is built on carbon Cells
~72% H2O ~25% carbon compounds
carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
~3% salts Na, Cl, K…
AP Biology
Chemistry of Life Organic chemistry is the study of
carbon compounds C atoms are versatile building blocks
6 valence e-, 2 in 1st shell making it full, 4 in 2nd shell, each available for bonding
4 stable covalent bonds
HHC
H
H
AP Biology
Complex molecules assembled like TinkerToys
AP Biology
Hydrocarbons Combinations of C & H
non-polar not soluble in H2O
hydrophobicstablevery little attraction
between molecules a gas at room temperature
methane(simplest HC)
AP Biology
Hydrocarbons can grow
AP Biology
Basic Naming Rules of Hydrocarbons# of Carbons in backbone
Name in prefix
1 Meth-
2 Eth-
3 Prop-
4 But-
5 Pent-
6 Hex-
7 Hept-
8 Oct-
9 Non-
10 Dec-
Alkanes Have single bonds Denoted by suffix “-ane” Formulas fit a CnH2n+2 rule
Alkenes Have double bonds Denoted by suffix “-ene” Formulas fit a CnH2n rule
Alkynes Have triple bonds Denoted by suffix “-yne” Formulas fit a CnH2n-2 rule
AP Biology
Isomers Molecules with same molecular formula
but different structures (shapes) different chemical properties different biological functions
6 carbons
6 carbons
6 carbons
AP Biology
Form affects function Structural differences create important
functional significance amino acid alanine
L-alanine used in proteins but not D-alanine
medicines L-version active but not D-version
sometimes withtragic results…
stereoisomersstereoisomers
AP Biology
Form affects function Thalidomide
prescribed to pregnant women in 50s & 60s reduced morning sickness, but… stereoisomer caused severe birth defects
AP Biology
Diversity of molecules
Substitute other atoms or groups around the carbon ethane vs. ethanol
H replaced by an hydroxyl group (–OH)
nonpolar vs. polar
gas vs. liquid
biological effects!
ethane (C2H6) ethanol (C2H5OH)
AP Biology
Functional groups Parts of organic molecules that are
involved in chemical reactions give organic molecules distinctive
properties hydroxyl amino
carbonyl sulfhydryl
carboxyl phosphate
Affect reactivity makes hydrocarbons hydrophilic increase solubility in water
AP Biology
Viva la difference! Basic structure of male & female
hormones is identical identical carbon skeleton attachment of different functional groups interact with different targets in the body
different effects
AP Biology
Hydroxyl –OH
organic compounds with OH = alcohols names typically end in -ol
ethanol
AP Biology
Carbonyl C=O
O double bonded to C if C=O at end molecule = aldehyde
if C=O in middle of molecule = ketone
AP Biology
Carboxyl –COOH
C double bonded to O & single bonded to OH group compounds with COOH = acids
fatty acidsamino acids
AP Biology
Amino -NH2
N attached to 2 H compounds with NH2 = amines
amino acids
NH2 acts as base
ammonia picks up H+ from solution
AP Biology
Sulfhydryl –SH
S bonded to H compounds with SH = thiols SH groups stabilize the structure of proteins
AP Biology
Phosphate –PO4
P bound to 4 O
connects to C through an O
lots of O = lots of negative chargehighly reactive
transfers energy between organic molecules ATP, GTP, etc.
AP Biology 2007-2008
Macromolecules
Building Blocksof Life
AP Biology
Macromolecules Smaller organic molecules join together
to form larger molecules macromolecules
4 major classes of macromolecules: carbohydrates lipids proteins nucleic acids
AP Biology
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
Polymers Long molecules built by linking repeating
building blocks in a chain monomers
building blocks repeated small units
covalent bonds
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
AP Biology
H2O
HO
HO H
H HHO
How to build a polymer Synthesis
joins monomers by “taking” H2O out one monomer donates OH–
other monomer donates H+ together these form H2O
requires energy & enzymes
enzymeDehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
Condensation reactionCondensation reaction
You gotta be open to“bonding!
AP Biology
H2O
HO H
HO H HO H
How to break down a polymer
Digestion use H2O to breakdown polymers
reverse of dehydration synthesis cleave off one monomer at a time
H2O is split into H+ and OH–
H+ & OH– attach to ends
requires enzymes releases energy
Breaking upis hard to do!
HydrolysisHydrolysis
DigestionDigestion
enzyme
AP Biology 2007-2008
Any Questions??
AP Biology
Carbon Cycle
AP Biology
Carbon Carbon exists in the nonliving environment as:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) Carbonic acid ( HCO3
−)
Carbonate rocks (limestone and coral = CaCO3) Deposits of Fossil fuels Dead organic matter
AP Biology
Organic Carbon
Hydrocarbons: CH4
Carbohydrate: CH2O
AP Biology
Inorganic carbon Carbon Dioxide: CO2
Calcium Carbonate: CaCO3
Mandale Limestone Quarry
AP Biology
Carbon reservoirs
AP Biology
Carbon reservoirs
•The atmosphere.
•The biosphere (include fresh water systems and non-living organic material, such as soil carbon).
•The oceans ( including dissolved inorganic carbon and living and non-living marine biota).
•The lithosphere (sediments, Earth core including fossil fuels).
AP Biology
Carbon Cycle
AP Biology
Carbon is released into the atmosphere in several ways
• Respiration by plants and animals.
• Decay of animal and plant matter.
• Combustion of organic material
• Production of cement.
• The ocean releases CO2 into the atmosphere. • Volcanic eruptions and metamorphism
AP Biology
Carbon is taken from the atmosphere in several ways
Photosynthesis. The oceans when the seawater becomes
cooler, more CO2 dissolve and become carbonic acid.
In the upper ocean areas organisms convert reduced carbon to tissues, or carbonates.
AP Biology
Photosynthesis CO2 + H2O + sunlight CH2O + O2
AP Biology
Respiration CH2O + O2 CO2 + H2O + energy
AP Biology
Combustion or Oxidization of hydrocarbon
CH4 + 2 O2 CO2 + 2 H2O + energy
AP Biology
Human Impacts on the Carbon Cycle
Burning fossil fuels have serious impact on the carbon cycle.
AP Biology
Fossil Fuel
86% of global primary energy consumption is fossil fuels.
AP Biology
Fossil Fuels
• Petroleum• Natural Gas• Coal
AP Biology
CO2 Concentration
Pre-Industrial value: 280 ppm (600 billion tons)Current value: 395 ppm (850 billion tons)Critical value: 560 ppm (1200 billion tons)