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Bell Ringer
Freshwater reptile Mesosaurus
• Fossils of a fresh water swimming reptile, Mesosaurus (Figure 2) have been found on the east coast of southern Brazil and the west coast of Africa. This reptile could not possibly have swum the 3,000-mile distance across the South Atlantic Ocean.
• How could we possibly explain this?
Discovering Plate Tectonics: The Mystery of
the Brachiosaurus• Mystery of the Brachiosaurus Uncovered
Puzzle Key and Landmasses• Try to figure out how to answer the question
of how Mesosaurus appeared on two continents
1. Assemble the pieces so that they fit together like a puzzle
2. When finished, raise your hand to be checked.
3. Answer the questions #1-5 in Part 1 on your worksheet
Continental Puzzle Analysis Questions
1. What made you put the puzzle pieces the way that you did? Were there any clues that helped you put the pieces a certain way?
2. What three kinds of evidence support Wegner’s theory that South America was at one time joined with Africa? Be specific! (hint: look at the key)
3. What dinosaur is found on almost every continent?4. Since a dinosaur cannot swim, explain how a fossil can
be found on all continents? 5. It is generally considered that dinosaurs live in warm
climates, yet fossil remains are found in Antarctica. How can this be explained?
Convection Current Demonstration
• http://www.teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=137741• http://teachertube.com/viewVideo.php?video_id=261126&title=Convection_Currents
Action of the Red Dye• What temperature was the red dye?• In what direction did the red dye move?• What do you think the density of the red dye is
compared to the water? Why?Foam Plates• What caused the foam plates to move?• Describe the movement of the foam pieces when
the dye started to rise. Could you see a pattern?
Topic: The Lithosphere, Pangaea, and Plate Tectonics
Continental Drift Cornell Notes
Key Terms Notes
Summary:
1. Q: What is the lithosphere made up of?
A: Crust and Upper Mantle
Continental Drift
• Wegener came up with a theory in 1910 called Continental Drift.
• His theory said that the continents had started as one big “super continent” called Pangea.
Continental Drift
• Over millions of years, Pangaea broke apart into the 7 continents.
Continental Drift• During Pangaea, continents had completely
different environments..
Evidence that supported Wegener’s Theory
• Landforms– Example: Some mountain chains, have very
similar rocks and structures (i.e., folds and faults) to mountain belts found on other continents
• Fossil Evidence - There are many examples of fossils found on two continents that are currently separated by vast oceans– Example: Mesosaurus
Evidence that supported Wegener’s Theory
• Climate–Example: Glacial striations, the parallel "scrape" marks on
rocks caused by moving glaciers, have been found on rocks in South America, Africa and Australia and are of similar orientation to striations found on Antarctica
• Puzzle-like Fit of the Continents-in several cases, modern shorelines of continents look as though they were once joined– Example: Africa and South America are the best example
of these “puzzle pieces”
Continental Drift Rejection
• Scientists at the time rejected his theory because he could not come up with an explanation why the continents were actually moving.
Plate Tectonics• Plate Tectonics is the theory that the
lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is made of moving plates that float on the mantle.
• Convection currents cause magma in the asthenosphere to rise and sink.
• The plates are slowly moving and bump into each other
Discovering Plate Tectonics: Changes in Earth’s Surface
Plate Tectonics: Understanding Earth’s Shifty Surface Versatile• Finish for homework
–Write letter and word for answers–Cite evidence for each questions by
highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer
–All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading
Continental Drift Reading
“Draw a picture”- As I read the passage aloud, draw (pictures) of what you are hearing about evidence of continental drift. *Try to draw at least one picture per paragraph
Pangea Writing Prompt
• You are Wegener’s defense attorney. Using your knowledge of the lithosphere, asthenosphere, Pangaea, and evidence for continental drift (190-195), write two paragraphs that defend his hypothesis.
• (Think: What do we know about the lithosphere? The asthenosphere? Pangea?)
Lithospheric Movement Review
1. What is Alfred Wagner’s hypothesis?a.The continents have always been where they were now?b.Today’s continents were once part of a single land mass
that split apartc. The continents are made of rockd.The continents will one day join to form a single
continent.2. List three pieces of evidence for Pangaea:3. What causes earth’s tectonic plates to move? Use the
words density and convection current to explain what’s happening?
Bell RingerAnswer the following questions
1.Draw arrows convection currents in the mantle of the earth—label hot, cold and High density, Low density.
2. What is Pangaea? 3. Describe what causes the lithospheric plates to move.
EvidenceEvidence
Our first evidence of tectonic motion is based on similar fossils and rock types on opposing sides of the ocean
Lithospheric Plates Review• The earth’s crust is
divided into plates, and these plates move (that’s why Pangaea broke apart)
• The plates move because of convection currents underneath the Earth (PLAY VIDEO!)
• But other than Pangaea breaking apart, what happens when the plates move?
Types of Plate Boundaries
• Plate Boundaries: Where two lithospheric plates meet–Divergent (what does “diverge” mean?)–Convergent (what does “converge” mean?)–Transform
Plate Boundaries Brainpop
• http://www.brainpop.com/science/earthsystem/platetectonics/
1. Match the definitions with the words2. For each geologic feature, write down
which plate boundary could cause it. Use Convergent (C), Divergent (D), or Transform (T)
Plate Boundaries Tree Diagram
Types of Plate Boundaries
Divergent
Description
Landforms
Picture
Convergent
Description
Landforms
Picture
Transform
Description
Landforms
Picture
Tectonic Plates Versatiles
• Finish for homework–Write letter and word for answers–Cite evidence for each questions by
highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer
–All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading
Bell Ringer1. Scientists found fossils of identical creatures on Africa and South America.
What does this tell you about the Earth?a. Africa and South America are the same continentb. Africa and South America used to be next to each otherc. All animals are on each continentd. All of these animals can swim or fly long distances
2. Which of the following has caused the continents to spread apart?a. The eruption of volcanoesb. Huge plates moving underneath the ground have moved the continents
apartc. The shaking of the ground caused by earthquakes
d. The continents have always been spread apart.
Divergent Plate Boundaries
Divergent Video
Divergent Cornell NotesKey Terms Notes
Summary:
Divergent Boundary• When two plates move or spread apart
from each other– Connection: What causes them to move apart from each
other?– What hand motion would you use?
• http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
What does this actually look like?
Video 1: http://www.videosurf.com/video/divergent-boundary-119597587And Video 2: http://player.discoveryeducation.com/index.cfm?guidAssetId=2ED78244-ED66-438C-B2DD-55C2D810C4A1&blnFromSearch=1&productcode=US
Two Oceanic Plates Diverging• Causes Sea-Floor Spreading• As plates spread, magma comes up and cools and
hardens, forming new crust. • As new rock piles on top of each other, mountain
form under the ocean• Mid-ocean ridge- Mountain range on ocean floor
Age of Rocks• As the plates spread and magma hardens
to form rocks—we get the newest rocks on Earth near diverging plates.
Two Continental Plates Diverging
• Creates a Rift Valley or Ocean Basin• As the continental plates diverge, they sink and
can fill with water making a sea!
--the Red Sea
--the Great Rift Valley, East Africa
Ireland: Hikers walk in the shadow of cliffs. The divergent Mid-Atlantic Ridge rises above sea level, with the North
American plate to the west and the Eurasian plate to the east.
Divergent Plates- Plates move apart
Oceanic Continental
What happens Sea-floor spreading happens and magma comes up and cools – forms new rock
Plates spread and then sink to form a basin (bowl shape) or rift valley
What forms Mid-ocean ridges Example: the Mid-Atlantic ridge
Seas Example: the Red Sea
Sea-Floor Spreading Lab
• Using the model, answer the questions with your partner
• When finished, begin “Divergent Homework”
Bell Ringer #4• Create a venn diagram that compares and
contrasts continental plates diverging and oceanic plates diverging
Continental OceanicBoth
• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Transform boundariesToday we are learning
about CONVERGENT!
Convergent Boundaries
• There are two things that can happen when two plates move towards one another–1. One sinks under the other and
starts to melt–2. They both collide and start to
crumble and pile up.
Types of Convergent Boundaries
• Oceanic - Oceanic • Oceanic - Continental• Continental - Continental
• The only difference between the two type of plates is the rock composition and the density.
Oceanic – Continental (subduction)
• Oceanic plates is more dense than continental plate
• Ocean lithospheric plate will always sink under (subduction) continental plates because it is more dense!
• Volcanoes• Ring of Fire in Pacific Ocean
Oceanic – Oceanic (subduction)
• Same density; • Oldest plate will go under (subduction)
younger plate• Trenches & Volcanoes• Mariana Trench
DRAW IT OUT!
Continental-Continental (collision)
• Plates have the same density
• Plates collide and crash into each other– lithosphere folds like wrinkles
• Mountains• Himalayan Mountains
Types of Convergent Boundaries
Oceanic-Oceanic
Oceanic-Continental
Continental-Continental
Relative Density
Both have same density, but one is older
Oceanic is more dense than continental
Both have same density
What happens
Older plate goes under the other (subduction)
Ocean plate goes under the continental plate (subduction)
They hit each other and squish upwards
Landforms Volcanoes and ocean trenchExp: Mariana Trench
VolcanoesExp: Ring of Fire
MountainsExp: Himalaya Mountains
Convergent PlatesConvergent Plates
The Big PictureThe Big Picture
Where are we going?Where are we going?
We appear to be headed for another super continent as North America, South America, Asia and Australia converge in the ever shrinking Pacific Ocean
Convergent Inquiry Lab
1. What does Map 1 represent or have on it (hint: look at the title and extras on the map)?
– Location of volcanoes
2. What does Map 2 represent or have on it (hint: look at the title, key and colors)?
– Plate boundaries: Red Convergent, Blue Divergent, Green Transform
3. Place Map 1 and Map 2 side by side.
Convergent Inquiry Lab4. What do you notice now that the two maps are together?• The large clumps of volcanoes line up with the plate
boundaries5. What color line/boundary do the volcanoes line up with? • Red lines6. What does this color mean (hint: look at the key)? • Convergent Plate Boundaries (2 plates are coming towards
one another)7. Why do you think that these plate boundary lines and volcano lines match up? • Volcanoes are formed at convergent
boundaries/subduction zones
Convergent Inquiry Lab
• Independently answer question 8• Based on what you have seen and what you know
about Continental Drift and Convection Currents, how do you think volcanoes form?
• When finished with #8, begin “Convergent Homework”
Bell Ringer #51. Explain what the Ring of Fire is and why it occurs
in the Pacific Ocean.– Areas in the Pacific Ocean that contain large amount of
volcanoes because plates are converging/subducting
2. What is happening to the sizes of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean? Explain.– Pacific ocean is getting smaller because it contains
subduction zones; Atlantic ocean is getting larger because plates are diverging and new crust is being formed (Mid-Atlantic ridge)
Ring of Fire= Subduction Zones
Transform Plate Boundaries
Explaining the Phenomenon of Earthquakes
• Divergent boundaries
• Convergent boundaries
• Transform boundariesToday we are learning
about TRANSFORM!
Earthquake Brainpop
Earth’s Structure Brainpop
• How do earthquakes help scientists study the interior of the earth? – Seismic waves (earthquake waves) bend
differently through different materials, so scientists observe the way the waves bend to determine the temperature, density, and composition of each layer
Transform K.I.M Chart
Key Term (K) Information (I) Memory Cue (M)
Transform boundaries
• Two plates slide past each other
http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/content/visualizations/es0804/es0804page01.cfm?chapter_no=visualization
Earthquakes
• Occur at transform boundaries because great tension can build in the plates
• Eventually the plates snap and release all of the stored tension and shake the earth
Faults
• Cracks in the earth crust that occur when plates snap
• Example: San Andreas Fault (California)
Focus
• The point deep underground in which the fault fails
Epicenter
• Spot on earth’s surface directly above the focus
Seismograph
• Instrument that detects, measures, and records various seismic waves (Primary, Secondary, and Surface waves)
Primary (P) Waves
• Quickest wave and detected first; travel through solids, liquids, and gases
Secondary (S) Waves
• Second fastest waves; only travels through solids
Surface Waves
• Slowest and most damaging waves
Tsunami
• “Harbor Wave” in Japanese• Giant waves caused by earthquakes
occurring on the ocean floor– Japanese Tsunami– Mega tsunami
Frequent Earthquake Areas• The pink lines show where transform
boundaries exist: http://www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth/plate.html
• News about Haiti: http://www.cbsnews.com/news/four-years-after-earthquake-haiti-says-its-making-comeback/
HAITI
JAPAN
INDIA
CALIFORNIA
Think Earthquakes are rare?
• Think again: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=earthquake
• Over half a million magnitude 1 earthquakes a year!
Earthquake Versatiles
• Finish for homework–Write letter and word for answers–Cite evidence for each questions by
highlighting/underlining passage in reading that supports answer
–All 12 numbers should be displayed on reading
Transform Review
1. Draw a transform boundary.
2. What natural disaster or physical feature is caused at a transform plate boundary?
3. How are volcanoes and earthquakes related?
Bell Ringer
• Classify the following as constructive (C), destructive (D), or both (B)1. Volcanoes resulting in islands2. Erosion3. Deposition4. Physical Weathering5. Chemical Weathering
Plate Tectonics Gizmo• Volcanoes, earthquakes, mountains, and other features of
Earth’s surface owe their origin to the movements of plates: enormous, slowly-moving sections of Earth’s crust. At plate boundaries, plates collide, move apart, move under or over each other, or slide past one another. The theory of plate tectonics describes how the plates move, interact, and change the physical landscape.
• Turn on Show labels. What are the layers of Earth that you can see?
• Turn on Boundary name, and click on each boundary. What four boundaries do you see?
Plate Boundary Organizer
• When finished, organize the information about convergent (subduction and collision), divergent, and, transform boundaries using the information in your notebooks.
• Homework if not finished in class.
Bell Ringer• Write down the three words: Divergent,
Transform, and Convergent• Put the words below under the correct term
–Moving together -Trenches–Moving apart -Mountains–Sliding past -New crust–Earthquakes -Mid-Atlantic ridge–San Andreas Fault -Volcanoes
Snack Plate Tectonic Lab!
Follow directions and work hard or you won’t get to eat it!
Expectations!
Snack Tectonic Lab Questions
• Like all labs, this comes with questions as well. When you are done performing the step, answer the questions.
• If you fall behind, make sure you go back and complete the questions before turning in your lab.
1:03
1:32
1:53
Snack Tectonic Lab Closure
• From the lab questions, be prepared to share with the class your answers to question #16 and #17.
• Homework: Plate Boundaries Map Worksheet (1/2)
Bell Ringer
1. Give one example of how plate movement directly affects the construction of earth’s surface (#16 on lab)
2. Give one example of how plate movement directly affects the destruction of earth’s surface (#17 on lab)
THE OCEAN FLOOR
THE OCEAN FLOOR• Many of today’s continent’s were once underground
• Georgia was under an inland sea hundreds of millions of years ago
• Just like the continents, the ocean floor has mountains, valleys, volcanoes, and plains
• How do we get information about the ocean floor?
• http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/news/environment-news/us-ocean-floor-mapping-vin/
• Continental Shelf: A long, gently inclined area where continent enters ocean
• Continental Slope: Steep side of continental shelf that is the end of the continent
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Mid ocean ridge= An underwater mountain range where new crust forms when plates move apart.
• Mid-Atlantic Ridge-world’s longest ridge formed by the North and South American plates diverging from the Africa and Eurasian plate
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Abyssal plain= flat areas on the ocean floor between the continental slope or trench and a mid-ocean ridge
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
• Seamount: Underwater Volcano
• Beach: Forms as a result of waves and currents moving sand and sediment toward the shore
• Trench= steep, deep cavern on the ocean floor that forms when plates converge and one plate is subducted under another• Mariana Trench : 36,201 feet (near Guam)
• It’s so deep that you could fit Mt. Everest inside of it!
OCEAN FLOOR FEATURES
THE OCEAN FLOOR
Label the picture of the ocean floor using your K.I.M Chart.
Disney Ride Task• You have been hired by Disney to create a new ride at Disney World
modeling the ocean floor. You need to have a script for your Disney imagineer to say to the patrons during the ride (describing the features), as well as a picture of your ride. The sketch of the ride and the script must include:– Label 7 features on your picture of the ride– Highlight/Underline 7 features in your script
1. Continental Slope 5. Continental Shelf2. Abyssal Plain 6. Beach3. Seamount 7. Trench4. Mid-Ocean Ridge
Rubric:– Diagram of ride: 35 points (5 points each feature)– Imagineer Script: 35 points (5 points DESCRIBING each feature)– Neat/Colorful: 10 points– On-Task: 20 points (10 points/day)