Bell Work Grab a syllabus, whiteboard, and marker. On your
whiteboard, write the name you go by, one goal you have for the
school year, and one thing you did over the summer. Slide 2
Textbooks! Slide 3 AP Psychology: Unit 1 History & Approaches
Slide 4 Slide 5 Slide 6 Course Overview Based on National
Standards: Semester 1 1.History and Approaches of Psychology (3
days) 2.Memory (5 days) 3.Research Methods (14 days) 4.Biological
Bases of Behavior (14 days) 5.Developmental Psychology (12 days)
6.Sensation and Perception (12 days) 7.States of Consciousness (5
days) 8.Learning (13 days) 9.CognitionThinking and Language (10
days) Slide 7 Course Overview Cont. Semester 2 10. Testing and
Individual Differences (10 days) 11. Motivation and Emotion (12
days) 12. Stress and Health (5 days) 13. Personality (10 days) 14.
Abnormal Behavior (13 days) 15. Treatment of Abnormal Behavior (10
days) 16. Social Psychology (15 days) AP TEST 17. College and
Career Options Final Project Slide 8 Grading Slide 9 Summative
Assessments Follow the AP model 2/3 Multiple Choice to 1/3 Free
Response Question (FRQ/Essay) What Do I Study? Chapter from the
book Notes from lecture/PPT I will often post the PPT on the class
website: msbeam.weebly.com Slide 10 Attendance Attendance is taken
within the first five minutes of class. ParentLink More than 10
unexcused absences puts you at risk for not receiving credit for
the class. If you are late for over half of the class period, this
is counted as an absence. Slide 11 Things That Ms. Beam Cant Stand
Electronics being seen or heard, unless okayed by Ms. Beam Any
inappropriate language (including, but not limited to, swearing,
racial slurs, homophobic language, and the r word). Bullying
(words, physical harm, disrespect of property) Looking out the
blinds Turning off the lights Disruptive behavior (including but
not limited to throwing things across the room, sharing food,
walking around the room, and personal grooming) Asking for things
at inappropriate times (bathroom/wipes/etc.) Plagiarism Slide 12
Things That Ms. Beam Loves Sheep! Penguins Smiling Positive
attitudes towards learning Showing off for guests Participation
When students work hard and make good choices What happens in
class, stays in class. Slide 13 Homework Syllabus Parent Signature
Slide 14 We are meeting in the computer lab (119) tomorrow!!! Slide
15 Team Name This class period is a team. You will have team
successes and team failures. You need a team name. Slide 16 Slide
17 AP Psychology Approaches to Psychology Slide 18 Psychology is...
the science that studies mental processes and behavior in humans
and other animals. the profession which applies the knowledge of
this science to practical problems. Slide 19 Are there universal
questions? History: Then to Now Slide 20 History of Psychology
Although the science of psychology started in the late 1800s, the
concept has been around a lot longer. There was evidence of
trephination (cutting holes into a skull to let evil spirits out)
back in the stone age. Slide 21 21 Psychologys Roots Prescientific
Psychology www.bodydharma.org/photo/buddha.jpg In India, Buddha
wondered how sensations and perceptions combined to form ideas.
Slide 22 Through out human history, thinkers have wondered: How do
our minds work? How do our bodies relate to our minds? How much of
what we know comes built in? How much is acquired through
experience? Slide 23 23 Prescientific Psychology Confucius (551-479
B.C.) In China, Confucius stressed the power of ideas and the
importance of an educated mind.
home.tiscali.be/alain.ernotte/livre/confucius.jpg Slide 24 24
Prescientific Psychology Hebrew Scriptures Hebrew scriptures linked
mind and emotion to the body.
www.havurahhatorah.org/images/hebrewbible.jpg Slide 25 25
Prescientific Psychology Socrates (469-399 B.C.) and Plato (428-348
B.C.) Socrates and his student Plato believed the mind was separate
from the body, the mind continued to exist after death, and ideas
were innate. Socrates Plato http://www.law.umkc.edu Slide 26 26
Prescientific Psychology Rene Descartes (1596-1650) Descartes, like
Plato, believed in soul (mind)-body separation, but wondered how
the immaterial mind and physical body communicated.
http://www.spacerad.com http://ocw.mit.edu Slide 27 Descartes like
Plato believed the immaterial mind and physical body were separate
but communicated in the brain at pineal gland. Animal spirits moved
from the brain to act on the muscles and experiences lead the
nerves to open up pores in the brain to form memories. Descartes
was right about the nerves connecting the inside and the outside
worlds but had no notion of how these nerves functioned. Slide 28
28 Prescientific Psychology John Locke (1632-1704) Locke held that
the mind was a tabula rasa, or blank slate, at birth, and
experiences wrote on it. biografieonline.it/img/bio/John_Locke.jpg
Slide 29 29 Psychologys Big Debate Nature versus Nurture Darwin
stated that nature selects those that best enable the organism to
survive and reproduce in a particular environment. Darwin
(1809-1882) Slide 30 Rationalism vs. Empiricism Rationalism: A
belief or theory that opinions and actions originate from reason. I
can sit here and think myself an answer. Descartes: I think;
therefore, I am. Empiricism: The view that knowledge originates in
experience and that science should rely on observation and
experimentation. All behavior and knowledge is observable and
outside of me. Locke: Tabula Rasa Slide 31 Waves of Psychology The
science of psychology has gone through about 5 different waves
since it started. Waves are different ways of thinking over time.
Slide 32 Wave One: Introspection Kickin it old school Started with
William Wundts first psychological laboratory and his concept of
introspection (structuralism). Then William James wrote The
Principles of Psychology and discussed functionalism. In reality,
these ideas do not have much impact on how psychologists think
today. These guys were considered hot, back in the day!!!! Slide 33
33 Psychological Science is Born Structuralism Wundt and Titchener
studied the elements (atoms) of the mind by conducting experiments
at Leipzig, Germany, in 1879. Wundt differentiated psychology from
philosophy and physiology. Wundt (1832-1920) Titchner (1867-1927)
Slide 34 Psychology psych: breath, spirit, soul log: study
of/research Slide 35 What is science? In Latin, it means knowledge.
Generally, a science involves research that aims to uncover
universal laws/truths, using the scientific method (testing
hypotheses). Slide 36 Structuralism Think/Pair/Share Why is Wilhelm
Wundt credited as the first psychologist/scientist studying
behavior and mental processes? Slide 37 37 Psychological Science is
Born Functionalism Influenced by Darwin, William James established
the school of functionalism, which opposed structuralism. James
suggested that it would be more fruitful to consider the evolved
functions of our thoughts and feelings than simply studying the
elements of mind. Based on the theory of evolution, he suggested
that the function of these thoughts and feelings was adaptive.
James (1842-1910) Mary Calkins Slide 38 Structuralism vs
Functionalism: The First Debate in Psychology The goal of
structuralism was to break consciousness down into its basic parts
so it could be analyzed. Structuralists tended to work in labs,
using techniques like introspection. Functionalists believed that
psychology should study the function of consciousness, not analyze
its parts. Functionalists began studying intelligence, child
development, sex roles, and other aspects of the real world. Slide
39 Wave Two: Gestalt Psychology Led by Max Wertheimer, these guys
focused not on how we feel, but on how we experience the world. The
whole of an experience can be more than the sum of its parts. Think
for a moment of all the reasons that you love a close loved one. If
you add all those reasons up, do they equal your love for that
loved one? Hopefully not!!! This may seem like one picture, but it
can be perceived as 3 different faces. Can you find them? Slide 40
Psychological Science Develops Gestalt 40 The main idea of Gestalt
psychology is the whole is other than the sum of its parts.
Wertheimer (1880-1943) Slide 41 Wave Three: Psychoanalysis This
wave of thinking started with Sigmund Freud (in the early 1900s).
In a nutshell, during this time period people believed that most of
your feelings come from a hidden place in your mind called the
unconscious. We protect ourselves from our real feeling by using
defense mechanisms. Slide 42 Psychodynamic Also called,
psychoanalytic. We have an internal consciousness and drives Those
hidden complexes (especially childhood) shape our behavior Dream
analysis Psychoanalytic Theory studies the influence of the
unconscious on behaviour. Slide 43 Psychodynamic/Psychoanalytic As
psychodynamic/psychoanalytic theory is focused on the unconscious
mind and thought processes, it cannot be directly observed.
Therefore, Freuds theories have been labeled unscientific and
unverifiable. Think/Pair/Share: Explain. Slide 44 Freuds Theory of
the Unconscious Mind Depends on the idea that humans can remember
events but not be consciously aware of the memory The Conscious
Mind: Current Awareness (Iceberg above water) The Preconscious
Mind: Ordinary Memory (Iceberg visible below water) The Unconscious
Mind: Memories that We Dont Remember (Iceberg submerged
out-of-sight) Slide 45 Wave Four: Behaviorism During this time
period (early to mid 1900s), people started to ignore how you feel
inside. All that mattered was how you acted. If you they could
change your behavior, who cares how you feel. Very popular during
the conservative 1950s when social appearance mattered more than
self expression. Slide 46 46 Psychological Science Develops
Behaviorism Watson (1913) and later Skinner emphasized the study of
overt behavior and reinforcement as the subject matter of
scientific psychology. We cant study consciousness/thought Watson
(1878-1958) Skinner (1904-1990) Slide 47 Behaviorists explain human
thought and behavior as a result of past conditioning. Slide 48
Behaviorism Ivan Pavlov John Watson B.F. Skinner Slide 49 49
Psychological Science Develops Humanistic Psychology Maslow and
Rogers emphasized current environmental influences on our growth
potential and our need for love and acceptance. Maslow (1908-1970)
Rogers (1902-1987) http://facultyweb.cortland.edu
http://www.carlrogers.dk Slide 50 Humanism studies the unique
aspects of humans. Humans are free, rational, and have potential
for personal growth. Slide 51 Blind Men and the Elephant Slide 52
Wave Five: Eclectic We are now in wave five.which is about variety.
Psychologists pick and choose what theories to use depending on the
situation and the client. Just choosing the Pokemon to fight
someone depending the situation. Slide 53 Eclectic A therapist who
says that she uses whatever psychological perspective works best
for each patient might be best described as eclectic/hermeneutics.
My music collection is really eclectic. Slide 54 Wave Five is made
up of about 7 different perspectives. In other words, psychologists
today, pick and choose from about 7 schools of thought to help you
with your problems. Thus we have: THE SEVEN SCHOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Slide 55 Biopsychology (Neuroscience) Perspective All of your
feelings and behaviors have an organic root. In other words, they
come from your brain, body chemistry, neurotransmitters, etc Let us
imagine for a second that your dog died (sad but it will happen).
You become depressed. You stop eating and sleeping. What would a
psychologist from this school say is going on and how might they
help you? Slide 56 Evolutionary Perspective Focuses on Darwinism.
We behave the way we do because we inherited those behaviors. Thus,
those behaviors must have helped ensure our ancestors survival. How
could this behavior have ensured Homers ancestors survival? Slide
57 Psychoanalytic Perspective Focuses on the unconscious mind. We
repress many of our true feelings and are not aware of them. In
order to get better, we must bring forward the true feelings we
have in our unconscious. If a man has intimacy issues and cannot
form relationships with others. What do you think someone from this
school may think? Perhaps they may delve into the mans unconscious
and discover that he was bullied when he were younger. The bullying
may have caused fear in getting close to others. Slide 58
Behavioral Perspective Focuses on observable behaviors while
putting feelings to the side. We behave in ways because we have
been conditioned to do so. To change behaviors, we have to
recondition the client. Pretend that you fail psychology class. You
become depressed. In turn, you begin to binge and gain weight. What
do you think a behaviorist may do? They would probably ignore the
fact that you are depressed and just focus on your overeating.
Maybe make you run a mile every time you eat over 2000 calories.
Slide 59 Humanist Perspective Peaked in the late 1960s and 70s.so
it focused on spirituality and free will. We have to strive to be
the best we can be self-actualization. Happiness is defined by the
distance between our self-concept and ideal self. Slide 60
Cognitive Perspective Focuses on how we think (or encode
information) How do we see the world? How did we learn to react to
sad or happy events? Cognitive Therapist attempt to change the way
you think. You meet a girl Hopes are high!!! She rejects youdont
even get digits. How do you react to the rejection? Some learned to
get back on the horse And try again. Some learned to give up and
live a lonely life of solitude. Slide 61 Social-Cultural
Perspective Says that much of your behavior and your feelings are
dictated by the culture you live in. Some cultures kiss each other
when greeting, some just bow. Does your culture place value on
individual or the group? Slide 62 (Developmental) Psychologys Three
Big Debates Nature Versus Nurture Is it genes or environment?
Stability Versus Change Are we pretty much the same since were
born, or do we change over time? Continuity Versus Discontinuity Do
we change slowly or drastically? Slide 63 63 Psychologys Three Main
Levels of Analysis How do they work together? Slide 64 64
Psychologys Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions
NeuroscienceHow the body and brain enables emotions? How are
messages transmitted in the body? How is blood chemistry linked
with moods and motives? EvolutionaryHow the natural selection of
traits the promotes the perpetuation of ones genes? How does
evolution influence behavior tendencies? Behavior geneticsHow much
our genes and our environments influence our individual
differences? To what extent are psychological traits such as
intelligence, personality, sexual orientation, and vulnerability to
depression attributable to our genes? To our environment? Slide 65
65 Psychologys Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample
Questions PsychodynamicHow behavior springs from unconscious drives
and conflicts? How can someones personality traits and disorders be
explained in terms of sexual and aggressive drives or as disguised
effects of unfulfilled wishes and childhood traumas? BehavioralHow
we learn observable responses? How do we learn to fear particular
objects or situations? What is the most effective way to alter our
behavior, say to lose weight or quit smoking? Slide 66 66
Psychologys Current Perspectives PerspectiveFocusSample Questions
CognitiveHow we encode, process, store and retrieve information?
How do we use information in remembering? Reasoning? Problem
solving? Social-culturalHow behavior and thinking vary across
situations and cultures? How are we as Africans, Asians,
Australians or North Americans alike as members of human family? As
products of different environmental contexts, how do we differ?
Slide 67 Think/Pair/Share What is the difference between sex and
gender? Slide 68 New Trends Positive Psychology New trend:
Identifying what is right with you Martin Segliman Resilency Flow
Mindfulness Mind-body connection Center for Healthy Mind (Davidson)
Quiet the mind Slide 69 What are ways psychology touches our daily
lives? Slide 70 What Is the Purpose of Psychology? - Describe
Behavior - Predict Behavior -Influence Behavior Slide 71 How Do We
Do That ? Slide 72 Closure On Whiteboard Based on what we have
talked about today, what will YOU do specifically to succeed in
this class (either academically or behaviorally) Slide 73 Closure
Based on what we have talked about today, which psychological
perspective do you agree with the most?
