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8/17/2019 Bella - Garlaschelli - Samperi, Comments on the Analysis Interpretation by Rogers and Latendresse
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Thermochimica Acta 632 (2016) 52–55
Contents lists available at ScienceDirect
Thermochimica Acta
journal homepage: www.elsevier .com/ locate / tca
Short communication
Comments on the analysis interpretation by Rogers and Latendresse
regarding samples coming from the Shroud of Turin
Marco Bellaa,∗, Luigi Garlaschellib, Roberto Samperia
a Department of Chemistry, Sapienza University of Roma, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italyb Department of Chemistry, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 10,27100 Pavia, Italy
a r t i c l e i n f o
Article history:
Received 7 January 2016Received in revised form 18 February 2016
Accepted 10 March 2016
Available online 19 March 2016
Keywords:
Pyrolysismass spectrometry
Shroudof Turin
Mass spectrometry
a b s t r a c t
The presence of a “invisible mending” has been proposed as an explanation for medieval radiocarbon
dating measurements made on the Shroud of Turin. Here we show that the chemical analysis which was
to support this theory is not consistent, and no scientific data confirm these speculations. Specifically,
the samples of the Shroud image fibers underwent a different cleaning procedure with regards to those
allegedly belonging to the medieval mending. There is no reliable indication of the supposedly diagnos-
tic compounds (e.g. gum Arabic, pentoses). The only detectable difference between the samples is the
presence of a compound with an aliphatic chain which cannot be identified more in detail, e.g. as sebum.
© 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
In2005,RaymondN. Rogerspublished anarticle inThermochim-
icaActa in which, on the basis of chemical tests and pyrolysis mass
spectrometry analysis, he gave credit to the theory of an “invisi-
blemedieval mending” on theShroudof Turin [1]. We have shownthat by pyrolysis mass spectrometry analysis the only significant
difference found between the sample taken by the image zone of
the Shroud and that supposedly belonged to the “invisible mend-
ing” is due to an external contaminant [2]. We have identified this
contaminant as a chemical specie bearing an aliphatic chain.
Recently, in a comment, Mario Latendresse addressed some
pointsof oureditorial,statingthat“. . .thetechnicalanalysisofBella
et al. of the mass spectra is incorrect and their main conclusion is
unconfirmed” (our emphasis). He proposed that the contaminant
is sebum [3]. It was not our intention to discuss this subject any
further and will not discuss the controversy about the Shroud of
Turin dating, but we have to stress that Latendresse misinterprets
mass spectra [4]. Let’s remember that Rogers used three kinds of
samples.
a) From the image area of the Shroud of Turin (considered “surely
authentic” by Rogers);
b) Fromthe “Raes Sample”, a piece cut byRaes in 1973and kept in
a plastic bag, and
c) From the C14 fragment cut in 1988.
∗ Correspondingauthor.
E-mail address: [email protected] (R. Samperi).
According to Rogers, samples b) and c) would both supposedly
come from the medieval invisiblemending.
While no details about the samples are given in Rogers’ Ther-
mochimica Acta paper [1], other works by Rogers clarify thatsamples a) were collected byanadhesive tapeon the surface of the
Shroud and given to microscopist Walter McCrone who, in Rogers’
words, “contaminated” them and that they had to be “laboriously
cleaned”, also by washing with xylene, by Joan Rogers. No cleaning
treatment was instead applied to samples b) and c) [5],1 This fact
alone (omitted inRef. 1)mightbesufficientto explain anychemical
difference (for instance the presumed content in vanillin) or dis-
similarity observed at the microscope (for instance the amount of
cotton or the presence of gum Arabic) between the Shroud image
samples and the others. There is no need to invoke any kind of
“invisible mending”.
To support his hypothesis, Rogers shows two pyrolysis mass
spectra, one coming from a fibril taken in the image area of
the Shroud, sample a), and another from Raes sample, b). Laten-
dresse [3] has explained Rogers’s reasoning [1], showing its fallacy.
According to Rogers and Latendresse, during pyrolysis cellulose
(made of hexoses) would show peaks at m/ z = 96 (due to furfural)
1 Rogers wrote: “· · ·Walter McCrone had ignored agreements on how the STURP
samples were to be observed, and he contaminated all of our samples by sticking
them to microscope slides. All of the fibers were immersed in the tape’s adhesive,
Joan Janney (now Joan Rogers) laboriously cleaned and prepared Shroud fibers for
analysis at theMCMS· · ·[MidwestCenterfor MassSpectrometry]”.“· · ·Noxylene was
used to clean thefibers[of Raes sample], because they were notobtainedas part of
the tape sampling. . .”
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014
0040-6031/©2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00406031http://www.elsevier.com/locate/tcamailto:[email protected]://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014mailto:[email protected]://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014&domain=pdfhttp://www.elsevier.com/locate/tcahttp://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/00406031http://localhost/var/www/apps/conversion/tmp/scratch_4/dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2016.03.014
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54 M. Bella et al. / Thermochimica Acta 632 (2016) 52–55
Fig. 1. Latendresse’s comparison of hexadecan-1-ol as presented by us (top) [7] and another compound (bottom) he believes to be the same, but which it is actually
trimethylsilyl-hexadecan-1-ol[8]. This mistake is repeated in thetext and references.
Fig. 2. The spectra presentedby Latendresse(top) has been cuterasing themajor peak (bottom) [8].
Rogers wrote: “The chemical-ionization system used was the most sensitive MS at the time, sufficiently sensitive to detect parts per-billion traces of oligomers from the
polyethylenebag that Gonella hadused to wrap theRaes threads.”
8/17/2019 Bella - Garlaschelli - Samperi, Comments on the Analysis Interpretation by Rogers and Latendresse
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M. Bella et al./ Thermochimica Acta 632(2016) 52–55 55
Fig. 3. The mass spectra of tripalmitin, a compound with a long aliphatic chain, as presented by Latendresse with its chemical structure (top) and the full mass spectra of
tripalmitin,as in Ref. 9 (bottom).
fibres. Latendresse did not argue why this compound would be
tripalmitin from sebum rather than anything else, such as the
oligomersof polyethylenesuggestedby Rogers, whichwouldgive a
morecompatible spectrum.5 Given thelack ofdetails on theinstru-
mental apparatus, it is not possible to affirm anything more with
confidence.
Acknowledgements
The Authors thank Andrea Nicolotti and Gian Marco Rinaldi for
a helpful discussion.
References
[1] R.N. Rogers, Thermochim. Acta 425 (2005) 189–194.[2] M. Bella, L. Garlaschelli, R. Samperi, Thermochim. Acta 617 (2015) 169–171,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.002.
5 Latendressewrote: “That is,the “contaminant”,as Bellaet al.callsit, couldactu-
ally come from the sample itself and correspond to the well[–]established history
of the Shroud.”
[3] M. Latendresse, Thermochim. Acta 624 (2016)55–58, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tca.2015.08.002.
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[5] (a) https://www.shroud.com/pdfs/rogers4.pdf ;(b) R.N. Rogers, in: J. Rogers, B.M. Schwortz (Eds.), A Chemist’s PerspectiveOnThe Shroud of Turin, Lulu, Florissant, 2008.
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