Belle Tamir, Sharet High SchoolBelle Tamir, Sharet High School

Nitzan Atia, Tchernichovsky High SchoolNitzan Atia, Tchernichovsky High School

Netanya, IsraelNetanya, Israel..

oes the solar rotation cause changes oes the solar rotation cause changes in Earth environment's conditionin Earth environment's condition

((with period of 27 dayswith period of 27 days))

he sun & sunspotshe sun & sunspots

arth & Earth’s arth & Earth’s magnetic fieldmagnetic field

General informationGeneral information

Data processData process

unspots &unspots &

solar rotationsolar rotation

olar-terrestrial olar-terrestrial connectionsconnections

nfluence ofnfluence of

solar rotation solar rotation

ndexes of activityndexes of activity

uture workuture work

onclusiononclusion

The Sun is the star at the centre of our Solar system. The Earth and The Sun is the star at the centre of our Solar system. The Earth and many other bodies are many other bodies are surroundingsurrounding the Sun. It's heat and light support the Sun. It's heat and light support almost all life on Earth.almost all life on Earth. It is thought that the Sun is about 5 billion It is thought that the Sun is about 5 billion years old.years old.

The Sun is a ball of plasma, which contains:The Sun is a ball of plasma, which contains:Hydrogen

74%

Helium25%

Heavier elements1%

A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface that is marked by a lower A sunspot is a region on the Sun's surface that is marked by a lower temperature than its surroundings, and intense magnetic activity. temperature than its surroundings, and intense magnetic activity. Although they are blindingly bright, the contrast with the surrounding Although they are blindingly bright, the contrast with the surrounding material leaves them clearly visible as dark spots. material leaves them clearly visible as dark spots.

Earth is the third-closest planet to the Sun. It is the largest of the solar Earth is the third-closest planet to the Sun. It is the largest of the solar system's terrestrial planets, and the only planetary body that modern system's terrestrial planets, and the only planetary body that modern science confirms as harboring life. The planet was formed around 4.57 science confirms as harboring life. The planet was formed around 4.57 billion years ago. billion years ago.

Earth's magnetic field is approximately a Earth's magnetic field is approximately a magnetic dipole, with one pole near the magnetic dipole, with one pole near the geographic north pole and the other near the geographic north pole and the other near the geographic south pole. An imaginary line geographic south pole. An imaginary line joining the magnetic poles would be inclined joining the magnetic poles would be inclined by approximately 11.3° from the planet's axis by approximately 11.3° from the planet's axis of rotation. The magnetic field extends several of rotation. The magnetic field extends several tens of thousands of kilometers into space.tens of thousands of kilometers into space.

Spinaxis

From first Galileo From first Galileo observations of the observations of the

sunspots, he used their sunspots, he used their movement with time for movement with time for

discovery of solar rotation.discovery of solar rotation.

Examples of solar rotation from Sky-Watch data baseExamples of solar rotation from Sky-Watch data base

(1) (2)

(3)(4)

(1) Sunspot activity >>(1) Sunspot activity >>

(2) Corona heating, flares >>(2) Corona heating, flares >>

(3) Solar wind >>(3) Solar wind >>

(4) (4) Magnetic storms of Magnetic storms of Magnetosphere Magnetosphere & modulation & modulation of galactic cosmic raysof galactic cosmic rays >> >>Ionosphere Ionosphere )radio connection, )radio connection, aurora(.aurora(.

Solar rotation periodically shift sunspot into geo-effective Solar rotation periodically shift sunspot into geo-effective zone on the Sun’s longitude and disturb Earth’s environmentzone on the Sun’s longitude and disturb Earth’s environment

• A group of spots will mask modulation of the A group of spots will mask modulation of the Earth environment from each individual sourceEarth environment from each individual source

• Life time of the sunspots is about 1-2 months, Life time of the sunspots is about 1-2 months, that limits the number of cycles by 1or 2!that limits the number of cycles by 1or 2!

• To test individual sunspot on the Sun during a To test individual sunspot on the Sun during a minimum of solar activity )with minimum of minimum of solar activity )with minimum of sunspots(. For example, last minimum 1996-1997.sunspots(. For example, last minimum 1996-1997.

• To look for “echo” – effect with dominant time To look for “echo” – effect with dominant time interval between responses is about 27 day.interval between responses is about 27 day.

Source of data: Source of data: ““AstroTopAstroTop”” program, program, Blossom of Science, IsraelBlossom of Science, Israel

Kp-indexKp-index : 3-hourly logarithmic local index of geomagnetic activity : 3-hourly logarithmic local index of geomagnetic activity relative to an assumed “quiet-day” curve for the recording site. Range is relative to an assumed “quiet-day” curve for the recording site. Range is from 0 to 9. from 0 to 9.

Cosmic Ray particlesCosmic Ray particles - An extremely energetic charged particles - An extremely energetic charged particles arrive to Earth through resistance of solar wind from Galaxy. Main arrive to Earth through resistance of solar wind from Galaxy. Main source – Supernova explosions. source – Supernova explosions.

Time Intervals between disturbances of magnetic field Time Intervals between disturbances of magnetic field )bursts Kp( in many cases are about 27 days – solar rotation )bursts Kp( in many cases are about 27 days – solar rotation

period – manifestation of the 27-d “echo” effectperiod – manifestation of the 27-d “echo” effect

Index Kp variation in November 1996-July 1997

146

120

14

4071

68

221

196

168

182

15520818 45

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1 28 55 82 109 136 163 190 217 244 271 298

day from 01 Nov 1996

Kp

26

27 26

28

26

27 26

2625

27d- variations of Cosmic rays

9000

9100

9200

9300

9400

9500

0 27 54 81 108 135 162 189days from 01 November-1996

Co

smic

Ray

Flu

x

6250

6300

6350

6400

6450

6500

6550

6600

6650

Flux(Moscow)Model-27dFlux(Ohulu)

Cosmic Rays arrive to Earth by diffusion through solar wind. Modulation Cosmic Rays arrive to Earth by diffusion through solar wind. Modulation of solar wind by 27-d solar rotation must lead to 27-d cosmic ray of solar wind by 27-d solar rotation must lead to 27-d cosmic ray

variation.variation.

Cosmic ray data during solar minimum 1996-1997 from Russia and Cosmic ray data during solar minimum 1996-1997 from Russia and Finland show that the effect is real.Finland show that the effect is real.

Effect of 27-day modulation of the Earth Effect of 27-day modulation of the Earth environment is real, but weak and needs environment is real, but weak and needs

special conditions for its detecting.special conditions for its detecting.

To organize special observation of sunspot’s position with the robotic telescope of Sky-Watch, during the next minimum of

sunspots number )2006-2007(,

The aim: Direct test in real time of connection between sunspot rotation and Earth’s environment modulation.