Bellringer Chemical structures that are involved in
physiological processes, such as hemoglobin in blood, insulin that
regulates blood glucose levels, and enzymes that regulate body
functions, are all made of proteins. Name some parts of the human
body that contain proteins. Slide 2 Directions: 1)Answer Review
Questions on back: 1.What is the basic subunit for DNA? 2.What are
the three parts? 3.Which parts are the backbone? 4.Which
nucleotides are purines? 5.Which nucleotides are pyrimidines? 6.How
do you tell the difference between the two? 7.What type of bond
holds together DNA strands? 2)Cut out the nucleotides from the
Nucleotide Bank (right). 3)Match them up with the template strand
above based upon base-pairing rules then tape/glue beneath.
4)Determine the sequence (order of the string of nucleotides read
left to right) for both the template strand and the new
complimentary strand. Label the sequence of the template and
complimentary strand on the lines with the nucleotide abbreviation.
Construct a DNA model Using Base-pairing Rules. Homework: 25 Pts.
Due tomorrow to gain access to DNA Extraction Lab. Template Strand
Nucleotide Bank 2 rings 1 ring 3 bonds Template Strand: _G_ __ __
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ Complementary
Strand:___ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ G A T
T A C A C T G T C A G A A A C C T A A T G T G A C A G T C T T T G
Slide 3 Key Ideas What is the process of gene expression? What role
does RNA play in gene expression? What happens during
transcription? How do codons determine the sequence of amino acids
that results after translation? What are the major steps of
translation? Do traits result from the expression of a single gene?
Slide 4 Objectives: Transcription & Translation Today:
Transcription Describe gene expression Explain the role of RNA in
gene expression Summarize transcription Practice transcribing a
gene. Tomorrow: Translation Explain how codons determine the amino
acid sequence of a protein Describe the steps of translation
Identify the complexity of gene expression Practice translating a
gene. Slide 5 How we get from DNA to traits. Gene Expression Slide
6 Vocabulary Gene expression Transcription Translation RNA mRNA
tRNA rRNA RNA polymerase Codon Slide 7 An Overview of Gene
Expression So far, weve discussed the structure of DNA being made
of nucleotides that contain 1 of 4 different nitrogenous bases. You
should know that DNAs job is to store genetic information. Youve
also learned the cell cycle. Well be spending the next few days on
G1 of the cell cycle. This is the phase where most of living takes
place. Its the phase that proteins and traits are made. Slide 8 The
Purpose of DNA The purpose of DNA itself is to house the
information necessary for heritable traitsmeaning that it holds the
information from which proteins are made. This is what living is
all about. The DNA in our chromosomes is like books on the shelf of
a library just waiting to be read. DNA provides the original
information from which proteins are made in a cell, but DNA does
not directly make proteins. The Purpose of Life Slide 9 An Overview
of Gene Expression, Gene expression is the manifestation of genes
(contained in DNA) into specific traits. What does manifestation
mean? THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF BIOLOGY = DNA mRNA Protein Trait This
process takes place in two main stages, 1. Transcription: the
process of copying the directions for traits out of DNA by making
mRNA 2. Translation: reading the directions copied in RNA and
turning them into the amino acid sequences for the gene. Slide 10
Directions to make HAIR COLOR ACTGAACTGCACTG THE CENTRAL DOGMA OF
BIOLOGY Slide 11 Directions for HAIR COLOR Directions for EYE COLOR
Directions for SKIN COLOR Directions for HOW TALL YOU ARE
Directions for FRECKLES Genes: The basic units of heredity. They
are located on specific regions of chromosomes, contained in DNA.
There are thousands of genes written into each of the 23
chromosomes in our cells. They come from the original genes given
to us from mom & dad. Slide 12 So What Does a Real Gene Look
Like? Pro-melanin-concentrating hormone tacagcgtgt ggcattctcc
ccacattctc cttcggcttt acggagcagc aaacaggatg gcgaagatga gcctctcttc
ctacatgtta atgctggcct tttctttgtt ttctcacggc attttacttt cggcctccaa
gtccatcagg aacgtagaag cgacatagt atttaataca ttcaggatgg ggaaagcctt
tcagaaggaa ataccgcagaagatcggt tgttgctcct tctctggaag gatacaaaaa
tgatgagagc ggcttcatga aggatgaaga tgacaagacc acaaaggtac gtgtatgcag
tctgcctttt attgcactag agatgaaaac gatgtttaca attataagcc acccagaagt
aaattttgta ttttaatttt ataaataggc tacatacag tcattgtgtg tattaagata
actaggaaaa cgtcatacaa accaggcatt tccccattct atccagaatc ttgtatcttg
tctcgcatat ggaggtaaag acagtataca gcatcttaga actgatcagc aagaatgttg
tacaactgta ttctagctct actctgaaga agacagctgg gatacaaacc aatcttctct
tcacagaaca caggctccaa gcagaatctc gtaactcacg gtctgcccct cagtctggct
gtaaaacctt acctcgctct gaaaggacca gcagtcttcc cagctgagaa tggagttcag
aatactgagt ccacacagga aaagagggaa attggggatg aagaaaactc agctaaattt
cccataggaa ggagagattt tgacagtgag tagccttcta aacatgcaat tcctacatat
taattttata aaagagctct gagcttcact gagttggatc tgaccataac aaaatcaaga
ccatagttca gttctatcaa atagtaggca gcccacgtca aaatggggaa tttttcaaaa
tcagtaatag tggtttgttt tattctggat tcattataag tccacagatt ctcttaattc
tgtgtggtaa ttatagtcat tgtttgttcc ttttcagtgc tcaggtgtat gctgggacga
gtctaccgac cctgttggca agtctgatac ctgctggtcc acaacatcct ttcagaagaa
aacgattcat tgcaagtgga gagaaaagcc cttaatgttg atgtaacttg tgtatcatcc
taaatgtctg ttttaaaaga aactggttac aatatgtaaa tgctatgtaa atgatatgct
ttgacttgtg cattaaactt cacaaaaatt ctgcata
-http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/24659#reference-sequences Slide
13 Hemoglobin Gene tac cacgacagaggacggctgttctggttgcagttccggcgga
ccccgttccaaccgcgcgtgcgaccgctcataccacgcctcc
gggacctctcctacaaggacaggaaggggtggtggttctggat
gaagggcgtgaagctggactcggtgccgagacgggtccaatt
cccggtccgttcttccaccggctgcgcgactggttgcggcacc
gcgtgcacctgctgtacgggttgcgcgacaggcgggactcgc
tggacgtgcgcgtgttcgaagcccacctgggccagttgaagtt
cgaggattcggtgacggacgaccactgggaccggcgggtgg
aggggcggctcaagtggggacgccacgtgcggagggacct
gttcaaggaccgaagacactcgtggcacgactggaggtttatg
gcaattcgacctcggagccatcgtcaaggaggacggtctacc
cggagggttgcccgggaggaggggaggaacgtggccggga
aggaccagaaacttatttcagactcacccgccg
http://www.bio.davidson.edu/courses/Bio111/Hemo mut.html Slide 14
Gene Transcription and Translation Where Does it Occur? Slide 15
RNA: A Major Player All of the steps in gene expression involve
RNA. What exactly is RNA, & how does is compare to DNA? First,
like DNA, RNA is a nucleic acid made of nucleotide subunits linked
together. Slide 16 RNA vs. DNA RNA is a nucleic acid like DNA But
RNA differs from DNA in 3 ways. 1. First, RNA usually is composed
of one strand of nucleotides rather than two strands. a. The
exception occurs in viruses 2. Second, RNA nucleotides contain the
five- carbon sugar ribose rather than the sugar deoxyribose. 3.
Third, RNA nucleotides have a nitrogenous base called uracil (U)
instead of the base thymine (T). a. Uracil (U) is complementary to
adenine (A) whenever RNA pairs with another nucleic acid. Slide 17
DNA vs RNA Structure Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid = DNA Is missing one
oxygen in the ribose sugar. Ribose Nucleic Acid = RNA Has all
oxygens Slide 18 Slide 19 Visual Concept: Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
Slide 20 RNA: A Major Player In cells, three types of RNA
complement DNA and translate the genetic code into proteins. 1.
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is produced when DNA is transcribed into RNA.
The mRNA carries instructions for making a protein from a gene and
delivers the instructions to the site of translation. Slide 21 RNA:
A Major Player 2. Transfer RNA (tRNA) reads the instructions
carried by the mRNA at the site of translation, then translates the
mRNA sequence into protein subunits called amino acids. 3.
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is an RNA molecule that is part of the
structure of ribosomes. Recall from CH7, ribosomes are the cellular
structure where protein production occurs. Slide 22 Objectives
Define Transcription Summarize the steps of transcription In order
to help keep this straight, make a chart like the one below.
StepMajor events 1 2 3 Slide 23 Transcription: Reading the Gene
Transcription is the process of creating a copy of a gene in DNA as
an mRNA molecule. Transcription Steps 1. INITIATION: Transcription
begins when the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to the specific DNA
sequence in the gene that is called the promoter. - The promoters
role is to signal the RNA polymerase where to start transcription.
- The DNA always contains the sequence TAC for the start signal.
Slide 24 Transcription: Reading the Gene Step 1 Slide 25
Transcription: Reading the Gene 2. ELONGATION: RNA polymerase then
unwinds and separates the two strands of the DNA double helix to
expose the DNA bases on each strand. RNA polymerase adds RNA
nucleotides. Slide 26 Transcription: Reading the Gene Step 1 Slide
27 Transcription: Reading the Gene, 3. TERMINATION: RNA polymerase
moves along the bases on the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA
nucleotides to a growing mRNA as it reads the DNA of the gene until
it reaches the stop signal. Remember that in transcription U
matches with A, not T like in replication. The A still matched to T
though. - As RNA polymerase moves down the DNA strand, a single
strand of mRNA grows. - Just as there is a start signal on the DNA,
signaling the start of the gene, there is a stop signal as well. -
This region is specially designed to let the RNA polymerase know
when the gene ends & therefore when to stop transcription. -
This stop signal is one of 3 DNA sequences: - ATT, ATC, or ACT. -
What would the RNA sequences be? - UAA, UAG, or UGA Slide 28
Transcription: Reading the Gene Step 1 Slide 29 Visual Concept:
Transcription Slide 30 Transcription Slide 31 Concept Check What is
the point of transcription? What enzyme is used in transcription?
What are the signals for starting and stopping a gene? Why is mRNA
necessary? Slide 32 Review A gene is similar to a recipe. Gene
expression is like the process of baking a secret cake recipe,
complicated because the recipe is written in a language the chefs
dont understand. It is written as one long sentence composed of
just one word. The word is written in the language of the
nitrogenous bases, A, T, G, & C A gene is written in a unique
language that must be transcribed by a messenger that speaks the
language of the chefs. The way the recipe is delivered to the chefs
(the ribosomes) in the cytoplasm (the bakery) is by the messenger
mRNA. mRNA copies the recipe during transcription and delivers it
to the bakery in the cytoplasm for translation to occur (decoding
the recipe in a different language to allow for baking the recipe).
In the cytoplasm the recipe is translated into the language of
proteins (amino acids) and finally made into proteins. Finally, the
secret cake is made. Now its your turn to read the recipe. Slide 33
Practice Transcriptionmaking an mRNA complement to the gene in DNA.
Examine the DNA sequence above. Look through and identify the
promoter region containing the start signal of DNA. Underline it.
Do the same for the stop signal. Write an RNA sequence of bases
using the complement to the entire DNA sequence using the RNA bases
(A-U-C-G), starting with the sequence of the start site all the way
until you reach one of the 3 stop sequences. Only write the RNA
sequence that complements the DNA sequence from the start to stop
signals. You have 5 minutes. Ask questions if you need to. DNA=
TCTACAGGAGCGCTGGCAAGACTGCCG RNA= You make it. Slide 34 Practice o
Find the start sequenceunderline it. o Find the stop
sequenceunderline it. o Starting with the start sequence,
transcribe the gene using the RNA bases. o What you end up with is
an mRNA transcript of the gene contained in the DNA. DNA:
TCTACAGGTGCAAGACTGCCG mRNA: Slide 35 In-class Exercise/HW Practice
Transcribing: Youre going to play the role of the messenger now.
You need to be able to take a DNA sequence and identify the mRNA
that will copy the recipe, the gene for a protein, so the recipe
can be made by the ribosomes. Gene Xlr23:
CGAACCTACAGTTCCGCGTCGGGCTAGACTGGCAATG 1. Copy this sequence down on
a sheet of paper. 2. Identify the start sequence within the DNA
above (underline it). 3. From the start sequence, count in groups
of three until you reach one of the three stop signals. 4. What is
the stop sequence (underline it). 5. Just below the DNA sequence
you copied, transcribe the DNA into a sequence of mRNA for the gene
Xlr23. Tomorrow we will use this sequence to practice translation.
Slide 36 Reflections What did you learn today? Design an acronym of
pneumonic device to remember the types of RNA and steps in
transcription. Slide 37 In-class Exercise/HW Practice Transcribing:
Youre going to play the role of the messenger now. You need to be
able to take a DNA sequence and identify the mRNA that will copy
the recipe, the gene for a protein, so the recipe can be made by
the ribosomes. Gene Xlr23: CGAACCTACAGTTCCGCGTCGGGCTAGACTGGCAATG 1.
Copy this sequence down on a sheet of paper. 2. Identify the start
sequence within the DNA above (underline it). 3. From the start
sequence, count in groups of three until you reach one of the three
stop signals. 4. What is the stop sequence (underline it). 5. Just
below the DNA sequence you copied, transcribe the DNA into a
sequence of mRNA for the gene Xlr23. Tomorrow we will use this
sequence to practice translation. Slide 38 Objectives Day 2 Explain
how codons determine the amino acid sequence of a protein Describe
the steps of translation Identify a complexity of gene expression
This is a short lecture so stay focused. Slide 39 The Genetic Code:
Three- Letter Words What is the mRNA you decoded for gene Xlr23?
CGAACCTACAGTTCCGCGTCGGGCTAGACTGG AUGUCAAGGCGCAGCCCGAUCUGA Save this
and well move on What do you notice that is similar about the start
and stop sequences? There is significance in the number 3 in RNA.
It corresponds to whats called a codon. A codon is a
three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA. DNA mRNA Slide 40 The Genetic
Code: Three- Letter Words A codon is a key that corresponds to 1 of
20 amino acids. An amino acid is the building block of a protein.
Codons also act as the start or stop signal for translation. These
signals are referred to as start and stop codons on mRNA in
genetics. So the start codon isAUG (signals the start of the gene)
The stop codons are UAA, UGA, UAG (signals the end) Slide 41 Slide
42 The Genetic Code: Three- Letter Words Refer to you handout.
There are 64 mRNA codons. The mRNA that is created in transcription
is actually a collection of a series of 3- nucleotide sequences
called codons. So each gene will contain nucleotides in multiples
of 3 Slide 43 The Genetic Code: Three- Letter Words Your practice
from last night Notice that the length of the gene is a multiple of
3 This is the way all genes arein multiples of 3. This is why I
asked you to count by threes until you reached the stop codon.
AUG-UCA-AGG-CGC-AGC-CCG-AUC-UGA AUGUCAAGGCGCAGCCCGAUCUGA Slide 44
The Genetic Code: Three-Letter Words Each codon specifies for only
one amino acid, but several amino acids have more than one codon.
See leucine This system of matching codons and amino acids is
called the genetic code. The genetic code is based on codons that
each represent a specific amino acid. This is the translation tool
that helps to translate the mRNA from the nucleotide language into
the language of amino acids. Slide 45 Codons in mRNA Figure 13. The
amino acid coded be a specific mRNA codon can be determined by
following the three steps below. What amino acid does the codon GAA
code for? Slide 46 Translation: RNA to Proteins Translation is the
process that changes the mRNA molecule into the complementary amino
acid sequence. Takes place in the cytoplasm occurs in a sequence of
5 steps Involves all three kinds of RNA and results in a complete
polypeptide. Slide 47 Translation: RNA to Proteins Translation
relies upon the tRNA molecule to act as the go- between for mRNA
codon & the amino acid that corresponds to it. There is only
one specific amino acid for each codon. The mRNA gets matched up
with the right tRNA molecule because of the anti-codon region An
anticodon is a three- nucleotide sequence on tRNA that is
complementary to an mRNA codon. Slide 48 There are two important
regions of a tRNA. The area where the amino acid attaches & The
anticodon region, which is complementary to the codon of mRNA The
anticodon always decides which amino acid is carried. AMINO ACID
GOES HERE ANTICODON tRNA matches mRNA here Slide 49 The Steps to
Translation Slide 50 Translation: RNA to Proteins, Step 1 A
ribosome attaches to the mRNA The UAC (methionine) tRNA attaches to
the start codon on mRNA within the ribosome. Step 2 The tRNA
molecule that has the correct anticodon and amino acid binds to the
second codon on the mRNA. A peptide bond then forms between the two
amino acids, and the first tRNA is released from the ribosome.
Slide 51 Translation: RNA to Proteins, Step 3 The ribosome then
moves one codon down the mRNA, kicking the 1 st tRNA out. The amino
acid chain continues to grow as each new amino acid binds to the
chain and the previous tRNA is released. Step 4 This process is
repeated until one of three stop codons is reached. A stop codon
does not have an anticodon, so protein production stops. Slide 52
Translation: RNA to Proteins, Step 5 The newly made polypeptide
falls of the ribosome, the tRNA leaves the ribosome, & the
ribosome falls apart. Translation is complete & the polypeptide
is free to go get processed into a protein in either the ER or the
Golgi. This is where translation ends but it doesnt have to be the
only protein made. Repeating Translation Many copies of the same
protein can be made rapidly from a single mRNA molecule because
several ribosomes can translate the same mRNA at the same time.
Slide 53 Translation: RNA to Proteins Slide 54 AUG UCA AGG CGC AGC
CCG AUC UGA Start Codon Other amino codons Stop Codon Methionine
UAC Serine AGU PEPTIDE BOND FORMS: Then the ribosome moves forward
RIBOSOME Start Codon: Always triggers the attraction of the tRNA
for methionine. Anticodon mRNA Slide 55 AUG UCA AGG CGC AGC CCG AUC
UGA UAC Serine AGU Anticodon mRNA Methionine Slide 56 AUG UCA AGG
CGC AGC CCG AUC UGA ? UCC AGU Serine PEPTIDE BOND FORMS: Then the
ribosome moves forward The growing chain of amino acids is a
polypeptide, or in other wordsa protein Anticodon mRNA Methionine
Slide 57 AUG UCA AGG CGC AGC CCG AUC UGA UCC ? GCG ? PEPTIDE BOND
FORMS: Then the ribosome moves forward Anticodon mRNA Serine
Methionine Slide 58 AUG UCA AGG CGC AGC CCG AUC UGA GCG ? UCG ?
PEPTIDE BOND FORMS: Then the ribosome moves forward ? Anticodon
mRNA Serine Methionine Slide 59 AUG UCA AGG CGC AGC CCG AUC UGA UCG
? GGC ? PEPTIDE BOND FORMS: Then the ribosome moves forward ?
Anticodon mRNA ? Serine Methionine Slide 60 AUG UCA AGG CGC AGC CCG
AUC UGA GGC ? UAG ? PEPTIDE BOND FORMS: Then the ribosome moves
forward ? Anticodon mRNA ? ? Serine Methionine Slide 61 AUG UCA AGG
CGC AGC CCG AUC UGA UAG ? ? Anticodon mRNA ? ? ? Once the stop
codon is reached translation terminates. There is no tRNA for the
stop codon so the ribosome know to detach. The newly formed
polypeptide then leaves to get processed. Serine Methionine Slide
62 Slide 63 Complexities of Gene Expression The relationship
between genes and their effects is complex. Not 1 simple outcome 1
gene = multiple traits Multiple genes required for 1 trait 1 gene =
1 trait The environment can also affect gene expression. Some genes
are expressed only at certain times or under specific conditions.
Variations and mistakes can occur at each of the steps in
replication and expression. The final outcome of gene expression is
affected by the environment of the cells, the presence of other
cells, and the timing of gene expression. In summary, one gene can
be used for many trait outcomes. Slide 64 7 different trait
possibilities for the same gene. Slide 65 Summary Gene expression
produces proteins by transcription and translation. This process
takes place in two stages, both of which involve RNA. In cells,
three types of RNA complement DNA and translate the genetic code
into proteins. During transcription, the information in a specific
region of DNA (a gene) is transcribed, or copied, into mRNA. Slide
66 Summary, continued The genetic code is based on codons that each
represent a specific amino acid. Translation occurs in a sequence
of steps, involves three kinds of RNA, and results in a complete
polypeptide. The relationship between genes and their effects is
complex. Despite the neatness of the genetic code, every gene
cannot be simply linked to a single outcome. Slide 67 In Class
Exercise CGAACCTACAGTTCCGCGTCGGGCTAGACTGGCAATG
AUGUCAAGGCGCAGCCCGAUCUGA Complete the Gene. Translation is the last
step of gene expression as it forms the final polypeptide. Your
exercise today is to take the gene we transcribed into mRNA
yesterday and translate it into a polypeptide. Write your
polypeptide as a series of circles with the name of the
corresponding amino acid within. This is the protein for the gene
you transcribed. Check these off with me to make sure you got it
Tomorrow youll have to transcribe & translate a much bigger
gene. Methionine ? ?? ? ?? Slide 68 Codons in mRNA AUG UCA AGG CGC
AGC CCG AUC UGA Slide 69 How are you progressing? Answers to IC/HW
Exercise mRNA = AUGUCAAGGCGCAGCCCGAUCUGA Poly peptide chain =
Methionine Serine Arginine Serine Proline Isoleucine Slide 70
Practice the Process: Find, transcribe and translate the gene into
a polypeptide sequence. DNA: GCAATACGTAAATAGATCTATCGC mRNA:
Polypeptide: AUG CAU UUA UCU AGA UAG Met-His-Leu-Ser-Arg-(stop)
Slide 71 Complement Gene (DNA) mRNA (codon) Anticodon TAUA ATAU
GCGC CGCG Rosetta Stone of Genetics Slide 72 Fill in the lines for
the following sequences. Complement
:___________________________________________________________________
Gene:
____________________________________________________________________
mRNA: AUG - ACU - AGC - UGG - GGG - UAU - UAC - UUU - UAG tRNA:
___________________________________________________________________
AA:
___________________________________________________________________
ATGACTAGCTGGGGGTATTACTTTTAG TACTGATCGACCCCCATAATGAAAATC
UACUGAUCGACCCCCAUAAUGAAAAUC MET-THR-SER-TYR-GLY-TYR-TYR-PHE-STOP
Slide 73 Fill in the lines for the following sequences.
ComplementATG GeneTACATG mRNAUGUGAU tRNACUCUUGAUU Amino Acidalapro
Slide 74 Fill in the lines for the following sequences.
ComplementATGGAGTGTGATGCCTACAACCCTTAA
GeneTACCTCACACTACGGATGTTGGGAATT mRNAAUGGAGUGUGAU GCU GCC GCA GCG
UACAAC CCU CCC CCA CCG UAA tRNAUACCUCACACUACGAUGUUGGGAAUU Amino
AcidMETGLUCYSAST asparta te alaTYRASP asparagi ne pro XXX TGT
GAT(GCC)TACAAC(AAC)TAA XXXCTCACACTA(CGG)XXXTTG(GGA)ATT
AUGGAGXXXXXX(GCC)UACAAC(CCU)UAA UACXXXACACUA(CGG)AUGXXX(GGA)XXX
MET-GLU-CYS-VAL-XXX-TYR-THR-XXX-STOP Slide 75 TRX/TRL: CW/HW: Using
the Genetic Code HW Genetic Code of Keratin Keratin is one of the
proteins in hair. The gene for keratin is transcribed and
translated by certain skin cells just underneath the growing hair.
The sequence below is part of the mRNA molecule that is transcribed
from the gene for keratin. Analysis 1. Determine the sequence of
amino acids that will result from the translation of the segment of
mRNA above. Use the genetic code in Figure 13. _____Methionine
Serine Arginine Glutamic Acid Phenylalanine Serine - __________ 2.
Determine the anticodon of each tRNA molecule that will bind to
this mRNA segment. _____UAC AGA GCA CUU AAA AGG
______________________________________________________________________
3. Critical Thinking Recognizing Patterns: Determine the sequence
of nucleotides in the segment of template DNA from which this mRNA
strand was transcribed. ____TAC AGA GCA CTT AAA AGG
______________________________________________________________________________
4. Critical Thinking Recognizing Patterns: Determine the sequence
of nucleotides in the segment of DNA that is complementary to the
DNA segment that is described in item 3. ____ATG TCT CGT GAA TTT
TCC
______________________________________________________________________________
Slide 76 Transcription/Translation Lab Working with a partner,
analyze the gene Xlr24 to determine the DNA sequence of the gene,
the sequence of the mRNA, and the sequence of the amino acids that
will form the polypeptide. Answer the associated questions. This is
a 100pt lab due next Monday.
