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Bellringer: T1D11
What do you know about the Reformation?
P.S. If you haven’t already, make sure your mini-lesson is ready for teaching. Make sure you’ve copied it over to the class slideshow! We’ll start in about 10 minutes!
U.S. History IExploring North America
Main Ideas:
Mercantilism
Columbian Exchange
Northwest Passage
English, French, and Dutch in the New World
The Protestant ReformationMartin Luther, a Catholic Priest, sees a lot wrong in the Catholic church. He protests things he sees as wrong, which are many things, but especially indulgences, which are basically forgiveness for sins, if you pay the church money! This led to a huge discussion regarding the church: Animated ML
After a few years, many joined Luther and criticized the church. They began their own churches, trying to change what they saw as wrong in the Catholic Church.
John Calvin was a prominent French leader of this movement, and started his own religion called Calvinism, among others. Soon, the spirit of religious change spread across Europe. Reformation
*Unless you’re the Pope, apparently…
Protestantism in England
While much of Protestantism throughout the rest of Europe began from the lower classes on up, in England, it came from the top down.
Setting: Henry VIII at 17 became king in 1509. He was a staunch Catholic, and wrote nasty letters condemning Martin Luther and his “venomous” ideas.
Yo Martin, the Church is sweet, dawg. Why you
rockin’ the boat?
His defense of the Catholic church earned him the title: “Defender of the Faith”
Swaggy!
A King’s Protest
By 1525, King Henry VIII’s wife, Catherine ofAragorn, had only had one daughter, a daughter named Mary. King Henry was worried that a female monarch would look bad, and wanted a son.
He tried to convince the pope to annul their marriage (deem it never to have existed) so that he could marry Catherine’s lady in waiting, Anne Boleyn, but the pope won’t go along with it, in part because Catherine is Emperor Charles V’s aunt. What’s a king to do?
Henry decided to take matters into his own hands: Vid
Queen Catherine of Aragorn
(future) Queen Anne Boleyn
So…whaddyasay?
Heaven’s no! ‘Tissinful!
No Go on the PlanSadly for Henry VIII (and his new wife), a baby boy wasn’t in the cards for Henry VIII. Queen Anne had a baby girl, the later Queen Elizabeth.
Henry continued to get remarried (6 other times!), hoping for a good strong male heir. The only one he ever had was Edward VI, born to his third wife. He was a sickly child however, and he died several years later at age 16.
Then, his oldest half-sister Mary (Catherine’s daughter) became queen, and she brought back Catholicism, and executed hundreds of Protestants, earning the nickname Bloody Mary.
After her death in 1559, her younger sister Elizabethbecame Queen, and again she reestablished the Anglican church in England, again splitting with the Catholic church, and firmly establishing the Anglican Church as the religion of England.
P.S. Did you know that the Episcopalian Church is the Anglican Church…in America? It’s true!
Daddy, I don’t feel good…
Off with his
head!
Don’t worry, dad. I don’t like
the Catholic church either!
Religious & Economic Rivalries
As Protestantism spread across Europe, that same religious fervor came to the Americas with the explorers, colonists and conquistadors.
The Spanish and Portuguese were Catholic, and taught the natives that religion, whereas the French, Dutch, and English, who were mostly Protestant, and shared their versions of Christianity with the natives as well.
The Columbian Exchange
The first time I heard of this concept, I thought that I was going to meet some new exchange students from Colombia! Sadly, I was mistaken.
The Columbian Exchange actually refers to Christopher Columbus, and the interchange of goods, animals, plants, and even diseases that he brought with him!
Can you name some of the things that didn’t exist in the Old World, but did in the New? Visa versa?
Old World Had:PigsRabbitsCitrus fruitsOnionsDeath… (as in diseases!), etc.
Drat, amigo
BR: T1D12
Which of the explorers that we learned about yesterday was your favorite (besides the one YOU researched)? Explain why:
MercantilismVid So, all of these new goods flowing into Old World led to changes in economics. The prevailing thought of the era was that in regards to economics (what you are buying/selling), you wanted to be more wealthy.
So, how did you get wealthy? By getting as much gold/silver as you could! This might be accomplished thru new colonies with rich mines, and it was also accomplished thru balance of trade (bringing in more money, thru exporting more goods).
Thus, the rich country had the money and power, and the rest didn’t.
Which places are the mother countries? How do you know?
What goods are being imported into Europe?
From the perspective of the mother country, is this fair or unfair?
What will the colonies think? Fair?
How do you affect Balance of Trade?
#1: Place tariffs (taxes) on imported goods. This way, imported things cost more, and people are less willing to buy them.
#2: Encourage the production of expensive exports. Manufactured goods are more pricey than raw materials, so many European mercantilist countries provided incentives to businesses (called subsidies) to companies to encourage them to create manufactured goods (cloth, furniture, etc.).
#3: Control the source of Raw Materials (colonies). If you control were the raw materials are coming from, you don’t have to buy them from someone else, thus cutting down costs even more! Also, if a seller decides to not sell you anymore, you aren’t stuck in a lurch!
Colonies & Mercantilism
Thus to the countries that founded colonies, they existed merely to enrich and benefit the Motherland (home country). They provided raw materials, and also a market (a place you sell things) for the manufactured goods coming from the motherland.
Many of the European monarchs limited what economic activities colonists could engage in. For example:
They couldn’t sell materials to other mother countriesThey couldn’t buy manufactured goods from other mother countriesThey couldn’t make their own manufactured goods, etc.
Why? To make the motherland more rich! We’ll discuss this more later…
Other Europeans in the New World
Let’s start with France. The French established several colonies in the New World. They weren’t able to get the same amount of gold that the Spaniards found, but they did find other things that were valuable. There were many famous French Explorers: Giovanni de Verrazano, who searched for a Northwest Passage, and Jacques Cartier vid, etc.
They were especially good at utilizing furs, from beavers, lynx, otter, etc., and they sold for top dollar back in Europe. The French in fact had limited colonists that came here.
Most of them were traders and trappers aka coureurs de bois or “runners of the woods.” The French developed a healthy relationship with the Native Americans, trading and working together, even marrying Indian women.
They did have several explorers come, and claim more lands for France, such as René-Robert La Salle, who paddled all the way down the Mississippi, and claimed that whole area for France, naming it Louisiana, after the King of France, Louis XIV. VID
French trapper, c. 1600s
Going Dutch:
Much like the French, the Dutch were more interested in trade than in establishing new colonies and cities. The only large colony was New Netherlands, located in the Hudson River Valley.
New Amsterdam, the island of Manhattan, was bought by the governor of the colony from the Native Americans in 1626, and remained a small settlement, with less than 4,000 people by 1650.
Other Dutch colonies were more profitable, like the ones in the Far East that allowed them access to exotic spices, and sugar plantations in the Caribbean, so that helps explain their limited presence in North America.
Large ships like these carried the items of trade that the Dutch craved so much.
The English:The English also set out to colonize the New World. They wanted gold, silver, and maybe a NorthwestPassage too. Instead, at Jamestown, Virginia (settled 1607), all they found was marshy land and sickness. The first year, 80% of the population died, but the colony survived. Vid
One of the more important English Explorers (though he sometimes sailed for other countries was Henry Hudson: VID
In 1620, the Pilgrims, a religious minority sailed from England to escape persecution, and settled in Plymouth, Massachusetts. They also struggled the first several years, but managed to survive, and thus was born the first Thanksgiving Vid
Unlike the Dutch and French, the English didn’t get along with the Natives very well, even though the natives had helped them survive the first several years. This would lead to later conflict.
Jamestown settlement, 1607
Plymouth Colony
HW: Review for Test
Review Ch. 2, and get ready for the test next time!
Pick an early explorer / person / topic from Ch. 2, and create a Mini-saga on them!
What’s a mini-saga? I am GLAD you asked!
http://hubpages.com/business/minisaga
http://www.rajeshsetty.com/2010/07/29/mini-saga-workshop-and-mini-saga-58-karma/
