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BELLWORK. Summarize Eisenhower’s policy of containment. (“New Look”) Summarize Khrushchev’s idea of “peaceful coexistence.” Why was there a “thaw” in tensions between 1953-1955. Why did East-West tensions increase again after 1955? - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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BELLWORK1. Summarize Eisenhower’s policy of containment. (“New Look”)2. Summarize Khrushchev’s idea of “peaceful coexistence.”3. Why was there a “thaw” in tensions between 1953-1955.4. Why did East-West tensions increase again after 1955?5. Why did the Soviet launch of Sputnik create panic in Americans?6. How did U.S. Congress & Eisenhower respond to the Soviet launch of
Sputnik?7. THINKER: Eisenhower and Khrushchev met several times between
1953-1962. Although no decisions were reached, how did this show potential for a “thaw” in East-West tensions? What events made this “thaw” unlikely after 1960?
The Cold War “thaw!”
New leaders, threat of nuclear warfare & “missile gap”
Stalin’s Death• March 5, 1953• 1953-1958: Post-death struggle
for leadership; eventually Khrushchev comes to power
Gregory Malenkov
Changes in Leadership - 1953Dwight Eisenhower
• New LookNikita Khrushchev
• Co-existence
Compare/Contrast the policies of Eisenhower & Khrushchev
The Cold War in the 1950s: Space Race
• October 4, 1957 – USSR launched the first satellite, Sputnik, into orbit.– The Sputnik launch confirmed the
Soviet Union’s superpower status.• Became first artificial satellite into
geocentric orbit on October 4, 1957. – The race to control space had begun!– Khrushchev: “We will bury you!”
US Response: NASA• In 1958, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
(NASA) was created.
Achievements in the Space Race• Soviet astronaut Yuri Gagarin became
the first person to orbit the Earth in 1961
• Later in 1961, Alan Sheppard, Jr. became the first American astronaut in space.
• In 1962, John Glenn, Jr. became the first American astronaut to orbit the Earth.
• The first woman to reach space was Soviet astronaut Valentina Tereshkova in 1963.
Yuri Gagarin Alan Shepard John Glenn
Valentina Tereshkova
New President attempts to win Space Race
• In 1960, John F. Kennedy was elected President.– First Catholic president– Youngest president ever; at age 43– First televised presidential debate- 70
million viewers thought that Kennedy won. Radio listeners Nixon won
• Increased government spending on defense, and math/science education
• Created the Peace Corps• On May 25,1961, Kennedy gave a
speech challenging America to land a man on the moon by the end of the decade.
Man On The Moon!!!• In 1969, U.S. astronauts Neil Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin and Michael Collins
made it to the moon. • Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon, followed by Buzz Aldrin.
BELLWORK1. In your opinion, what were the TWO main developments of the arms race?2. Why was the arms race so intense during the Cold War? What fueled this
race?3. Explain Eisenhower’s arms race policy of “massive retaliation.”4. Explain Kennedy’s arms race policy of “counterforce.” Why was this
problematic?5. How were nuclear weapons limited between 1968-1972?6. THINKER: Robert McNamara (JFK’s Secretary of Defense) believed MAD
was a deterrent to nuclear war….. “It’s not mad! Mutually Assured Destruction is the foundation of deterrence.” Do you agree with McNamara’s view that MAD made the world a safer place? Explain!
U-2 Incident• On May 1, 1960 a U.S. spy plane piloted by CIA Agent Francis Gary Powers was flying over the
USSR and was shot down.• Powers’ mission was to take aerial photos of two major missile test sites in the Soviet Union. • Powers was unable to activate plane's self-destruct mechanism before he parachuted to the
ground, right into the hands of the KGB.
15
The U-2 Incident• When US learned of Powers'
disappearance over USSR, it issued a statement claiming that a "weather plane" crashed after its pilot had "difficulties with his equipment."
• US officials did not realize: – Plane crashed intact – Soviets recovered its photography equipment– Captured Powers, whom they interrogated
extensively for months before he made a "voluntary confession" and public apology for his part in US espionage
• Eisenhower refused to apologize for the U-2 Incident saying surveillance was “distasteful, but a vital necessity.”
How a U-2 works• http://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=YvmqmG30dHo• http://
www.youtube.com/watch?v=ih57FiOeZXU– Skip to landing w/ car
The Cold War Arms Race• After the U.S. dropped nuclear bombs on
Japan, the world wanted their own nuclear bombs.
• This started an arms race: competition between two or more countries for the best/most armed forces & weapons.
• Each country competes to produce larger numbers of weapons, greater armies and military technologies.
• UK, France, US, Soviet Union, and People’s Republic of China all produced nuclear weapons.
Soviet Power• American experts believed that
the Soviet Union would not have nuclear bombs until the mid 50s. However, the Soviet Union tested their first atomic bomb in 1949
• Joe-One, the Soviets first nuclear bomb, was a copy of the American bomb, Fat Man. (weaker)
• The whole world watched in shock at the Soviet Union’s new weapon.
Soviet Program VS American Program• Both parties believed that
more nukes = more power!
• Soviet Union built more nuclear weapons with cheaper quality.
• Americans built fewer nuclear weapons, but with better quality.
Hydrogen Bomb• Both countries worked
frantically to produce the first hydrogen bomb.
• The US detonated the first H-Bomb in November 1952.
• The Soviets exploded their H-Bomb in August 1953.
Hydrogen Bomb Explosion
• US exploded its first hydrogen bomb in 1952. It was 1000 times more powerful than the Hiroshima atomic bomb.
• USSR detonated theirs in 1953
Global Nuclear Confrontation• The Soviet army had over 260 divisions of the armed forces.– American military planners were forced to adopt a nuclear
strategy in face of the overwhelmingly superiority of Soviet forces.
– They would deter any Soviet attack by setting in place a devastating atomic counterattack.
• For the next quarter century, the U.S. and the USSR would engage in a nuclear arms race that constantly increased the destructive capability of both sides.
Advancements in Missiles & Delivery• ICBM (Intercontinental Ballistic Missile)• SLBM (Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile)• ABM (Anti-Ballistic Missile)• MIRV (multiple independently targetable
reentry vehicle)
ICBMs• Intercontinental Ballistic
Missiles• The most important
development in terms of nuclear delivery in the 1950s.
• Missiles delivered bombs instead of bomber aircrafts.
• Missiles could now reach areas thousands of miles away.
Launch of an SLBM from a British submarine
How an MIRV works
Testing of MIRV’s: all eight (ten capable) fired from only one missile. Each line represents the path of a warhead which, if it were live, would detonate with the explosive power of twenty-five Little Boys (Nagasaki)
Strategic nuclear missiles, warheads and throw-weights of United States and USSR, 1964-1982
Year Launchers Warheads MegatonnageUSA USSR USA USSR USA USSR
1964 2,416 375 6,800 500 7,500 1,000
1966 2,396 435 5,000 550 5,600 1,200
1968 2,360 1,045 4,500 850 5,100 2,300
1970 2,230 1,680 3,900 1,800 4,300 3,100
1972 2,230 2,090 5,800 2,100 4,100 4,000
1974 2,180 2,380 8,400 2,400 3,800 4,200
1976 2,100 2,390 9,400 3,200 3,700 4,500
1978 2,058 2,350 9,800 5,200 3,800 5,400
1980 2,042 2,490 10,000 6,000 4,000 5,700
1982 2,032 2,490 11,000 8,000 4,100 7,100
How did the American government use propaganda to fuel the arms race?
Arms Race Clips• http://www.youtube.com/
watch?v=-2kdpAGDu8s (Duck & Cover)
• First H-bomb test http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNcQX033V_M
• Johnson’s Campaign Ad http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dDTBnsqxZ3k&feature=related
• Dr. Seuss’ Butter Battle Book
Mutually Assured Destruction (M.A.D.)• If no one could survive a nuclear war……then there would not be
one. • First to shoot, is second to die! • Both sides saw the need for agreements on how to manage
nuclear weapons:– Test-ban Treaty of 1968– Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty of 1968– Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty of 1972 (SALT)– Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty of 1972
End of the Arms Race • Economic problems
led to arms control agreements beginning in the 1970s. This period of time, known as détente.
• Détente: Both countries reduced their nuclear spending and stockpiles.
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