Governments of Pakistan peoples Party (PPP) 2 December 1988 - 6 August 1990 19 October 1993 - 5 November 1996 Presented by: Suleman Saleem

Governments of Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP)2 December 1988 - 6 August 199019 October 1993 - 5 November 1996

Presented by:

Suleman Saleem (13759)Waleed Abbas (13740)

2 December 1988 - 6 August 1990

Elections were held on 16 November 1988. PPP won 94 out of 207 seats.

Formed acoalition governmentwith Muttahida Qaumi Movement(MQM) and independents.

Benazir Bhutto becamethe first woman electedto lead aMuslim state.

She promised to repeal the controversialHudood Ordinanceand to revert theEight Amendmentto the Constitution but none of the reforms were made and Bhutto began to struggle with PresidentGhulam Ishaq Khanover the issues of executive authority.

President repeatedly vetoed proposed laws and ordinances that would have lessened his presidential authority.

Foreign Affairs

Bhutto took the office during the end of theCold War, and closely aligned herself with the U.S. PresidentGeorge H. W. Bush, based on a mutual distrust of communism.

She always opposed direct American support if Afghan Mujahedeen.

She wanted to have good relation with India and met Indian Prime Minister Rajiv Gandhi in 1989.

On the Western front, Bhutto authorized further aggressive military operations in Afghanistan to topple the fragile communist regime and the Soviet influence in the region.

Science Policy

She visited Dr.Abdus Salam in 1990 during her trip to Britain. She followed the policy of her father.

She promotedmilitary funding of science and technologyas part of her policy.

She visitedKhan Research Laboratoriesfor the first time in 1989, much to the anger of President Ghulam Ishaq Khan.

She moved theMinistry of Science and Technology's office to the Prime Minister Secretariat with Munir Ahmad Khan directly reporting to her, eliminated any possibility of Presidents involvement and prevented him from having any influence in science research programmes.

Benazir Bhutto started aerospace projects such asProject Sabre II,Project PAC,Ghauri projectunder dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan in 1990.

Nuclear weapons programme

Benazir Bhutto took aggressive steps and decisions in order to modernize and expand the integrated atomic weapons programme founded and started by her father in 1972.

During her frequent trips to the United States, Bhutto refused to compromise on the nuclear weapons programme.

Under her regime, thePakistan Atomic Energy Commission(PAEC) had conducted series of improvised designs of nuclear weapons.

During her first term, the nuclear program was under attack and under pressure by the Western world, particularly the United States. Despite the economic aid that was offered by the European Union and the United States in return to halt or freeze the program, Benazir did not compromise and continued this crash program under her first and second regime.

Bhutto had approved and launched theShaheen programmeas she had advocated for this programme strongly.

Space programme

Pakistan's first military satellite,Badr-I was also launched under her government throughChina. With launching ofBadr-I, Pakistan became the first Muslim country to have launched and placed a satellite in Earth'sorbit.

As part of her policy, Benazir constituted the establishment ofNational Development Complexand theUniversity ObservatoryinKarachi Universityand expanded the facilities for thespace research.

She declared 1990 a year of space in Pakistan and conferred national awards to scientists and engineers who took participation in the development of this satellite.

Dismissal

Tales of corruption in public-sector industries began to surface which undermined the credibility of Bhutto. The unemployment and labor strikes began to take place which halted and jammed the economic wheel of the country.

Bhutto was unable to solve these issues due to the cold war with the President.

In November 1990, after a long political battle, President Khan finally used the Eighth Amendment to dismiss the Bhutto government following charges of corruption, nepotism, and despotism.

19 October 1993 - 5 November 1996

General electionswere held in Pakistanon 6 October 1993. PPP won 89 out of 207 seats.

Bhutto formed coalition government with independent winners.

On 19 October 1993, Benazir Bhutto was sworn as Prime Minister for second term receiving 121 votes to 72 for Nawaz Sharif.

The presidential elections were soon called after her re election. Benazir Bhutto learned a valuable experience and lesson from the presidency of Ghulam Ishaq Khan and after carefully examining the candidates, Benazir Bhutto decided to appoint Farooq Legharias for her president.

President Leghari had no political background, no experience in government running operations, and had no background understanding the civil-military relations.

Domestic affairs

Benazir Bhutto was Prime Minister at a time of great racial tension in Pakistan.

The MQM attempted to make an alliance with Benazir Bhutto under her own conditions, but Benazir Bhutto refused. Soon the second operation,Operation Blue Foxwas launched to wipe the MQM from country's political spectrum.

In December 1993, in theSwat valleywhenSufi Muhammad, a religious cleric, began to mobilize the local militia calling for overthrow of the "un-Islamic rule of [Iron] Lady". Benazir Bhutto responded quickly and ordered thePakistan Armyto crackdown the militia.

Corruption grew during her government, and her government became increasingly unpopular amid corruption scandals which became public. One of the most internationally and nationally reported scandals was theAgosta Submarine scandal.

Foreign policy

Benazir Bhutto's foreign policy was controversial.

Benazir Bhutto sought to strengthen the relations withsocialist states, and Benazir Bhutto's first visit toLibyastrengthened the relationsbetween the two countries.

Benazir Bhutto is said to have paid a state visit to North Korea in early 1990 and in 1996.

Benazir Bhutto also strengthenedrelationswith communist stateVietnamand visited Vietnam to sign the mutual trade and international political cooperation between both countries.

In 1995, Benazir Bhutto paid a state visit to United States where she held talks with U.S. PresidentBill Clinton. During the visit, Benazir Bhutto urged the United States to amend the Pressler Amendment.

During her second term, the relationship with Indian Prime MinisterP. V. Narasimha Raofurther deteriorated. On 1 May 1995, Benazir Bhutto used harsh language and publicly warned India for her "continuation of [Indian] nuclear programme would have terrible consequences".

Relations with military

During her second term, Benazir Bhutto's relations with the Pakistan Armed Forces took a different and pro-Bhutto approach, when she carefully appointed GeneralAbdul Waheed Kakaras the Chief of Army Staff.

Her tough and hard line policies on Afghanistan, Kashmir and India, which the military had backed Benazir Bhutto staunchly.

In 1995, Benazir also appointed AdmiralMansurul Haqas the Chief of Naval Staff, as the Admiral had personal contacts with the Benazir's family. However, it was the Admiral's large-scale corruption, sponsored by her husbandAsif Zardari, that shrunk the credibility of Benazir Bhutto by the end of 1996 that led to end of her government after all.

She hand-picked officers and promoted them based on their pro-democracy views while the puppet President gave constitutional authorisation for their promotion. The senior military leadership includingJehangir Karamat, Kayani,Ali Kuli Khan, Farooq Feroze Khan, Abbas Khattak andFasih Bokhari, had strong Western-democratic views.

Policy on Taliban

1996 was crucial for Bhutto's policy on Afghanistan when Pakistan-backed extremely religious groupTalibantook power in Kabul. Under her government, Pakistan had recognized the Taliban regime as legitimate government in Afghanistan, allowing the Taliban to open anembassyin Islamabad.

Death of younger brother

In 1996, the Bhutto family suffered another tragedy in Sindh Province, Benazir Bhutto's stronghold and political lair.Murtaza Bhutto, Benazir's younger brother, was controversially and publicly shot down in a police encounter in Karachi. After this incident, Benazir Bhutto lost all support from Sind Province. Public opinion later turned against her, President Farooq Leghari, who dismissed the Bhutto government seven weeks after Murtaza's death.

Dismissal

In spite of her tough rhetoric to subdue her political rivals and neighbouring India and Afghanistan, the Bhutto government's corruption heightened and exceeded its limits during her second regime; the most notable figures among those suspect were Asif Ali Zardari and AdmiralMansurul Haq.

In November 1996, Bhutto's government was dismissed by President Leghari primarily because of corruption and Murtaza's death,who used the Eighth Amendment discretionary powers to dissolve the government.

She turned to the Supreme Court hoping for gaining Leghari's actions unconstitutional. But the Supreme Court justified and affirmed President Leghari's dismissal in a 61 ruling.

When President Leghari, through public media, discovered that General Kakar (Chief of Army Staff), General Khattak (Chief of Air Staff), and Admiral Haq (Chief of Naval Staff) had been backing Benazir to come back in the government; President Leghari aggressively responded by dismissing the entire military leadership.

Soon after her government was ended, theNaval intelligenceled the arrest of Chief of Naval Staff and acquitted him with a runningcourt-martialsat up at theNaval Judge Advocate General Corpsled by active duty 4-star admiral. Many of her government members and cabinet ministers including her spouse were thrown in jails and the trials were sat up at the civilian Supreme Court.