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Benefits of Life Cycle Assessmenton Plastic Products
The Petroleum and Petrochemical CollegeChulalongkorn University
AFPI 2014 : Bangkok, Thailand
Dr. Pomthong Malakul Na Ayudhaya
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First Page :
1• Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)
2• Utilization of LCA
3• Status of LCA in Thailand
4• Benefits of LCA
5• Conclusions
Presentation Outline
2
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Introduction to LCA
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LCA Concept
LCA is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of product systems orservices at all stages in their life cycle – from extraction of resources, through theproduction and using the product to reuse, recycling or final disposal.
LCA is a tool to assess the potential environmental impacts of product systems orservices at all stages in their life cycle – from extraction of resources, through theproduction and using the product to reuse, recycling or final disposal.
What is LCA ? CRADLE TO GRAVE
Quantitative Environmental Impact Assessment
4
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Product Life Cycle
Resources Production Use Disposal
Reuse
RecycleWaste
Tr. Tr. Tr.
Tr. = Transportation5
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Product Life Cycle
Source: TetraPak6
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Life Cycle Stages and Boundary
www.sciencedirect.com (Source: EPA, 1993)
effluents
7
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Energy
Raw materials
Chemicals
Air Emissions
Wastewater
Wastes
• Electricity (from coal, natural gas, ..)• Fuel (diesel, LPG, etc.)
• Iron, aluminium, etc.• Plastic resins
• HCl, NaOH, etc.• Fertilizer, herbicides, etc.
• CO2, CO, particulates, etc.• HCs, SOx, NOx, CFC, etc.
• COD, BOD• Toxic substances
• Solid waste• Heavy metals, etc.
CO2CH4COCFC
NOxSOx
PAHs
PbCd
PO4N
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Environmental Impact Categories
Impact category Data item
Global warming
Acidification
Eutrophication
Photo. Oxidant creation
Inventory
CO2
CH4
N2O
CFC-11
NO2
COD
NMVOC
SO2
Total N
Ozone layer depletion
CFC-11
NO2NO2 Human Toxicity Heavy metals,PAHs, carcinogens
9
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Environmental Impact Categories
Global Warming Potential(GWP)
Ozone Layer Depletion(ODP)
(CO2 equiv. kg)CO2 1CH4 21N2O 310HFC-23 11700HFC-41 150HFC-134a 1300SF6 23900
Ref: IPCC (IntergovernmentalPanel on Climate Changes)
(CFC equiv. kg)CFC-11 1HALON-1201 1.4HCFC-123 0.02HCFC-141b 0.11HCFC-22 0.055
AcidificationPotential (AP)
(SO2 equiv. kg)NH3 1.88HCl 0.88HF 1.6NO 1.07NO2 0.7SO2 1
10
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Road Map - ISO 14000Management
Systems
ISO 14004 (EMS)
general guidelineson principles, systems
& supportingtechniques
ISO 14001 (EMS)
specification withguidance for use
Evaluation &Auditing Tools
EnvironmentalPerformance
Evaluation (EPE)
ISO 14031 guidelines
EnvironmentalAuditing (EA)
14010 general principles
14011-1 audit procedures
14012 qualification criteriafor environmentalauditors
Product-OrientedSupport Tools
Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)14041 general principles &
practices14042 life cycle inventory analysis14043 life cycle impact assessment14044 life cycle improvement
assessment
Environmental Labelling (EL)14020 basic principles for all
environmental labelling14021 terms & definitions14022 symbols14023 testing & verification14024 guiding principles, practices
& criteria for certificationprograms
+ CSR (ISO 26000) 2011 ISO 14067 Carbon Footprint of Products
11ISO 14069 Carbon Footprint of Organizations
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Identify significantenvironmental
challengesChecking Data
Results InterpretationResults Interpretation
Globalwarming Water pollution
Eutrophication
Healtheffects
AcidificationImpact Assessment
Evaluate the impact on thenatural environment
Impact AssessmentEvaluate the impact on the
natural environment
CO2SO2
NOx
Total nitrogenTotal phosphorous
Heavy metals
Impact onwater
Impact onAir
Inventory AnalysisEstimate the environmental
impact of the product life cycle
Inventory AnalysisEstimate the environmental
impact of the product life cycle
Raw MaterialAcquisition
Trans-portation
Material Parts Assembly Products Use,Repair
Dis-assembly Incineration Landfill
Recycling and Reuse
Setting upScope ofResearch
Life-CycleStage
Identificationof Unit Process
Setting upScope ofResearch
Life-CycleStage
Identificationof Unit Process
Recycling
Trans-portation
LCA Methodology Based on ISO 14040 Series
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Utilization of LCAImprovement ofProducts orProcesses
Marketing& SocialResponsibility
Social/EconomicSystems
SustainableConsumption
･Design forEnvironment (DfE)
･Appealing(Public Relations)
- Environmental Reports･Environmental Labeling
･EnvironmentalEducation
･Lifestyle Review
･GreenProcurement
･EnvironmentalAdministration
(Support forrecycling, etc)
･Information Disclosure･Environmental
Management System
･Recycling Design･Process Improvement
LCALCA
Adapted from: Ishizaka, Nagano prefecture
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CF of Organization/ Water Footprint
National LCIDatabase project
1st Govt Green Procurement
Thai LCA-related SCP/Green Roadmap
LC thinking(Green Label) LCA projects
LCA networkLCA in education
No.5Energy Label
CP/CT
LCA-EcoDesign(9-yrs capacity buildingJapanese Govt.support)
National CFP
CFO projectsCFP projects
2012
National CFO
2013 2014 2015 2016………………
2nd phase Govt.Green Procurement
LCA Agri-FoodLCIA, LCA for Organization
Eco-efficiency/ Factor X(SD Index, Green GDP)
Material Flow Cost AccountingOther tools for SCP,………
Environmental Footprint
Capacity Building and Networking
GreenRoadmap
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Agriculture
CassavaRice
Sugar caneCorn
CottonNatural rubber
Vegetable oillivestock
Animal feed
Recycle and WasteManagement
RecycleLandfill
Anaerobic digestionIncineration
CommodityChemicals
NaOHH2SO4
HClCl2
LimeNa2CO3
SulfurFertilizer/ Pesticide
Industrial Materials
Plastics (PS, PE, PP, etc.)Non-ferrous metals
Ferrous metalsAluminum, Copper
FibersSynthetic rubber (SBR, BR)
Pulp & PaperPetrochemicals (7)
Building and ConstructionMaterials
SteelGypsumCement
GlassWoodTilesetc.
Basic Materials
Energy, Utilitiesand Transportation
Coal, Natural GasPetroleum (gasoline, diesel,
jet fuel, gas oil)Biofuels
Electricity gridTransportation system
Water supply (surface / ground)
Infrastructure
Thai National LCI Database(Master Plan as of Dec. 2004)
Thai National LCI Database(Master Plan as of Dec. 2004)
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The Federation of Thai Industries
National Metal and Materials Technology CenterNSTDA, Ministry of Science and Technology
Thailand Environment Institute
Ministry of Industry byDepartment of Industrial Works
Thailand Research Fund
(5 org. signed MOU on 30 Mar. 2007) (MOU with JRC/EU 22 Aug. 2007) (join UNEP/SETAC life cycle initiative)( Technical Support by Japanese Government 2003-2010) (Financial Support by Thai Government)
Thailand National LCI DatabaseThailand National LCI Database
5 Organizations signed MOU to drive the Thai NationalLCI Database Project
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Thai LCI Database Operation Structure
Steering Committee
Petroleum Institute of Thailand
WG1:Natural Gas
WG2:RefineryProducts
WG3:Petrochemical
Products
Central LCIDatabase(MTEC)
Working/Technical Committee(5 partners: MTEC/NSTDA, DIW/MOI, TRF, F.T.I, TEI)
Industrial Specific Institution
WG4:
Ferrous/non-ferrous
WG5:Infrastructure
- Energy/ Utilities- Transportation
WG6:Construction
materials
WG7:Agricultural
materialsand products
WG8:Basic
chemicals
WG9:Recycle &
Wastemanagement
WG10:Others
Average data
Average data
ThaiLCD(ILCD+ISO std.)
Web-basedSoftware
Gate-to-gateData collection Data Verification
Process (Criticalreview)
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18
WG1: Natural Gas 6 WG7: Agriculture/Agro-products (Cont)
WG2: Refinery 8 Rice 17
WG3: Petrochemicals 19 Pulp & Paper 9
WG4: Ferrous & Non-ferrous Wood (Para-wood) 17
Ferrous 9 Cassava + Cassava Products 2+13
Non-ferrous 5 Longan + Food & Agriculture 4+43
WG5: Infrastructure/Transportation Pineapple + Vegetables & Frozen Fruits 1+10
Electric Grid Mix 1 Plantation of Plants (from literature) 80
Water 6 Oil Palm Bio-diesel 24
Road Transportation: Truck 188 Others (UHT coconut milk/ Curry paste) 3
Transportation: Ship & Rail 21+22 WG8: Basic chemicals
WG6: Construction Materials Paints + Industrial gases 6+3
Ceramics 7 Basic chemicals + Chemical products 14+2
Glass & Mirror 7 Fertilizers and Herbicides 47
Alternative Materials for Wood 3 WG9: Recycle/Waste Management
Construction Materials 8 Incinerations 8
WG7: Agriculture/Agro-products Landfills + Recycle 8+12
Feed mill 15 Wastewater Treatment 9
Livestock & ProductsAgriculture Machinery
1933
WG10: Others (Textile 30, EE Parts80, Automotive Parts 3, Vanish oil 3)
116
Rubber 7 TOTAL 846
National LCI Database (as Feb, 2014) for GHG emission factor + others
(by MTEC 711, Cradle to Gate Data 552)
C1-C4, Benzene,Toluene, p-Xylene,
propylene, ethylene,PE, PP, PS, PU, PVC,
SAN, VCM,Caprolactam, mixed C4
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Website of Thai National LCI Database
http://www.thaiLCIdatabase.net
Thai LCASoftware
LCI Databasesexchange withother Countries
NATIO
NA
L LCI D
ATAB
ASE
Thai LCI Datafor Research
WEBSITE
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Global Situation• Kyoto Protocol• EU, USA, Japan, Asia, Africa• National LCI Databases
– Ecoinvent, JEMAI (Japan), USA, Thailand, Malaysia
• Commercial LCA softwares– SimaPro (Pre’), GaBi, Umberto, etc.
• LCA Centers/Institutes• Companies
– Benz, Coke, Sony, LG, BASF, NatureWorks, PTT, SCG, etc.
• Governments:– SCP/Green GDP/Green City
• Environmental Footprint (2014…)
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Benefits of LCA on Plastic Products
21
Comparison Between products (selection/evaluation) Between processes/method/management
Product Development/Improvement Green design/Eco-design Green products/more environmental friendly Better eco-efficiency (economic & ecology)
Communication Reports Environmental declaration Labels
Policy Decision making Management policy Environmental tax/subsidization/investment
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Comparison between Products
22
Whichone wouldyouchoose?
or
or oror
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• Use 70% less energy to
produce than paper bags
• Generate 80% less waste
• Take 91% less energy to
recycle per weight (lb)
• Generate 79% less
greenhouse gas
emissions
Plastic
Grocery bags
www.company.comAmerican Chemistry Council
Winner!!!!• Energy efficient production
• High product-to-package ratio
• Less Greenhouse gas emissions
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• Carrefour Group- LCA study by Price-Waterhouse-Coopers (Feb, 2004) : Compare
environmental impact of four types of bags: HDPE, paper,biodegradable plastic (50% corn starch and 50% polycaprolactonecompostable plastic), and reusable plastic (flexible PE)
• Swiss Agency for the Environment- Life Cycle Inventories for packagings: paper, plastics, glass,
aluminium and steel (1998)
• Eco-Profiles of the European Plastic Industry (2005)
• Boustead Consulting Associate Ltd.- LCA for three types of grocery bags – Recyclable plastic;
Compostable, biodegradable plastic; and Recycled, Recyclablepaper (2007)
• Chulalongkorn University, Kasetsart University
LCA Studies Around the WorldComparing Plastic and Other Materials
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Life Cycle of Paper Cup & PS Cup
Cupuse
Landfill,recycling
Plantation&
Harvesting
treeslogs
Woodyard
wood chips
Digester,washing,bleaching
steam,chlorine (?)
pulp
Forming
paper cup
adhesive,heatoil gas
Refinery
gas, naphtha
catalyst
Cupuse
Landfill,recycling
Styreneproduction
catalyst
styreneDrilling
&Production
oiloil, gas
gas
Poly-merization,
blowing
PS cup
solvent, blowing agent
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Bags/Sacks
Cups
Plastic
Plastic
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Comparison of Environmental Impacts of3 Types of Bags (Paper/PE/Compostable)
(Equivalent to 1,000 Paper Bags)
Paper Bag(30% Recycled
Fiber)
TraditionalPolyethylene
Bag
CompostablePlastic Bag
Total Energy Usage (MJ) 2622 763 2070
Fossil Fuel Use (kg) 23.2 14.9 41.5
Municipal solid Waste (kg) 33.9 7.0 19.2
GHG (CO2 Equiv. Tons) 0.08 0.04 0.18
SOx (kg) 0.579 0.0758 0.413
NOx (kg) 0.264 0.0681 0.456
Fresh Water Usage (Gal) 1004 58 1017
Boustead Consulting & Associates Ltd. (2007)
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Huang & Ma (2004) Journal of Science of the Total Environment
9 Packaging Materials for Drink Containerswere compared using LCA
Basis of Comparison : 1 liter
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LCA Results – Total Environmental Impact Points
Plastic
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Glass Plastic pouch
Material required (MTon) 45.4 0.4
Energy(GJ)
Water(m3)
Energy(GJ)
Water (m3)
Phase I: Production of rawmaterials
671.92 1,608.0 32.22 25.6
Phase II: Production ofbottles/pouches
530.27 4.56
Total 1,202.19 1,608.0 36.78 25.6
Phase III: Filling & distribution Fuel (liter) Energy(GJ)
Single[Return]
Fuel (liter) Energy (GJ)Single
[Return]
2,049 114.75[213.43]
1,120 62.73[106.64]
Plastic Pouch & Glass Bottle forMilk Packaging (per 1 million liters)
(per 1,000,000 liters of milk)Source: Carnegie Mellon University, USA
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Emissions During Phase I & Phase II
Glass Plastic PouchAir emissionsCO kg 54.3 0.6
CO2 (GHG) kg 6,610.2 760.0
SOx kg 134.8 5.2
NOx kg 68.1 4.8
CH4 (GHG) kg 39.5 3.2
HCl kg 5.3 0.0
Dust kg 67.6 1.4
Water emissionSuspended solids kg 352.3 0.2
Chloride kg 4,535.5 0.1
per 1,000,000 liters of milk
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Comparison of Environmental Performancebetween Retort Pouch and Steel Can for Tuna Meat
2551
Resources
ProductLife Cycle
Manufacture Can/Pouch Filling Sterilization
PackingDistributionUseWaste Management
Steel can Retort Pouch• Tin-free steel• 2 pieces/coated• 85 gm filling• 11,765 cans perton tuna meat
• ~70% Recycled
• PET/Al foil/Nylon/PP• Laminated• 100 gm filling• 10,000 pouches
per ton tuna meat• ~10/20/70% Re/Inc/LF
Source: Ratanawan Mungkung et al. (2007) – Kasetsart University
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Steel Can Retort PouchResources UsedCoal kg 550.80 36.03
Natural Gas m3 58.0 29.13
Petroleum kg 69.59 50.6
Environment/EmissionGlobal Warming CO2 kg 3,100 1,150
Acidification SOx kg 25.8 8.66
Energy UtilizationFilling & Packing kWh 317.29 259.19
Total Points 82,200 42,800
Life Cycle Comparison between Steel Canand Retort Pouch for 1 Ton of Tuna Meat
• Transportation load for 1 ton steel can tuna ~1.5 times retort pouch.• Cardboard weight for 1 ton steel can tuna ~1.7 times retort pouch.• It needs to recycle steel can 5 times to get the same environmental load as theretort pouch.
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Comparison betweenProcesses/Method/Management
35
Process/Technology Current vs. Improved Process Old vs. New Process/Technology
Method/Management End-of-life (waste) management Recycling
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Use of LCA to evaluatethe benefits ofrecycling PET bottles
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Life Cycle Energy Analysis of PET BottleComparison between Reference and Recycling Systems
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0% substitution
100% virginMore recycled
UK Use of LCA to evaluate themanagement of plastic wastes
100% substitution
0% virgin
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39
Source: Technological Institute of Plastics, Valencia, Spain
Resource Depletion Global Warming Acidification Eutrophication
Recycle
Recycle
Virgin
Comparison of Environmental Impacts betweenRecycled vs. Virgin HDPE
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Europe’s biggest PVC producer Solvay, who runs a PVC recycling plant in the ItalianCity of Ferrara, conducted a detailed life cycle assessment (LCA). In a recyclingprocess they call VinyLoop, two materials are reclaimed: PVC grains, mainly fromcable waste, and Tarpaulin waste, a PET textile coated with PVC. The PVC recoveredduring the process is a secondary compound comparable in a quality to primary(virgin) PVC compound. Material-wise, the plant is pretty efficient: out of 1.15 kg cablewaste, 0.9 kg PVC compound is recovered, and for each 0.29 kg tarpaulin waste, 0.1kgnew raw fibers are captured. But what about the overall environmental performance?
To Recycle or Not to Recycle – PVC Cable Waste is the Question ?Written by Moritz Bühner // July 9, 2012
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41
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42
GWP Energy Demand
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Functional units: 1 piece or set (pipe & fitting)and 1 kg of product (pipe & fitting)
Functional units: 1 piece or set (pipe & fitting)and 1 kg of product (pipe & fitting)
Pipe Fitting
-Diameter: 18 mm. and 55 mm.
-Length: 4 m.
-Class: 8.5
-Grade: Standard
-Service period 50 years*
-Elbow 90 º
-Class 13.5
-Grade: Standard
-Service period 50 years*
43*Same as the service life used in other LCA studies of PVC pipes, including TEPPFA.
LCA of PVC Pipes and Fittings
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End of Life Phase (Disposal)
44
VCMproduction
VCMproduction
PVC-SProduction
PVC-SProduction
Pipe &Fitting
Production
Pipe &Fitting
Production
DisposalPhase
DisposalPhase
Use
RecycleRecycle IncinerationIncinerationLandfillLandfill
Comparison between three disposal technologies100% Recycle / 100% Landfill / 100% Incineration
Basis: treatment of 1 kg PVC waste
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System Boundary
ResinProduction
Pipes andFittings
ProductionUse End of Life
(Disposal)
45
Secrecy agreements were signed withcompanies providing data
CCradle to Grave
Cradle to Gate Gate to Gate
- TPC
- VNT
Scenarios- Landfill- Incineration- Recycle- Combination
Including: Recycle 0% Recycle 30% Recycle 50% Recycle 75% Recycle 90%
LiteraturesAdvanced Pipe
Nawaplastic
Thai Pipe
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1.58
0.52
1.94
4.15
1.230.94 0.87 0.80 0.66
0.000.501.001.502.002.503.003.504.004.50
P-F55_base
case
P-F 55_S1
P-F 55_S2
P-F 55_S3
P-F 55_S4
P-F 55_S5
P-F 55_S6
P-F 55_S7
P-F 55_S8
kg C
O2
eq/k
g PV
C pi
pe a
nd fi
ttin
g 5
5m
m
Total GWP of Pipe and fitting 55 mm
Life Cycle Greenhouse Gases (GHGs)
46
The more recycle, the better to the environment
NET GWP
Incineration vs.Recycle
More recycle 22-58% reduction
30%Recycle
90%Recycle
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33.77
5.43
45.42
57.05
25.4217.43 15.43 13.43
9.43
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
60.00
MJ L
HV/k
g PV
C pi
pe a
nd fi
ttin
g 5
5 m
m
Life Cycle Energy Use (MJ/kg pipe)
47
IncinerationIncineration
30%recycle
LandfillLandfill More recycle 25-72%reduction
NET Energy Used
90%Recycle
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Benefits of LCA on Plastic Products
48
Comparison Between products (selection/evaluate) Between processes/method/management
Product Development/Improvement Green design/Eco-design Green products/more environmental friendly Better eco-efficiency (economic & ecology)
Communication Reports Environmental declaration Labels
Policy Decision making Management policy Environmental tax/subsidization/investment
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UNEP Eco-Strategies Wheel
+-
+-
1. Selection of low-impactmaterials
•Non-hazardous materials•Non-exhaustable materials•Low energy content materials•Recycled materials•Recyclable materials
2. Reduction of material•Reduction in weight•Reduction in (transport) volume
3. Optimization of productiontechniques
•Alternative production techniques•Fewer production processes•Low/clean energy consumption•Low generation of waste•Few/clean production consumables
4. Efficient distribution system••Less/clean packaging
•Efficient transport mode•Efficient logistics
5. Reduction of the environmentalimpact in the user stage
•Low energy consumption•Clean energy source•Few consumables needed during use•Clean consumables during use•No energy/auxiliary material use
Existing product
Priorities for the new product
6. Optimization of initiallife-time
••Reliability and durability•Easy maintenance and repair•Modular product structure•Classic design•User taking care of product
7. Optimization ofend-of-life system
•Reuse of product•Remanufacturing/refurbishing•Recycling of materials•Clean incineration
“ProductLife Cycle”
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HITACHI
New Vacuum Insulator
For Refrigerator
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Benefits of LCA on Plastic Products
56
Comparison Between products (selection/evaluate) Between processes/method/management
Product Development/Improvement Green design/Eco-design Green products/more environmental friendly Better eco-efficiency (economic & ecology)
Communication Reports Environmental declaration Labels
Policy Decision making Management policy Environmental tax/subsidization/investment
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Environmental Declaration of Products
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Eco-labeling Type IIILife cycle stage
Inventory analysis,Impact assessment
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AustraliaUSA
BrazilCzech RepublicEU, UK
Sweden (SSNC)
New Zealand
Republic of China
Croatia Germany
Hong Kong
Japan
Korea
PhilippinesSingapore
SpainThailand
Canada
Eco-Product
Eco-Labels/Green Labels
59
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Petroleum,Wood Pulp,Vegetable,
AnimalNatural orSynthetic
Fiberproduction
TextileProduction
TextileFinishing
GarmentManufactureDistribution
Use
Cleaning
Recycling/Disposal
Textile Life cycle: Polymer through Disposal
AgricultureChemical Industry
Textile Industry
Apparel Industry
Home andProfessional Cleaning
Wholesale + Retail
ConsumerIndustry
Government Agencies
Today’sOpportunities
Tomorrow’sOpportunities
Source: Sam Moore (2009)
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• Self awarding
• Ecolabels with independent audits
Textile Ecolabels
EnvironmentalCode of practice
Ecolabel Otto(mail order firm?)
soft floorcovering,
upholsteredfurniture
Textiles, skinsand leather
OEKO-TEX
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USA
Canada
UK
Korea
Japan
FRANCE
ThailandCarbon
reductionlabel
Carbonfootprint
label
Carbon Footprint/Carbon Label
63
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Benefits of LCA on Plastic Products
64
Comparison Between products (selection/evaluate) Between processes/method/management
Product Development/Improvement Green design/Eco-design Green products/more environmental friendly Better eco-efficiency (economic & ecology)
Communication Reports Environmental declaration Labels
Policy Decision making Management policy Environmental tax/subsidization/investment
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Benefits of LCA on Policy
65
Decision making Right balance between economic, social and environment
Not blind decision or feeling but based on scientific and supporting data
Setting standards/ability to differentiate good and bad things (for peopleand the environment)
Management Life cycle management (raw materials, transportation, manufacturing,
use, disposal/recycle)
Recycling
Economic measures/taxes Non-tariff barrier (NTB) competitiveness
Environmental taxes (external costs/environmental costs)
Subsidization (e.g., recycled, biofuels, bioplastics?)
Incentive/support/promoting investment (BOI)
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66
• Each kg of PET recycled help us avoid 1 kg disposal and 0.78 primary production
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Concept of External Cost or Externalityand Life Cycle Costing
Cost
Cost
CostUtilities
Resourcesused
Cost
Product
Process B
Process C
Process A Process D
ProductionCost
Manufacturing
External Cost
Ecosystem Health ResourcesDepletion
Human Health
HumanDamage
Model
Economic models for Environmental Impacts
NaturalDamage
Model
Full Cost
LCA + LCI Database
Emissions
(Modified from Itsubo, 2004)
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Conclusions
68
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Benefits of LCA on Plastic Products
69
Comparison Between products (selection/evaluate) Between processes/method/management
Product Development/Improvement Green design/Eco-design Green products/more environmental friendly Better eco-efficiency (economic & ecology)
Communication Reports Environmental declaration Labels
Policy Decision making Management policy Environmental tax/subsidization/investment
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“Doing wellby doinggood…..”
Business withbest intentionstoward society
andenvironment
