Benthowave Instrument Inc. Page of · Useful Acoustic Formulae Page 22 Export, Taxes, Shipping & Delivery, Payments and Terms & Conditions of Sale Page 23 Contact Information Page

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Benthowave Instrument Inc. Underwater Sound Solutions http://www.benthowave.com

Acoustic Transducers and Systems

BII Components in SONAR and Ultrasonic System Page 2 Ultrasonic Pulsing & Receiving Page 4 Abbreviation List Page 5 Service Temperature Range Page 6 Handling Page 6 How to Order Hydrophones and Wave Height Sensors Page 7 Preamplifier Information Page 8 How to Order Underwater Transducer (Projector), HIFU & Ultrasonic Power Transducer Page 9 How to determine pulse width, duty cycle and off-time with input pulse power (peak power) Page 10 Temperature Sensor Page 11 Wirings of BII Hydrophones and Pressure Transducers Page 12 Wirings of BII Transducers Page 15 Array Design Page 16 How to Drive Normalized Transducers with Nominal Impedance 50/60/70/75/100Ω Page 18 Products and Service Page 20 Parameter Measurements of Preamplifiers, Power Amplifiers, Impedance Matching Unit and T/R Switches Page 20 Testing and Calibration Page 21 Useful Acoustic Formulae Page 22 Export, Taxes, Shipping & Delivery, Payments and Terms & Conditions of Sale Page 23 Contact Information Page 24

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BII Components in SONAR (Marine and Air) and Ultrasonic System

Linear & Nonlinear Acoustics: HIFU, NDT, AE; Marine Animals; Fishery; Navigation; Communication; Oceanography; Seafloor-mapping; Sub-bottom Profiling.

Transmitting Sounds

Receiving Sounds

Signal Generation BII-4000 Series BII-8000 Series

Power Amplifier

BII-5000 Series

BII Transducers & Array

BII Hydrophones, Transducers & Array

Recording, Analysis and Playback BII-8000 Series

Impedance Matching BII-6000

Beamforming Preamplifier BII-1000 Series

Signal Processing BII-2000 Series

Signal Processing Beamforming

BII-2000 Series

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AE Detection System

Transmitting and Receiving Sounds

Signal Generation BII-4000 Series BII-8000 Series

Power Amplifier

BII-5000 Series

BII Acoustic Transducers & Array

Recording, Analysis and Playback BII-8000 Series

Impedance Matching BII-6000

Beamforming Preamplifier BII-1000 Series

Signal Processing BII-2000 Series

T/R

Switch BII-2100

Signal Processing Beamforming

BII-2000 Series

Cracking Preamp+Bandpass Filter Standalone or Built inside AE Sensor

Main Amplifier+Bandpass Filter Standalone

Third Party’s DAQ System: Record, Analysis, Display, etc.

BII AE Sensor

Short Cable Long Cable Long Cable

BII Preamps & Filters

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Ultrasonic Pulsing & Receiving

Exciting Signal and Echoes or Stress Waves

DC Power Supply

Oscilloscope Computer + Digitizer

Couplant

BII NDT & AE Transducer

BII-2100 Series TR Switch

BII-4000 Series & BII-8010 Series Spike or Tone Burst Generator

Trigger

BII-4000 Series & BII-8010 Series Spike or

Tone Burst Generator

Trigger

Subject

BII NDT Transducer

BII NDT & AE Transducer + BII-1000 Series Preamp

Oscilloscope Computer + Digitizer

Exciting Signal and Echoes or Stress Waves

DC Power Supply

Oscilloscope

Computer + Digitizer

Couplant

BII NDT & AE Transducer

BII-8010 Series

Pulser & Receiver

Liquid

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Abbreviation List

Principal Parameters

DRx: Depth Rating x meters SL: Source Level, in dB re μPa*m Q: Quality factor, -3dB Bandwidth = fs/Q

fs: Resonance Frequency in kHz PW: Pulse Width D: Duty Cycle

CW: Continuous Wave (Operating) fim: Impedance Matching Frequency in kHz. fim = fs by default.

BW: -3dB Beam Width SLL: Side Lobe Level in dB, Nominal to Main lobe. TS: Built-in Temperature Sensor (NTC thermistor)

Built-in Impedance Matching and T/R Switch

IM: Impedance Matching TR: Transmit & Receive Switch TRIM: T/R Switch and Impedance Matching

Beam Pattern

SPH: Beam generated by spherical transducer. Generally, -3dB Beam Width at fr: 360°x250° in XY and ZX plane, frequency dependent.

HSPH: Beam generated by hemispherical transducer. Generally, -3dB Beam Width at fr: 360°x70° in XY and ZX plane, frequency dependent.

CLD: Beam generated by cylindrical transducer. Generally, -3dB Beam Width at fr: 360°x(40°~80°) in XY and ZX plane, frequency dependent.

BW or ∆𝜽: -3dB conical Beam Width Δθ in ZX and ZY plane, in °, generated by transducers of circular plate or convex shell.

∆𝜽𝑯 × ∆𝜽𝑽: (Planar)

-3dB fan-shaped Beam Width, generated by transducers with rectangular (or square) apertures. ∆𝜽𝑯 is in ZX plane (Along-track, Along-length or Horizontal Plane) and ∆𝜽𝑽 is in ZY plane (Cross-track, Cross-length or Vertical Plane), such as -3dB Along-Length x Cross-Length Beam Width = 5° x 50°.

∆𝜽𝑯 × ∆𝜽𝑽: (Curved)

-3dB fan-shaped Beam Width, generated by transducers with cylindrical curve apertures. ∆𝜽𝑯 is in ZX plane (Along-curve or Horizontal Plane) and ∆𝜽𝑽 is in ZY plane (Cross-curve or Vertical Plane), such as -3dB Along-curve x Cross-curve Beam Width = 120° x 20°.

Signal Conditioning of Received Signals

HPF: High Pass Filter BPF: Band Pass Filter LPF: Low Pass Filter

SE: Single Ended Output/Unbalanced DF: Differential Output/Balanced

Mounting Parts: more information at http://www.benthowave.com/products/MountingConnector.html

BFMP: Bolt Fastening Mounting, Plastics. Uses: lightweight device and low flow drag force, ≤ 2kg or 20N.

BFMMCSS: Bolt-Fastening Mount for Multi-Channel, Stainless Steel. BFMSS: Bolt Fastening Mounting, Stainless Steel.

EFMM: End-face Mounting for Multi-Output EFMS: End-face Mounting for Single Output

FGM: Flange Mounting FH: Free Hanging

FHLS: Free Hanging with Long Support FSM: Flush Mounting

FHUWC: Free-hanging with Underwater Connector MTHSO: Metric Thru-hole Mounting, Single O-ring.

NPT: American National Taper Pipe Threads THDO: Thru-hole Mounting, Double O-ring

THSO: Thru-hole Mounting, Single O-ring TMSO: Thread Mounting, Single O-Ring

Cable: -4° to 140° F (-20° to 60° C) Typically

WR: Wires MiniCoax: Coax (ΦD=1.4mm) RG178: RG178B/U 50Ω Coax, -70°C To +200°C

RG174: RG174/U 50Ω Coax RG58: RG58 50Ω Coax (see Note 1) SC36: Shielded cable (ΦD=3.6mm)

SC65: Shielded cable (ΦD=6.5mm) WCB: Wire/Cable Bundle SCB: Shielded Cable Bundle

SC: Shielded Cable (ΦD=3.6 to 9.7mm). Uses: Water Depth ≤ 300m; Max. Operating Voltage: 300Vrms or 600Vrms available, Max. Current: 4A.

USC: Unshielded Cable (ΦD=8.7 to 15.3mm). Uses: Water Depth ≤ 3000m; Max. Operating Voltage: 300Vrms or 600Vrms available, Max. 10A.

Cable Length: Customized, up to 305m or 1000ft. 1. The cable has adverse effects on the transducer (projector) performances in high frequency range. The longer the cable is, the worse the adverse effects on the transducer (projector) performance is. If a long cable is needed for the project (comparing to electromagnetic wavelength), impedance matching is necessary between the transducer (projector) and the signal source (power amplifier). 2. To transmit received signals (receivers, hydrophones) over a long cable, using differential signal transmission is a good option, and matching impedances between receiver (hydrophone) and the cable.

High Temperature Cable

RG178: RG178B/U 50Ω Coax, -70°C To +200°C, Diameter: Φ1.8 mm.

HTWR200: High Temperature Wire: 14° to 392° F (-10° to 200° C), Maximum 600VAC.

HTWR449: High Temperature Wire: -40° to 840° F (-40° to 449° C), Maximum 600VAC. Dry Use ONLY.

HTSC150: High Temperature Shielded Cable: -94° to 302° F (-70° to 150° C), Maximum 600VAC.

HTSC199: High Temperature Shielded Cable: -65° to 390° F (-54° to 199° C), Maximum 600VAC.

HTUSC: High Temperature Unshielded Cable: -40° to 840° F (-40° to 449° C), Maximum 600VAC. Dry Use ONLY.

Connector

WL: Wire Leads BNC: BNC Male (or Plug) 50Ω BNCF: BNC Female (or Jack) 50Ω

TRS: TRS Plug TRS35: 3.5mm TRS Plug TRS635: 6.35 mm TRS Plug

XRL: XRL Plug BS: +9V Battery Snap SP: Solder Pins

5015: MIL-5015 style UMC: Underwater Mateable Connector (See Note 2)

ONLY Underwater Connectors are for uses underwater, other connectors listed above are ONLY for dry uses.

Note 1: RG58 Coax with BNC connector. Available lengths: 1m, 2m, 3m, 5m, 10m, 15m, 20m, 30m. Please choose cable length which is much less than the Electromagnetic wavelength λ≈c/f. c: speed of light in Vacuum. Warning: It is buyer's sole responsibility to make sure that BNC shield of the signal source is firmly grounded for operating safety before hooking up the transducer (projector) to the signal source. Coax with BNC is not intended for hand-held use at voltages above 30Vac/60Vdc.

Note 2: Underwater Mateable Connectors (UMC). BII stocks wet-mateable connectors from global underwater connector manufacturers whose connectors and accessories are available worldwide. Buyers may purchase mating connectors and accessories from local suppliers or representatives of these global companies in buyers’ countries or purchase these mating connectors from BII as integral parts of BII products. Please contact BII for details.

Connector Size: useful to choose mounting/installation parts of the transducers/hydrophones

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Connector: Male BNC 6.35mm TRS 3.5mm TRS XLR MIL-5015 +9VDC Battery Snap Underwater Connector

Biggest Size: ΦD14.3mm ΦD16mm ΦD10.5mm ΦD20.2mm ΦD30mm ΦD13mm ΦD35mm or ΦD21.5mm

Underwater Mateable Connector: Handling Instructions

BII stocks underwater mateable connectors of Standard Circular and Micro Series for signal transmission and power supply underwater.

Always apply grease before mating. Disconnect by pulling straight, not at an angle.

Do not pull on the cable and avoid sharp bends at cable entry. Do not over-tighten the nuts.

Not be exposed to heat or direct sunlight. Wet in fresh water before use.

Temperature Range of Hydrophones, Transducers and Accessories:

1. Default Operating Temperature: -10°C to +60°C (14°F to 140°F); Storage Temperature: -20°C to +60°C (-4°F to 140°F); 2. Bespoke high temperature transducers and hydrophones are available, please refer to respective datasheet for their service and storage temperatures. a. Service Temperature: -10°C to 120°C (14°F to 248°F); or b. Service Temperature: -10°C to 198°C (14°F to 390°F).

Underwater Transducer (Projector) & Hydrophone Handling

Warning: Wrongful handling may damage the transducer and hydrophone beyond repair. 1. Do not drive the transducers and hydrophones when they are in air. 2. Do not drive the hydrophones with built-in preamplifiers and/or signal conditioning amplifiers. 3. Keep transducers, hydrophones and the cable away from any sharp item. 4. Remove saltwater spray and moisture with cloth. 5. Do not move or lift the transducers and hydrophones by the cable in air. 6. Do not squeeze or step on the transducers, hydrophones and the cable. 7. Handle the transducers and hydrophones gently, avoid impacts and collision. 8. Do not use strong solvents to clean the transducer faces and hydrophone faces. 9. Do not expose the transducers and hydrophones to direct sunlight or excessive heat. 10. After use, rinse the transducers, hydrophones and the cable in fresh clean water, dry them with cloth. 11. Do not use high pressure water, sand blasting or metal tools to clean the transducer faces and hydrophone faces.

Air Transducer Handling Warning: Wrongful handling may damage the air transducer beyond repair. 1. Do not use the air transducers in water. 2. Do not drive the transducers if it has built-in preamplifiers and/or signal conditioning amplifiers. 3. Keep transducers and the cable away from any sharp item. 4. After use, clean and remove moisture, dusts or dirties on the transducers, if any, with cloth. Do not use strong solvents to clean the transducer faces. 5. Do not move or lift the transducers by the cable in air. 6. Do not squeeze or step on the transducers and the cable. 7. Handle the transducers gently, avoid impacts and collision. 8. Do not expose the transducers to direct sunlight or excessive heat. 9. Do not use high pressure water, sand blasting or metal tools to clean the transducer faces.

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How to Order Hydrophones and Wave Height Sensors If a hydrophone or transducer does not support a specific parameter, or the default parameter stated in the specification is to be ordered, please ignore that parameter or use blank. If your applications have requirements about physical size, service temperature, special regulations, …, please notify us. 1. Order standard hydrophones and wave height sensor with options listed in the specification.

Hydrophone DRxxm -Gain -Output -HPF/LPF -Mounting -Cable Length -Cable -Connector

Part Number Depth Rating xx meter

Preamplifier Gain in dB

SE DF

-3dB Filter Frequency in kHz

Specify Options

in meter

Specify Options

Specify Options

Example of Part Number: Description

BII-7011-SE-FH-6m-Coax-BNC BII-7011 Hydrophone, Single Ended Output, Free Hanging, 6m Coax, BNC.

BII-7011DR900m-SE-FH-1m-SC65-UMC BII-7011 Hydrophone, 900m Depth Rating, Single Ended Output, Free Hanging, 1m ΦD6.5mm Shielded Cable, Underwater Mateable Connector.

BII-7011-DF-THSO-0.1m-SC36-WL BII-7011 Hydrophone, Differential Output, Thru-hole Mounting (Single O-ring), 0.1m ΦD3.6mm Shielded Cable, Wire leads.

BII-7011-DF-BFMP-0.2m-SC65-UMC BII-7011 Hydrophone, Differential Output, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Plastics), 0.2m ΦD6.5mm Shielded Cable, Underwater Mateable Connector.

BII-7016-26dB-SE-0.3kHz-FH-10m-SC-BNC/BS BII-7016 Hydrophone, 26dB Preamplifier, Single Ended Output, 0.3kHz High Pass Filter, Free Hanging, 10m Shielded Cable, BNC and +9V Battery Snap.

BII-7017-40dB-DF-0.3kHz/100kHz-FH-100m-SC-BNC/BS

BII-7017 Hydrophone, 40dB Preamplifier, Differential Output, 0.3kHz to 100kHz Band Pass Filter, Free Hanging, 100m Shielded Cable, BNC and +9V Battery Snap.

BII-7017-BII-1092-SE-0.3kHz/100kHz-FH-100m-SC-BNC/BS

BII-7017 Hydrophone, BII-1092 Programmable Gain Preamplifier (0, 20, 40, 60dB), Single-ended Output, 0.3kHz to 100kHz Band Pass Filter, Free Hanging, 100m Shielded Cable, BNC and +9V Battery Snap.

2. Order BII-7020 Series Line Array Hydrophones.

Line Array -N -d -Shading -Mounting -Cable Length -Cable -Connector

BII-7021 BII-7021Q

Array Element Quantity Element Spacing in mm

Specify Options

Specify Options

in meter Specify Options

Specify Options


BII-7021-12-50mm-EFMM-0.3m-SCB-WL BII-7021 Hydrophone, 12 Array Elements, Element Spacing: 50mm, No Shading, End-face Mounting for Multi-Channel, 0.3m Shielded Cable Bundle, Wire Lead.

BII-7021Q-12-50mm-BFMMCSS-10m-SCB-WL

BII-7021Q Hydrophone, 12 Array Elements, Element Spacing: 50mm, No Shading, Bolt-Fastening Mount for Multi-Channel (Stainless Steel), 10m Shielded Cable Bundle, Wire Lead.

Line Array -L -Shading -Mounting -Cable Length -Cable -Connector

BII-7022 BII-7023

Acoustic Aperture Length in mm

Specify Options Specify Options in meter Specify Options Specify Options


BII-7022-80mm-BFMSS-1m-SC65-UMC BII-7022 Hydrophone, Acoustic Aperture L=80mm, No Shading, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Stainless Steel), 1m ΦD6.5mm Shielded Cable, Underwater Mateable Connector (Pin Insert).

3. Order BII-7190 Series Directional Hydrophones.

Hydrophone DRxxm -fs -∆𝜽𝑯 × ∆𝜽𝑽 -Gain -Output -HPF/LPF -Mounting -Cable Length

-Cable -Connector

BII-7190 Depth Rating xx meter

in kHz

Beam Width in °

Preamp Gain in dB

SE DF

-3dB Filter Frequency in kHz

Specify Options

in meter Specify Option

Specify Options


BII-7190-100kHz-5°x50°-BFMSS-20m-SC65-WL BII-7190 Hydrophone, 100kHz, Beam width: Along-length x Cross-length = 5°x50°, Bolt Fastening Mounting (SS), 20m ΦD6.5mm Shielded Cable, Wire leads.

4. Order BII-7210 Series Directional Array Hydrophones.

Array -fs -BW -d -Mounting -Cable Length -Cable -Connector

BII-7210 Frequency in kHz

Beam Width in °

Element Spacing in mm

Specify Options in meter Specify Options

Specify Options


BII-7210-50kHz-5°x50°-7.5mm-EFMM-0.3m-SCB-WL

BII-7210 Hydrophone, 50kHz, Beam width: Along-length x Cross-length = 5°x50°, Element Spacing: 7.5mm, End-face Mounting for Multi-Channel, 0.3m Shielded Cable Bundle, Wire Lead.

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Preamplifier Information for BII Hydrophones with Built-in Preamplifier If your project has special requirements, please email us the info. We are happy to help choose suitable preamp embedded inside the hydrophone.

Preamplifier: BII-1000 Series Hydrophone Preamplifier. 1. Default: BII-1060 series preamplifier. 2. Customized: Specify when ordering.

Preamplifier Gain: Bespoke, specify when ordering. 1. Fixed Gain: -40, -20, 0, 26, 40 or 60dB, 2. Digitally Programmable Gain: 0, 20, 40, 60dB.

Overload Pressure Level: 20*log(Maximum Output/2.828) - Sensitivity, (dB μPa).

Built-in Filter: Preamplifier dependent. Specify -3dB cut-off frequency when ordering. Some preamplifiers only support high pass filter, the others support bandpass filter. Please check out the specification of a specific preamplifier.

Output Type: 1. Default: Single Ended Output (SE). Append SE to the listed part number. 2. Differential Output (DF), Append DF to the listed part number.

Maximum Output: Maximum Output of the built-in preamplifier, Vpp.

Supply Voltage: +4.5 to +30 VDC, +7.5 to +30 VDC or +9 to +30 VDC, Preamplifier dependent.

Suggested DC Supply: +9VDC Battery, Marine Battery, Automobile Battery, Fixed DC Linear Power Supply, Not Included. DO NOT use variable power supply whose maximum supply voltage is higher than the rated voltage. DO NOT use switching mode DC power supply.

Current (Quiescent): 0.36mA to 13mA, Preamplifier dependent. Refer to BII-1000 Series Hydrophone Preamplifier.

Cable: Shielded Cable (ΦD=6.5mm) (SC65) or (ΦD=8.7mm) (SC87)

Cable Length: 1. default: 10m; 2. Custom: up to 1000m Note: for driving long cable (comparing to electromagnetic wavelength), please choose differential output, and request impedance matching between preamp output impedance and the characteristic impedance of the cable.

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How to Order Underwater Transducer (Projector), HIFU & Ultrasonic Power Transducer 1. Order standard transducers with available options listed in online specification.

Transducer x x x -x -fim -Mounting - Cable Length -Cable -Connector

Part Number

DRx TS

Radiation Face: FR or BT

IM TR TRIM

Matching Impedance in Ω or BII Power Amplifier

Impedance Matching Frequency

Specify Options

in meter Specify Options

Specify Options


BII-7501/50-BFMSS-10m-SC-UMC BII-7501/50 transducer, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Stainless Steel), 10m Shielded Cable, Underwater Mateable Connector.

BII-7501/50IM-BII-5061-FH-20m-SC-WL BII-7501/50 transducer, Built-in Impedance Matching to BII-5061 Power Amplifier, Free Hanging, 20m Shielded Cable, Wire Leads.

BII-7501/50TRIM-50Ω-50kHz -FGM-1m-SC-WL

BII-7501/50 transducer, Built-in TR Switch and Impedance Matching to 50Ω at 50kHz, Flange Mounting, 1m Shielded Cable, Wire Leads.

BII-7536BT-BFMSS-20m-SC-WL BII-7536 transducer with Bottom Radiation, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Stainless Steel), 20m Shielded Cable, Wire Leads.

2. Order Custom-fit Transducers (Projectors).

Transducer /fs x x -x -SL/PW/D -Q -BW -SLL -x -x -x -x

Part Number

in kHz

DRx TS

IM TR TRIM

Matching Impedance in Ω, or BII Power amplifier

Source Level Pulse Width Duty Cycle

Quality factor

-3dB Beam Width

Side Lobe Level

Mounting Cable Length in meter

Cable Connector


BII-7730/50-210dB/10ms/10%-30°-BFMSS-10m-SC-UMC

BII-7730 transducer, 50kHz, 210dB Source Level, Pulse width 10ms, Duty Cycle 10%, 30° Conical Beam Angle, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Stainless Steel), 10m Shielded Cable, Underwater Mateable Connector.

BII-7730/50-DR500m-210dB/10ms/10%-30°-BFMSS-10m-SC-UMC

BII-7730 transducer, 50kHz, Depth Rating: 500m, 210dB Source Level,Pulse width 10ms, Duty Cycle 10%, 30° Conical Beam Angle, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Stainless Steel), 10m Shielded Cable, Underwater Mateable Connector.

BII-7730/50IM-BII-5061-190dB/CW-30°-FH-20m-SC-WL

BII-7730 transducer, 50kHz, Built-in Impedance Matching to BII-5061 Power Amplifier, 190dB Source Level, Continuous Wave Operating, 30° Conical Beam Angle, Free Hanging, 20m Shielded Cable, Wire Leads.

BII-7730/50TRIM-50Ω-210dB/10ms/10%-30°-FGM-1m-SC-WL

BII-7730 transducer, 50kHz, Built-in TR Switch and Impedance Matching to 50Ω, 210dB Source Level, Pulse width 10ms, Duty Cycle 10%, 30° Conical Beam Angle, Flange Mounting, 1m Shielded Cable, Wire Leads.

BII-7680/100IM-50Ω-210dB/10ms/10%-5°x50°-BFMSS-20m-SC-WL

BII-7680 transducer, 100kHz, Built-in Impedance Matching to 50Ω, 210dB Source Level, Pulse width 10ms, Duty Cycle 10%, 3dB Along-Length x Cross-Length Beam Width = 5°x50°, Bolt Fastening Mounting (Stainless Steel), 20m Shielded Cable, Wire Leads.

3. Order BII-7630 Series Directional Array Transducer.

Array /fs x -SL/PW/D -Q -BW -d -Mounting -Cable Length -Cable -Connector

BII-7630 In kHz

DRx TS

Source Level Pulse Width Duty Cycle

Quality factor

-3dB Beam Width

Element Spacing in mm.

Specify Options

in m Specify Options

Specify Options


BII-7630/50-210dB/10ms/1%-5°x50°-7.5mm-EFMM-0.3m-SCB-WL

BII-7630 Directional Array Transducer, 50kHz, 210dB Source Level, Pulse width 10ms, Duty Cycle 1%, Beam width: Along-length x Cross-length = 5°x50°, Element Spacing: 7.5mm, End-face Mounting for Multi-Channel, 0.3m Shielded Cable Bundle, Wire Lead.

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How to determine pulse width, duty cycle and off-time with input pulse power (peak power) This document is exclusively for choosing BII transducers and related BII products. SL: Source Level, in dB μPa*m; T: Temperature of the loading medium such as sea water, in °C, [(°C × 9/5) + 32 =°F ]; TVR: Transmitting Voltage Response, in dB μPa*m/V; Gp: Conductance of the Transducer, in Siemens. 𝑹𝑻𝑳: normalized Load Resistance of the transducer such as a 50Ω transducer which, generally, has a built-in impedance matching network. MIPP: Maximum Input Pulse Power, in RMS Watt; MCIP: Maximum Continuous Input Power, in RMS Watt; IPP: input pulse power (peak power), in RMS Watt; MPW: Maximum Pulse Width at MIPP, in Second; PW: Pulse Width, in Second; D: Duty Cycle. 1. Determine SL or RMS drive voltage required by the application and get the temperature T of the loading medium in field. 2. Calculate IPP:

10 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 𝑆𝐿 + 10 ∗ 𝑙𝑜𝑔𝐺𝑝 − 𝑇𝑉𝑅, 𝐼𝑃𝑃 = 𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠2 ∗ 𝐺𝑝, 𝑜𝑟, 𝐼𝑃𝑃 =

𝑉𝑟𝑚𝑠2

𝑅𝑇𝐿

If the Gp and TVR are not published online, please contact BII for the Gp and TVR of the specific transducers. If Impedance of the transducer ((Z, θ), or (R, X)) are published, Gp can be deduced from impedance.

𝐺𝑝 =𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

𝑍=

𝑅

𝑅2 + 𝑋2

3. Choose suitable transducers with IPP and MIPP. The transducers with MIPP greater than IPP are suitable for the application. Warning: IPP MUST be less than MIPP. If IPP > MIPP, the transducer would be damaged beyond repair. For example, IPP = 500 W, and it is chosen that a BII transducer with MIPP of 1000 Watt, MPW of 1 Second and MCIP of 10 Watt. Loading medium is sea water at 17°C.

4. 𝑃𝑊 ≤𝑀𝐼𝑃𝑃∗𝑀𝑃𝑊∗(

120℃−𝑇

103℃)

𝐼𝑃𝑃

PW ≤ 1000*1*1/500 = 2 (Seconds). That is, pulse width of 500W driving signal at 17°C sea water must be less than 2 seconds.

5. 𝐷 ≤𝑀𝐶𝐼𝑃∗(

120℃−𝑇

103℃)

𝐼𝑃𝑃

D ≤ 10*1/500 = 2%. That is, duty cycle of 500W driving signal at 17°C sea water must be less than 2%. 6. Off-time ≥ Pulse Width*(1-D)/D. Off-time ≥ 98 (Seconds) at PW=2 seconds; Off-time ≥ 49 (Seconds) at PW=1 second; Off-time ≥ 4.9 (Seconds) at PW=100 ms; Off-time ≥ 490 (ms) at PW=10 ms; Off-time ≥ 49 (ms) at PW=1 ms; etc … After driving transducer for 2s with 500W, the transducer MUST be off and allow it to cool down in the 17°C water for 98 seconds at least before driving it again. … After driving transducer for 1ms with 500W, the transducer Must be off and allow it to cool down in the 17°C water for 49 milliseconds at least before driving it again 7. If calculated PW and D do not meet the requirements of the application, please choose another transducer and re-evaluate it by repeating step 2 to step 6 listed above; or, consider using an array. For a planar array of N element parallel-mounted transducers, the sound level of the array will increase by 20*log N and the narrower beam width will be achieved by comparing the sound level and beam width of the single element. 8. After a suitable transducer is chosen, and IPP, PW and D are checked out completely, it is time to choose power amplifier and impedance matching network. a. Choose the power amplifier which can be used with the IPP, PW and D; Note: power amplifiers with maximum power rating less than transducers’ MIPP are recommended to use. This can reduce the possibility of damaging transducers with over-power (or over-voltage) by accident. b. Find out the load requirements from the specification of the power amplifier. Most RF power amplifiers drive 50Ω load, and most Audio power amplifiers drive 2 Ω to 32Ω. BII power amplifiers drive 2 Ω to 32Ω from 20Hz to 2MHz, and BII’s bespoke power amplifier drive 50Ω from 20Hz to 2MHz. c. BII’s BII-6000 series provide impedance matching between transducers and power amplifiers at specified operating frequency. There are two packages available: an impedance matching unit is built inside transducer housing or is manufactured inside a separate housing as a standalone unit. 9. Email BII about your request on transducers and impedance matching units.

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Temperature Characteristics of Temperature Sensor in BII Transducers 1. By default, the temperature sensor measures the inner temperature of a transducer. When a transducer (or a projector) transmits sound into water or load medium, some electrical energy is being converted to heat by piezoelectric materials. If a transducer (projector) transmits sound continuously underwater for a long time and the transducer can not cool down by ambient water or medium, the materials of the transducer might be overheated and damaged. The maximum inner temperature of BII transducers (projectors) varies from 100 to 198 °C, or 212 to 390 °F. By default, if there is no specified maximum inner temperature in BII transducer (projector) data sheet, please ensure the temperature inside transducer (projector) is less than 100 °C or 212 °F. If the transducer (projector) must operate continuously with high power in your application, please contact BII for custom-fit high temperature transducer. 2. Customization: the temperature sensor can also be built into a transducer to measure the ambient temperature instead of that of the transducer. Please specify when ordering.

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Wirings of BII Hydrophones and Pressure Transducers This document contains following wiring information of BII hydrophones and Pressure Transducers: 1. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring to DAQ (Data Acquisition), 2. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring with Built-in Preamplifier, 3. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring without Built-in Preamplifier, 4. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring with Audio Connectors.

1. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring to DAQ Hardware BII: Benthowave Instrument Inc.; DAQ: Data Acquisition Hardware; AI: Analog Input; CH: Channel; GND: Ground.

BII-Hydrophone

BII-Preamplifier

BII’s Differential Output to Differential Input of a DAQ

DAQ Devices AI+

AI-

AI GND

Output Signal+

Output Signal-

Common

If input impedance of a DAQ device is greater than 100MΩ, use following wiring

with two identical resistors of 100kΩ to 1MΩ.

BII-Hydrophone

BII-Preamplifier

BII’s Differential Output to BNC Input of an Oscilloscope

Oscilloscope

CH1

+

CH2

AI-

Output Signal+

Output Signal-

Common

BII-Hydrophone

BII-Preamplifier

BII’s Single-Ended Output to Single-Ended Input of a DAQ

DAQ Devices AI+

AI-

AI GND

Output Signal

Common


with one 100kΩ to 1MΩ resistor.

BII-Hydrophone

BII-Preamplifier

BII’s Single-Ended Output to Differential Input of a DAQ

DAQ Devices AI+

AI-

AI GND

Output Signal

Common



2. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring with Built-in Preamplifier BII manufactures single-power-supply preamplifiers and split-power-supply preamplifiers with single-ended output and differential output, please double check the specification of preamplifiers before powering the hydrophone to avoid damaging the hydrophones.

Power Supply Type of Preamplifiers: Single-Power-Supply Single-Power-Supply Dual-Power-Supply

Underwater Mateable Connector (4 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output Single-Ended Output

Pin 1: Common Common Common

Pin 2: Signal Signal + Signal

Pin 3: +VDC +VDC +VDC

Pin 4: Common Signal - -VDC

Underwater Mateable Connector (5 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output Single-Ended Output





Pin 5: Cable Shield Cable Shield Cable Shield

Underwater Mateable Connector (8 Contacts) Single-ended Output Differential Output Single-ended Output





Pin 5: A1 (Gain Selection) A1 (Gain Selection) A1 (Gain Selection)

Pin 6: A0 (Gain Selection) A0 (Gain Selection) A0 (Gain Selection)

Pin 7: Digital Common Digital Common Digital Common

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Pin 8: Shielding Shielding Shielding

BNC and +9V Battery Snap Single-ended Output N/A Single-ended Output

Female Snap: Power Supply: +VDC N/A Two Batteries: +9VDC

Male Snap: Common N/A Common

BNC Center Pin: Output Signal N/A Output Signal

BNC Shield: Common N/A Common

MIL-5015 Style (4 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output Single-Ended Output

Pin A: Common Common Common

Pin B: Signal Signal + Signal

Pin C: +VDC +VDC +VDC

Pin D: Common Signal - -VDC

BNC and Wire Leads Single-ended Output N/A Single-ended Output

Red Wire: Power Supply: +VDC N/A +VDC

Black Wire: Common N/A Common

Blue or Green Wire: N/A N/A -VDC

BNC Center Pin: Output Signal N/A Output Signal

BNC Shield: Common N/A Common

Wire Leads Single-ended Output Differential Output Single-ended Output

Red Wire: +VDC +VDC +VDC

Black Wire: Common Common Common

White Wire: Output Signal Output Signal + Output Signal

Blue or Green Wire: Common Output Signal - -VDC

Cable Shield (Drain Wire): Shielding Shielding Shielding

Wire Leads with +9V Battery Snap Single-ended Output Differential Output Single-ended Output

Female Snap: +VDC +VDC +9VDC

Male Snap: Common Common Common


Blue Wire: N/A Output Signal - N/A

Black Wire: Common Common Common

Cable Shield (Drain Wire): Shielding Shielding Shielding

Thru-hole Mounting: Wire/Cable Bundle with Wire Leads

Single-ended Output Differential Output Single-ended Output

Coax Conductor: +VDC +VDC +VDC

Coax Shield: Common Common -VDC


Black Wire: Common Output Signal - Common

Cable Shield: Shielding Shielding Shielding

Thru-hole Mounting: Wire/Cable Bundle with Wire Leads Programmable Sensitivity Hydrophone

Single-ended Output N/A N/A

Red Wire: +VDC N/A N/A

Black Wire: Power Supply and Digital Common N/A N/A

Yellow or Brown Wire: Digital A1 (Gain Selection) N/A N/A

Blue Wire: Digital A0 (Gain Selection) N/A N/A

White Wire of shielded cable: Output Signal N/A N/A

Black Wire of shielded cable: Output Common N/A N/A

Shield of shielded cable: Shielding N/A N/A

Wire Leads (BII-7080 Series ONLY) Programmable Sensitivity Hydrophone


Red Wire: +VDC N/A N/A

Black Wire: Power Supply and Digital Common N/A N/A

White Wire: Output Signal N/A N/A

Green Wire: Output Common N/A N/A

Brown Wire: Digital A1 (Gain Selection) N/A N/A


Cable Shield: Shielding N/A N/A

Wire Leads with +9V Battery Snap (BII-7080 Series ONLY) Programmable Sensitivity Hydrophone)


Female Snap: +9 VDC N/A N/A

Male Snap: Battery Common N/A N/A

White Wire: Output Signal N/A N/A

Green Wire: Output Common N/A N/A

Brown Wire: Digital A1 (Gain Selection) N/A N/A


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Black Wire: Digital Common N/A N/A

Cable Shield: Shield

3. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring without Built-in Preamplifier

Wires Single-Ended Output Differential Output

White Wire: Signal Signal +

Black Wire: Common Signal -

Green Wire N/A Common & Shielding

Shielded Two-Conductor Cable Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Red or White Wire: Signal Signal +

Black Wire: Common Signal -

Shield/Drain Wire: Shielding Common & Shielding

Shielded Four-Conductor Cable Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Red Wire: N/A Signal +

White Wire: N/A Signal -

Blue or Green Wire: N/A Not Used

Black Wire: N/A Common

Shield/Drain Wire: N/A Shielding

Coax with Wire Leads Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Coax Conductor Signal N/A

Coax Shield Common N/A

Coax with BNC Single-Ended Output Differential Output

BNC Center Pin Signal N/A

BNC Shield Common N/A

Underwater Mateable Connector (3 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Pin 1: Common Common & Shielding

Pin 2: Signal Signal +

Pin 3: Shielding Signal -

Underwater Mateable Connector (4 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Pin 1: N/A Common

Pin 2: N/A Signal +

Pin 3: N/A Shielding

Pin 4: N/A Signal -

MIL-5015 Style (3 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Pin A: Common Common & Shielding

Pin B: Signal Signal +

Pin C: Shielding Signal -

MIL-5015 Style (4 Contacts) Single-Ended Output Differential Output

Pin A: N/A Common

Pin B: N/A Signal +

Pin C: N/A Shielding

Pin D: N/A Signal -

4. Hydrophone/Pressure Transducer Wiring to Audio Connectors

Connector Signal BNC Center Pin Single-ended Signal BNC Metal Tube Common/Shield TS Tip Unbalanced Mono: Signal TS Sleeve Unbalanced Mono: Ground/Common TRS Tip Unbalanced Stereo: Left Channel Signal TRS Ring Unbalanced Stereo: Right Channel Signal TRS Sleeve Unbalanced Stereo: Ground/Common TRS Tip Balanced Mono: Positive/Hot TRS Ring Balanced Mono: Negative/Cold TRS Sleeve Balanced Mono: Ground/Common XRL Pin 1 Balanced Audio: Cable Shield/Chassis Ground XRL Pin 2 Balanced Audio: Positive/Hot XRL Pin 3 Balanced Audio: Negative/Cold XRL Pin 1 Unbalanced Audio: Cable Shield/Chassis Ground XRL Pin 2 Unbalanced Audio: Positive/Hot/Signal XRL Pin 3 Unbalanced Audio: Cable Shield/Chassis Ground RCA Center Pin Unbalanced Mono: Signal RCA Outer Ring Unbalanced Mono: Common/Shield

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Wirings of BII Transducers This document contains following wiring information of BII (Benthowave Instrument Inc.) Transducers: 1. Electrical Wiring of BII Transducers without T/R Switch, 2. Electrical Wiring of BII Transducers with T/R Switch and Two Shielded Cables, 3. Electrical Wiring of BII Transducers with T/R Switch and One Shielded Cable, 4. BII Transducers with T/R Switch: Wiring of Receiving Signal to DAQ (Data Acquisition) Hardware

1. Electrical Wiring of BII Transducer without T/R Switch

Shielded Two Conductor Cable/Wire Leads Description

White or Red Conductor Signal +

Black Conductor Signal -

Cable Shield To System Grounding/Common, System Grounding for Safety

Two Wires/Wire Leads Description

Red or White Wire Signal +

Black Wire Signal -

Shielded Cable with 3-contacts MIL-5015 Connector (Male) Description

Pin A Pin B Pin C

Shielding/Grounding, System Grounding for Safety Transducer – Transducer +

Shielded Cable with 2-contacts Underwater Connector (Male) Description

Pin 1 Transducer -, Shielding/Grounding, System Grounding for Safety

Pin 2 Transducer +


Pin 1: Drive Signal -

Pin 2: Drive Signal +

Pin 3: Cable Shielding/Grounding, System Grounding for Safety


Pin 1: Drive Signal -

Pin 2: Drive Signal +

Pin 3: Reserved

Pin 4: Cable Shielding/Grounding, System Grounding for Safety

Coax RG58 with or without BNC Male Description

BNC/Coax Center Pin/Conductor Drive Signal +

BNC/Coax Shield Drive Signal -, Shielding/Grounding, System Grounding for Safety

RG58 Coax and BNC Male: Warning: It is buyer's sole responsibility to make sure that the (female) BNC shield of the signal source is firmly grounded for operating safety before hooking up transducer to the signal source. Coax with BNC is not intended for hand-held use at voltages above 30Vac/60Vdc.

2. Electrical Wiring of BII Transducers with T/R Switch and Two Shielded Cables

Electrical Wiring of two Shielded Cables with BII-2101 T/R Switch (Digital Gain Selection)

Signal First Cable with Wire Leads 3-contacts Underwater Connector (Male)

Transmitting - Black pin 1

Transmitting + White pin 2

Shielding and System Grounding Shield Pin 3

Signal Second Cable with Wire Leads 10-contacts Underwater Connector (Male)

N/A N/A Pin 5 (No Connection)


Power Supply: +VDC Red Pin 3

Power Supply Common, Digital Common & System Grounding Black Pin 1

Echo Signal White Pin 2

Echo Common Green Pin 4

Digital A1 Brown Pin 7

Digital A0 Blue Pin 8


Note: Power Supply Common and cable shield must be grounded firmly for safety.

Electrical Wiring of Shielded Cable with BII-2107, BII-2108 Series T/R Switch with Analog Gain Control

Signal First Cable with Wire Leads 3-contacts Underwater Connector (Male)

Transmitting - Black pin 1

Transmitting + White pin 2


Signal Second Cable with Wire Leads 10-contacts Underwater Connector (Male)

N/A N/A pin 5 (No Connection)

N/A N/A pin 6 (No Connection)


Power Supply Common and System Grounding Black Pin 1


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Gain-Control Signal Brown Pin 7

Gain-Control Common Blue Pin 8




3. Electrical Wiring of BII Transducers with T/R Switch and One Shielded Cable

Electrical Wiring of Shielded Cable with BII-2105 and BII-2106 TR Switch with Fixed Gain

Signal Cable with Wire Leads Underwater Connector

Transmitting + Brown pin 5

Transmitting - Blue pin 6


Power Supply Common, System Grounding Black Pin 1

Echo Signal (Low Gain) White Pin 2







Electrical Wiring of Shielded Cable with BII-2107, BII-2108 Series T/R Switch with Analog Gain Control





Power Supply Common, System Grounding Black Pin 1



Gain-Control Signal Yellow Pin 7

Gain-Control Common Orange Pin 8




Electrical Wiring of Shielded Cable with BII-2101 T/R Switch with Digital Gain Selection





Power Supply Common, Digital Common & System Grounding Black Pin 1



Digital A1 Yellow Pin 7

Digital A0 Orange Pin 8

Digital Common N/A Pin 9



4. BII Transducers with T/R Switch: Wiring of Receiving Signal to DAQ (Data Acquisition) Hardware

T/R Switch Receiving Signal

BII’s Single-Ended Output to Single-Ended Input of a DAQ

DAQ Devices AI+

AI-

AI GND

Output Signal

Common


with one 100kΩ to 1MΩ resistor.

T/R Switch

Receiving Signal

BII’s Single-Ended Output to Differential Input of a DAQ

DAQ Devices AI+

AI-

AI GND

Output Signal

Common



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Transducer and Hydrophone Array & Aperture Design - Spatial Filtering Benthowave's transducers and hydrophones can be used as array elements, which, depending on the operating frequency, can be simplified as Point, Line or Rectangle Aperture elements in Linear, Planar, Curved, and Conformal Array. Different mounting options are available from BII: Thru-hole/Hull, Bolt-fastening, End-face mounting, Free Hanging, Flush Mounting and Flange Mounting. With the signals of array elements, tracking of sound source, beam-steering and amplitude shading can be done in signal processing. Standard dry and underwater mateable connectors are supported for quick interfacing among data acquisition devices. The performance of an array is determined by the performance of the elements, quantity of elements, spacing among elements and array pattern. Using an array of elements instead of single element underwater, the high array gain can be achieved or the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be improved. With space-time signal processing, the -3dB beam width of the main lobe of the array can be controlled with weighting/shading techniques, and the beam of the main lobe can be steered to a specific direction with time-delay techniques. 2D or 3D images underwater can be captured with the arrays and the echo signal processing. BII Bolt-fastening Mount is designed to be installed on portable-mounting apparatus for easy deployment, and also make configuration of the array pattern be easy, flexible and simple. Different array pattern can be set up quickly and easily in the field. Thru-hole Mount is designed to be installed on the wall/hull of underwater submersibles, pipes, tanks and vessels to detect or produce acoustic signals outside a submersible or inside a pipe, tank or vessel. Hull mounted array (such as linear, planar and cylindrical array) can be configured. How to use BII transducer/Hydrophone as discrete array elements? To achieve narrow beam width at a specific frequency and steer the beam to the direction of interest, multiple BII transducers or hydrophones shall be used to set up line array or planar array. For example, to detect 1kHz signals underwater with line array, seven BII-7010 series hydrophones are used in 0.75m spacing to achieve beam width of 15°. Preamplifiers can also be integrated to drive long cable and weight the signal level of each channel for side lobe suppression. Array Patterns:

Directivity of Array:

Technical Notes

Array Geometry Array Properties

Linear Array: N point element, equal response, in phase, uniformly spaced

D(θ) = sin(πdN*sinθ/λ)/(N*sin(πd*sinθ/λ)) SNR gain = 10*logN -3dB Beamwidth of Main Lobe = 2*arcsin(1.4*λ/(πdN)) First Sidelobe: θ = ±arcsin(1.5λ/(dN)); First Sidelobe: -13.4 dB; Sidelobe Fall-off: -6dB/octave d - Spacing; λ - Wavelength; N - Element Quantity; θ - Angle to normal on the array

Linear Array: N point element, triangular weighting, in phase, uniformly spaced

D(θ) = [sin(πdN*sinθ/λ)/(N*sin(πd*sinθ/λ))]² SNR gain = 10*logN; -3dB Beamwidth of Main Lobe = 2*arcsin(6.35*λ/(dN)) First Sidelobe: θ = ±arcsin(3λ/(dN)); First Sidelobe: -26.8 dB Sidelobe Fall-off: -12dB/octave d - Spacing; λ - Wavelength; N - Element Quantity; θ - Angle to normal on the array

Dolph-Chebyshev Array

Chebyshev Polynomial: Tm(x) = cos(m/cos(x)); -1 < x < 1 = cosh(m/cosh(x)); |x| ≥ 1 T0(x) = 1; T1(x) = x; T2(x) = 2x² -1; T3(x) = 4x³ - 3x; ... Tm+1(x) = 2xTm(x) - Tm-1(x); ...

Planar/Conformal Array: Identical Elements

g(u)=∑(i(n)*exp(jkndu)) g(u)=f(u)*e(u); u = m*λ/d; Pattern Multiplication g(u)-Radiation/Receiving Pattern of the Array f(u)-Array Pattern or Array Factor e(u)-Element Pattern or Element Factor d-interelement distance; λ-Wavelength; m = ...,-2,-1,0,1,2,... i(n)-Element n; k-wave number; u=sinθ

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How to Drive Normalized Transducers with Nominal Impedance 50/60/70/75/100Ω

1. Impedance Matching between Power amplifiers and Transducers. The cable has adverse effect on power transmission between the power amplifier and the transducer caused by cable’s resistive, capacitive and inductive performance in different frequency range. Transducer itself is resistive, capacitive and inductive load at different frequency range. Therefore, an impedance matching unit is a necessary part between power amplifier and transducer for maximum power transmission and the best power factor.

Standalone Impedance Matching

There are some drawbacks about this setup: a. Besides voltage ratings of transducer’s materials inside, driving voltage of transducer is limited by cable voltage rating; b. More works such as grounding and insulation need to be done on operating safety with high driving voltage. c. Impedance mismatch exists between cable and transducer. This mismatch can not be ignored in high frequency range which causes voltage attenuation and low power factor.

Impedance Matching Unit Integrated inside Transducer Housing

Generally, the driving voltage over the transducer cable is much less than the one in Standalone Impedance Matching Setup. The voltage step-up is done inside transducer housing. Impedance matchings among power amplifier, cable and transducers result in optimum power delivery to the transducer from power amplifier. 2. Cable Impedance BII stocks cable with characteristic impedance 50, 60, 70, 100Ω. Please contact BII for details about impedance matching. 3. Driving normalized transducers with BII components. Impedances of many commercial transducers (including BII transducers) are normalized to be 50Ω, 60Ω, 70Ω, 75Ω or 100 Ω with phase angle Ɵ = 0° ± 30° (or tighter tolerance).

Transmitting Sound

Signal Generator Computer + DAQ Microcontroller BII-4000 Series BII-8000 Series

etc…

BII-5000 Series Power Amplifier

BII-6000 Series Impedance Matching

Network

Normalized Transducer: Nominal Impedance

50Ω, 60Ω, 70Ω, 75Ω or 100 Ω

Signal Generator Computer + DAQ Microcontroller

Power Amplifier

Standalone Impedance Matching

Network

Transducer

Transducer’ Cable

Signal Generator Computer + DAQ Microcontroller

Power Amplifier +

Impedance Mathcing Driving 50, 60, 70, 100Ω

Impedance Matching Network +

Transducer

Transducer Cable 50, 60, 70, 100Ω

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Transmitting and Receiving Sound


etc…

BII-5000 Series Power Amplifier

BII-6000 Series Impedance Matching

Network

Normalized Transducer:

50Ω, 60Ω, 70Ω, 75Ω or 100Ω, …

Computer + DAQ Oscilloscope

Digital Recorder BII-8000 Series

etc…

BII-2100 Series T/R Switch


etc…

BII-8030 Series Underwater Acoustic Transmitter

Normalized Transducer: Nominal Impedance

50Ω, 60Ω, 70Ω, 75Ω or 100 Ω


etc…

BII-8080 Series Underwater Acoustic

Transmitter and Receiver

Normalized Transducer:

50Ω, 60Ω, 70Ω, 75Ω or 100Ω, …

Computer + DAQ Oscilloscope

Digital Recorder BII-8000 Series

etc…

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Products and Service Customer's satisfaction is our final target in the design, development and delivery of the products. Our many years' experiences (underwater acoustics, HIFU and NDT) and multi-skill personnel allow us to develop customized products for your projects. With specialized equipment relating to operating ocean depth, transducer manufacturing, acoustic calibration and environmental tests, BII is confident of developing custom-made acoustic components for your innovative ocean technologies. Hydrophones: Voltage Sensitivity and Directivity Omnidirectional and Directional Low Noise, Low Power consumption Receiving Array Amplitude Shading Receiving Array Beamforming Shallow Water and Deep Ocean Underwater Connector Integration Array Elements for Linear, Planar & Conformal Array Marine & Air Transducers: Transmitting Voltage Response Beam Pattern, Omnidirectional and Directional Broadband/Low Q Impedance Matching & Tuning Network Transmitting Array Amplitude Shading Transmitting Array Beamforming Shallow Water and Deep Ocean Underwater Connector Integration HIFU Transducers NDT/AE Ultrasonic Transducers Array Elements for Linear, Planar & Conformal Array Electroacoustic Measurements: Free-field Voltage Sensitivity (OCV/RVR) Transmitting Voltage Response (TVR) Directivity Pattern (Beam Pattern) Impedance Testing Efficiency Equivalent Circuit Model Environmental Testing Pressure Testing Temperature Range Parameter Measurements of Preamplifiers, Power Amplifiers, Impedance Matching Unit and T/R Switches Beside standard tests such as Gain vs Frequency, -3dB cut-off frequencies, power consumption, etc.., following performance tests are available up to 1.5MHz upon request when ordering: 1. THD+N ratio and THD+N level measurements

𝑇𝐻𝐷 + 𝑁 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

2. SINAD measurement

𝑆𝐼𝑁𝐴𝐷 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙, 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

3. THD ratio and THD level measurements

𝑇𝐻𝐷 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)

4. SMPTE IMD measurements The SMPTE IMD function provides a measure of the second and third order intermodulation distortion introduced by the DUT by injecting two pure tones (tone 1 and tone 2, where tone 1 is at a much lower frequency than tone 2, for example, 20 Hz and 3.5 kHz respectively) into the DUT. SMPTE IMD is expressed in dB (default) or as a percentage. If tone 1 = f1 and tone 2 = f2, the following harmonics are considered. – f2 – f1 – f2 + f1 – f2 – 2f1 – f2 + 2f1 The SMPTE IMD value is computed as the ratio of the sum of the intermodulation harmonics amplitude to the upper frequency tone amplitude. 5. DFD measurements The DFD measurement is similar to SMPTE IMD, except that the two tones in the stimulus signal are of equal amplitude and are spaced closer to each other (typically 28 kHz and 30 kHz). 6. SNR measurement

𝑆𝑁𝑅 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑜𝑖𝑠𝑒)

7. Phase Measurement Phase measurements are used to describe the positive or negative time offset in a periodic waveform cycle (such as a sine waveform), measured from a reference waveform. Phase is expressed in degrees (°) and varies with frequency. 8. Crosstalk Measurement In Sonar systems with more than one channel such as an array with beam steering and/or amplitude shading, it is common for a signal in one channel to appear at the output of another channel at a reduced level. Crosstalk refers to this signal leakage across channels, and it is expressed in dB (default) or as a percentage. Crosstalk is a measurement of the ratio of the signal amplitude in an unused channel relative to that of a channel driven with a signal. Crosstalk is largely due to capacitive coupling between the channel conductors in the device and generally varies with frequency. Crosstalk can be computed as follows.

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑘 = 20𝑙𝑜𝑔10 (𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑑

𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑑𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛)

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Testing and Calibration Benthowave manufactures acoustic transducers and instruments for uses in linear and nonlinear acoustics: Acoustic Communication, Positioning, Navigation, Fishery, Echo Sounding, Oceanography, Seafloor-mapping, Sub-bottom Profiling, Marine Animals Acoustics, NDT, AE and HIFU. Hydrophone and Transducer (Projector) Orientation

BII's TVR and OCV Testing: Spherical and cylindrical hydrophones/transducers: in XY plane Hemispherical hydrophones/transducers: on acoustic axis normal to the hemispherical face. Curved/sector hydrophones/transducers: on acoustic axis normal to the curved face. Circular planar hydrophones/transducers: on acoustic axis normal to the receiving or transmitting face. Rectangular planar hydrophones/transducers: on acoustic axis normal to the receiving or transmitting face. Note: Acoustic axis is perpendicular to the transmitting/receiving face and passes through the geometry center of the face. Signal Level is too weak: If the signal level generated from transducers or hydrophones is much less than the expected. The major reasons are followings: 1. Spot of signal detection is NOT on the acoustic axis of maximum response. Make sure the detection spot is on acoustical axis of directional transducers or hydrophones. 2. Standing waves in small body of water. Use larger body of water to reduce reflection from boundaries. Tolerance and Accuracy of Electroacoustic Measurement

Ambient Temperature: 23 ± 5 °C

Transducer Parameters Tolerance Accuracy Note

Resonant Frequency in water: Nominal ±10% 7 ppm±1 mHz (at 5 to 40°C, typical) Loaded with Water

Capacitance in water: Nominal ±10% ±0.08% (±0.045% typical) Test with Low Electrical Field at 1kHz

Impedance/Admittance in water: Nominal ±10% ±0.08% (±0.045% typical) G-B, Z-θ, or R-X

TVR (dB μPa/V@1m): Nominal ±3dB ±1.0dB (±0.5dB typical) Transmitting Voltage Response

OCV or RVR (dB V/μPa): Nominal ±3dB ±1.0dB (±0.5dB typical) Receiving Sensitivity

-3dB Beam width (°): Nominal ±2° ±0.3° (±0.1° to ±0.2° typical) -3dB Angle of Main Lobe

XY Plane: Horizontal ZX Plane: Vertical ZY Plane: Vertical

Z Reference: Cable or Mounting Part

Z

Y: Normal to ZX Plane

X: Normal to ZY Plane

Z

X

Y Y

Z

X

Z Reference: Cable or Mounting Part

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Useful Acoustic Formulae Unit Conversion Receiving Sensitivity: (Number) V/μPa = ((Number)*1000000) V/Pa = (20*log(Number)) dB V/μPa = (20*log(Number) + 120) dB V/Pa (Number) dB V/μPa = ((Number) + 120) dB V/Pa = (10^((Number)/20)) V/μPa = ((10^((Number)/20))*1000000) V/Pa Transmitting Voltage Response: (Number) μPa/V@1m = (20*log(Number)) dB μPa/V@1m = (20*log(Number) - 120) dB Pa/V@1m (Number) dB μPa/V@1m = (10^((Number)/20)) μPa/V@1m = ((10^((Number)/20))/1000000) Pa/V@1m Impedance and Admittance

𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑍 = 𝑅 + 𝑗𝑋 = 𝐺

𝐺2+𝐵2−

𝑗𝐵

𝐺2+𝐵2; 𝐴𝑑𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑌 = 𝐺 + 𝑗𝐵 =

𝑅

𝑅2+𝑋2+

𝑗𝑋

𝑅2+𝑋2

|𝑍| = 1

|𝑌|= √𝑅2 + 𝑋2 =

1

√𝐺2+𝐵2; 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑃ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝜃 = tan−1 𝑋

𝑅= − tan−1 𝐵

𝐺

R: Resistance; X: Reactance; G: Conductance; B: Susceptance. Useful Acoustic Formulae:

Planar Transducer: 33 kHz ΦD0.1m

50kHz ΦD0.1m

70kHz ΦD0.1m

120kHz ΦD0.1m

200kHz ΦD0.078m

300kHz ΦD0.078m

420kHz ΦD0.078m

600kHz ΦD0.04m

Cavitation Threshold: at Sea Surface, (dB μPa)

203 206 209 214 214 217.5 220 212

Transducer SL (Source Level): SL = TVR + 20*log (Vrms) (dB re µPa @ 1m). TVR - Transmitting Voltage Response of Transducers; Vrms - (Root Mean Square) Driving Voltage of Transducers

Transducer SL (Source Level): SL = 10*log(Pe) + 10*log(η) + DI + 170.8 (dB re μPa@1m). Pe - Electrical Power Driving Transducers; η- Transducer Electroacoustic Efficiency. DI - Directivity Index of Transducer

Acoustic Far Field: ≥ Area/λ (Planar); ≥ (Length*Length)/λ and ≥ Length (Line or thin cylinder).

Hydrophone/Acoustic Sensor Output Vrms:

Vrms = SPL + OCV (dBV). SPL - Sound Pressure Level (dB re µPa); OCV - Receiving Sensitivity (dB re V/uPa); dBV = 20*log(Voltage).

Impedance Matching Transformer: Zp = Zt/N² (Ω). Zp - Transformed Load Impedance; Zt - Transducer Impedance. N - Turn Ration of Secondary to Primary Winding

Signal Loss Over Extension Cable: 20*log[Ch/(Ch+Cc)] (dB). Ch - Hydrophone Capacitance; Cc - Extension Cable Capacitance

Sound Transmission loss: (Underwater Use)

Spherical Spreading: TL = 20 * log R; R - Range (m). Absorption Coefficient (≤50 kHz): α (dB/km)) = 1.0936 [0.1*f²/(1 + f²) + 40*f²/(4100 + f²)]. f - Frequency (kHz).

Electrical Power Loss over Cable: Power Loss over cable = 2*Irms*Irms*R*L. Irms: RMS cable current, from 0.1A to 7A; R: Nominal Conductor Resistance, about 0.035ohms/meter; L: Cable Length (meter)

Constants:

Free Dielectric ε₀ = 8.842 x 10⁻¹² C/mV. Sound Speed in Sea Water: C = 1449.2+4.6T-0.055T²+0.00029T³+(1.34-0.010T)*(S-35)+0.012z (m/s). T - Temperature, °C; S - Salinity, parts per thousand of dissolved weight of salts; z - Depth, meter. Sound Speed in Fresh Water: C = 1481 m/s; Density of Sea Water: 1026 kg/m³; Density of Fresh Water: 998 kg/m³.

Ocean Sound Sources Frequency Range Ocean Sound Sources Frequency Range

Vessel Traffic: 5 to 500 Hz Drill Ship: 10 to 20,000 Hz

Air-Gun (Seismic Reflection Profiling): 5 to 1,000 Hz Ice: 10 to 1,000 Hz

Earthquake: Up to 100 Hz Ocean Surfaces: 1 to 50,000 Hz

Biologic (Sea Animal) Sounds: Several Hz to 150 kHz Turbulent Pressure Fluctuation: 1 to 100 Hz

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Export, Taxes, Shipping & Delivery, Payments and Terms and Conditions of Sale Export BII (Benthowave Instrument Inc.) ships products with BII's courier account or your courier account, and exports products to countries all over the world. Export Compliance Some products are subject to Canadian export regulations. BII may require an End User Statement from buyers in order to apply for export license in Canada. Orders requiring export licensing cannot be confirmed prior to receipt of approved export license from appropriate Canadian governing authority. Export Permits normally require 3-4 weeks to obtain. Sales Tax and Shipping Cost No Canadian sales tax to international customers. GST or HST is applicable to Canadian customers ONLY. For international customers: Buyer (Consignee) may have to pay customs clearance, import duties, tariffs, brokerage fees, taxes imposed by buyer's country and other costs related to shipment. If buyer use Carrier's brokerage services of customs clearance, The Carrier may pay these fees on behalf of buyer and adds the costs to the bills or invoices (note: the carrier might provide free brokerage service, buyer may check out this information at local carrier branch or website in buyer's country before purchase.). The buyer should repay or reimburse the carrier and pay the brokerage charges (if any) at time of delivery. The receiver may contact carrier’s local customer service on how to repay or reimburse the carrier. If buyer has a broker of customs clearance, buyer should notify the broker to do customs clearance of the shipment and inform the carrier (call carrier's local customer service) about this once BII emails buyer the shipment information. Shipping & Delivery Shipping Terms: F.O.B. Collingwood, Ontario, Canada, or EXW - Ex Works. Shipping Date: start from January 5 to December 15. No shipping from December 16 to January 4 of the next year. For USA Customers ONLY: if USA buyers request carrier's standard or ground services, USA buyers shall pay U.S. Customs Brokerage Service Fees (or Entry Preparation Charges for Importing into the United States). Please go to carrier's website for more information. For buyer's receiving convenience, expedited services or higher-level services are recommended which provide free Entry Preparation into USA. Tracking Shipment and Customs Clearance: It is buyer's sole responsibility to track the shipment and get updated shipping information from carrier's website with the tracking number, and to provide necessary documents and information, if any, to the carrier for customs clearance in buyer's country. Heavy Weight Shipping (Greater than 32kg): BII uses multiple packages under one carrier's tracking number. In some cases, BII may also use multiple packages for the shipping less than 32kg depending on sizes and weights of individual products. Payments: Refer to the payment terms in official quotation. Terms and Conditions of Sale including LIMITED WARRANTY and LIMITATION OF LIABILITY: enclosed in official quotation. End-Use Statement A non-USA buyer shall email End-Use Statements to BII if the products are on the Canadian Export Control List. The Export Control information is enclosed in official quote. An End-Use Statement must be dated (preferably within 6 months from the time the export permit application is submitted) and written on company letterhead in either English or French and should: 1. Identify the items, including quantities, which are the subject of the export permit application; 2. Identify the end-user and the location where the items will be delivered; 3. Identify any consignees, agents, or other entities involved in the export from Canada; 4. State the purpose and end-use of the products, including a statement of whether the intended end-use of the items is civilian (commercial) or military; 5. State whether or not the goods or technology are intended for re-sale, re-transfer or re-export to another party or parties and, if so, describe the circumstances; or state that the goods or technology will not be resold, re-transferred or re-exported; 6. Declare whether or not the goods and technology will be used for any purpose associated with the development or production of chemical, biological or nuclear weapons, or their delivery systems (such as missiles); 7. State that the goods or technology will not be transhipped to other destinations or otherwise diverted from what has been previously described; and 8. Identify the name and title of the person signing the End-Use Statement, his/her address, telephone number, fax number, e-mail address and corporate website.

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Contact Information Please send BII (Benthowave Instrument Inc.) your inquiries, questions and sales documents in plain text or PDF (BII does not receive compressed files and website links), and do NOT send any confidential information to BII. BII does not manufacture any product with customers' intellectual properties. Please note that BII might shut down during severe weathers such as storms in summer and snow squalls in winter. If you request quotation, please provide shipping address including postal code and telephone number. Please keep the "ship to address" as compact and short as possible. Very long address is NOT compatible to the Export Declaration forms and shipping waybills. Sales and Technical Support Selecting products, request quotes and technical support:

Please email your information to BII in plain text or PDF (Note: Other types of files as email attachments might be deleted automatically). Some information such as your country/company name, BII's quote number/invoice number and BII products number are quite helpful and necessary during sales and technical support. Without these information, the postponed and delayed support is expected. Mailing Address

Hours of Operation 9:00a.m. to 5:00p.m., Monday to Friday. Closed on Saturday, Sunday and Statutory Holidays in Canada. About Us BII (Benthowave Instrument Inc.), incorporated under Canada Business Corporation Act, is well known for electroacoustic products and services in the field of underwater and air acoustics (SONAR, HIFU and NDT). BII's products are widely used in scientific research and offshore engineering. As a manufacturer and supplier, BII focuses on agile design-manufacturing-testing to provide flexible and customized solutions for our customers' specific demands on underwater and air electroacoustics ranging from 0.1 Hz to 10 MHz. BII specializes in the design of acoustic transducers, signal processing modules and acoustic systems relating to sound listening, navigation, location, echo-ranging, communication, NDT, AE and HIFU system. We also manufacture customized array elements for use in the linear, planar & conformal transmitting and receiving array. With specialized equipment relating to operating ocean depth, transducers manufacturing, acoustic calibration and environmental tests, BII can deliver the proven acoustic products to customers around the world. BII's customers benefit from streamlined and responsive product support as the entire manufacturing process is under one roof. Using BII COTS acoustic components, you can simplify development, increase productivity, and dramatically reduce time to market. From marine mammal calls to breakthrough deep-sea defense devices, from laboratory research to offshore field use, from high intensity ultrasound to low Q broadband technologies, BII continuously develop innovative acoustic technologies and components that fit your projects better. With BII's acoustic components and instruments, you can work out acoustical engineering equations much easier, for example: C = B*log(1+SNR)/log2; C: Channel Capacity; B: Channel Bandwidth; SNR: Signal-to-Noise Ratio. SNR=SL-TL-NL-DI; SNR=SL-2TL+TS-NL+AG; g(u)=∑(i(n)*exp(jkndu)); i(n)-Element n, k-wave number, d-interelement distance, u=sinθ. g(u)=f(u)*e(u); u = m*λ/d. g(u)-Radiation/Receiving Pattern of the Array; f(u)-Array Pattern or Array Factor; e(u)-Element Pattern or Element Factor. 𝑅𝑒𝑐(𝑓) = 𝑆(𝑓) ∙ 𝑇𝐹𝐺(𝑓) ∙ 𝑇𝐹𝑆(𝑓) ∙ 𝑇𝐹𝑅(𝑓) 𝑅𝑒𝑐: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑖𝑔𝑛𝑎𝑙; 𝑆: 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛; 𝑇𝐹𝐺: 𝐺𝑟𝑒𝑒𝑛′𝑠 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑙; 𝑇𝐹𝑆: 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔; 𝑇𝐹𝑅: 𝑇𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑓𝑒𝑟 𝐹𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚; 𝑓: 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝐷𝑜𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛. Our products are well engineered and completely tested with standard measuring devices traceable to NIST. Quality product and service is the goal of BII. With company's quality policy, we deliver products and services that meet or exceed customer's requirements and expectations.

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Benthowave Instrument Inc. Page of · Useful Acoustic Formulae Page 22 Export, Taxes, Shipping & Delivery, Payments and Terms & Conditions of Sale Page 23 Contact Information Page