Bentuk-Bentuk Badan Usaha

Choosing a Form of OwnershipThere is no one best form of ownership.

The best form of ownership depends on an entrepreneurs particular situation.

Key: Understanding the characteristics of each form of ownership and how well they match an entrepreneurs business and personal circumstances.

Factors Affecting the ChoicesTax considerationsLiability exposureStart-up and future capital requirementsControlManagerial abilityBusiness goalsManagement succession plansCost of formation

Bentuk BisnisPerusahaan Perseorangan (Proprietorship)Perusahaan Persekutuan/Partnership (Firma, CV)Korporasi/corporation

Perusahaan PerseoranganPerusahaan Perseorangan adalahBisnis yang dimiliki oleh seorang Pemilik

Sole ProprietorshipsCharacteristics :

Business owned (and usually operated) by one personSimplest form of business ownership Most popular form of business organization 72% of allMost common in:RetailingServiceAgriculture

Sole ProprietorshipAdvantagesDisadvantagesSimple to createRetention of all profits.Ease of formation.Complete control.Lower taxes.Least costly form to beginTotal decision-making authorityNo special legal restrictionsEasy to discontinueIncurs all lossesUnlimited person liability.Financing limitations. Limited skills capabilities.Limited access to capitalLack of continuity

Keuntungan Perusahaan PerseroanSemua labaHanya untuk pengusahaOrganisasi SederhanaPengendalian seutuhnyaPajak Rendah

Kerugian Perusahaan PerseroanBertanggungJawabAtas Semua kerugian

TanggungJawabTidak terbatasDana TerbatasKeterampilanTerbatas

PartnershipCharacteristics:

An association of two or more people who co-own a business for the purpose of making a profit.

Always wise to create a partnership agreement.

Best partnerships are built on trust and respect.

PartnershipGeneral partnersTake an active role in managing a business.Have unlimited liability for the partnerships debts.Every partnership must have at least one general partner.

Limited partnersCannot participate in the day-to-day management of a company. Have limited liability for the partnerships debts. Is treated as an investor in the business. Types of Partners

PartnershipAdvantagesDisadvantagesFunding.Losses are shared.Specialization, Complementary skills of partnersEasy to establishDivision of profitsLarger pool of capitalAbility to attract limited partnersControl is shared.Shared profits.Unlimited liability of at least one partnerDifficulty in disposing of partnership interestLack of continuityPotential for personality and authority conflictsPartners bound by law of agency

Keuntungan PartnershipDana TambahanKerugian DitanggungBersamaLebih ada Spesialisasi

Kerugian PartnershipBerbagiPengendalianTanggung JawabTidak terbatasBerbagi Laba

Korporasi

CorporationGenerally larger than other forms (Except for S-Corporation)20.1% of all U.S. BusinessesAccount for 87.1% of all U.S. Business IncomeConsidered a separate legal entityOwners called Stockholders or ShareholdersOwnership evidenced by Stock CertificateOwners paidShare value dividendsGoverned by Board of Directors

CorporationsPrivately HeldOwnership is restricted to small group of investors.Stock is not traded publicly.Examples: L. L. Bean, Polo, Ralph Lauren.

Publicly HeldLarger corporations.Stock is traded publicly.Act of initially issuing stock: going public.

CorporationsAdvantagesDisadvantagesLimited liability of stockholdersAbility to attract capitalAbility to continue indefinitelyEase of Ownership TransferUnlimited LifeSpecialized Management ExpertiseCost and time of incorporatingDouble taxationPotential for diminished managerial incentivesLegal requirements and regulatory red tapePotential loss of control by founder(s)More difficult & costly to formRequires a Corporate Charter

Akses TerhadapModalKeuntungan KorporasiTanggung JawabTerbatasTransfer Kepemilikan

Kerugian KorporasiBiayaKerorganisasianTinggiTransparansi PublikMasalah KeagenanPajak Tinggi

Perbandingan Bentuk Bisnis

Business FormLiabilityContinuityManagementSource of InvestmentProprietorshipPersonalUnlimitedEnds with death or decision of ownerPersonal, unrestrictedPersonalGeneral PartnershipPersonalUnlimitedEnd with death or decision of any partnerUnrestricted or depends on partnership agreementPersonal by Partner(s)CorporationCapital InvestmentAs stated in charter, perpetual or for specified period of yearsUnder control of board of directors, which is selected by stockholdersPurchase of Stock

BUMNBadan Usaha yang sebagian besar sahamnya dimilik oleh NegaraKekayaan dipisahkan berdasarkan peraturan pemerintah

Karaktersitik BUMNUsahanya bersifat membantu pemerintah, dalam membangun public utilitiesMenghasilkan barang karena pertimbangan dan keamanan dan kerahasiaan harus dikuasai negaraMelaksanakan kebijakan strategis pemerintahTujuan melindungi keselamatan dan kesejahteraan masyarakatUsaha bersifat komersil dan fungsinya dapat dilakukan swasta

KoperasiPemilik adalah anggota sekaligus pelangganKekuasaan tertinggi ada pada RATSatu anggota adalah satu suaraOrganisasi diurus secara demokratisKummpulan individuManajemen bersifat terbuka

Pertimbangan dalam memilih Bentuk UsahaKepemilikanOrganisasiModalPajak

Syarat-syarat PT Go PublicMendaftarkan Pada Bursa Efek (listing)Saham perdana IPO (Initial public offering)Melakukan good Corporate governanceMempublikasikan laporan keuangan secara berkala

Jenis Perusahaan InternasionalMultinational CompanyInternational Company

Metode Kepemilikan pada bisnisyang AdaFranchisingJoint VentureLisensiMergerAcquisition

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