Bermuda Triangle 1

Bermuda Triangle

Bermuda Triangle

Classic borders of the Bermuda TriangleClassification

Grouping Paranormal places

Description

Also known as Devil's Triangle

Country International waters, The Bahamas

Status Urban legend

The Bermuda Triangle, also known as the Devil's Triangle, is a region in the western part of the North AtlanticOcean where a number of aircraft and surface vessels allegedly disappeared under mysterious circumstances.Popular culture has attributed these disappearances to the paranormal or activity by extraterrestrial beings.[1]

Documented evidence indicates that a significant percentage of the incidents were inaccurately reported orembellished by later authors, and numerous official agencies have stated that the number and nature ofdisappearances in the region is similar to that in any other area of ocean.[2] [3] [4]

The Triangle area

The area of the Triangle varies by author

The boundaries of the triangle cover the Straits of Florida, theBahamas and the entire Caribbean island area and the Atlantic east tothe Azores. The more familiar triangular boundary in most writtenworks has as its points somewhere on the Atlantic coast of Miami; SanJuan, Puerto Rico; and the mid-Atlantic island of Bermuda, with mostof the accidents concentrated along the southern boundary around theBahamas and the Florida Straits.

The area is one of the most heavily traveled shipping lanes in theworld, with ships crossing through it daily for ports in the Americas, Europe, and the Caribbean Islands. Cruise shipsare also plentiful, and pleasure craft regularly go back and forth between Florida and the islands. It is also a heavilyflown route for commercial and private aircraft heading towards Florida, the Caribbean, and South America frompoints north.

Bermuda Triangle 2

History

OriginsThe earliest allegation of unusual disappearances in the Bermuda area appeared in a September 16, 1950 AssociatedPress article by Edward Van Winkle Jones.[5] Two years later, Fate magazine published "Sea Mystery at Our BackDoor",[6] a short article by George X. Sand covering the loss of several planes and ships, including the loss of Flight19, a group of five U.S. Navy TBM Avenger bombers on a training mission. Sand's article was the first to lay out thenow-familiar triangular area where the losses took place. Flight 19 alone would be covered in the April 1962 issue ofAmerican Legion Magazine.[7] It was claimed that the flight leader had been heard saying "We are entering whitewater, nothing seems right. We don't know where we are, the water is green, no white." It was also claimed thatofficials at the Navy board of inquiry stated that the planes "flew off to Mars." Sand's article was the first to suggesta supernatural element to the Flight 19 incident. In the February 1964 issue of Argosy, Vincent Gaddis's article "TheDeadly Bermuda Triangle" argued that Flight 19 and other disappearances were part of a pattern of strange events inthe region.[8] The next year, Gaddis expanded this article into a book, Invisible Horizons.[9]

Others would follow with their own works, elaborating on Gaddis's ideas: John Wallace Spencer (Limbo of the Lost,1969, repr. 1973);[10] Charles Berlitz (The Bermuda Triangle, 1974);[11] Richard Winer (The Devil's Triangle,1974),[12] and many others, all keeping to some of the same supernatural elements outlined by Eckert.[13]

Larry KuscheLawrence David Kusche, a research librarian from Arizona State University and author of The Bermuda TriangleMystery: Solved (1975)[14] argued that many claims of Gaddis and subsequent writers were often exaggerated,dubious or unverifiable. Kusche's research revealed a number of inaccuracies and inconsistencies between Berlitz'saccounts and statements from eyewitnesses, participants, and others involved in the initial incidents. Kusche notedcases where pertinent information went unreported, such as the disappearance of round-the-world yachtsman DonaldCrowhurst, which Berlitz had presented as a mystery, despite clear evidence to the contrary. Another example wasthe ore-carrier recounted by Berlitz as lost without trace three days out of an Atlantic port when it had been lost threedays out of a port with the same name in the Pacific Ocean. Kusche also argued that a large percentage of theincidents that sparked allegations of the Triangle's mysterious influence actually occurred well outside it. Often hisresearch was simple: he would review period newspapers of the dates of reported incidents and find reports onpossibly relevant events like unusual weather, that were never mentioned in the disappearance stories.Kusche concluded that:• The number of ships and aircraft reported missing in the area was not significantly greater, proportionally

speaking, than in any other part of the ocean.• In an area frequented by tropical storms, the number of disappearances that did occur were, for the most part,

neither disproportionate, unlikely, nor mysterious; furthermore, Berlitz and other writers would often fail tomention such storms.

• The numbers themselves had been exaggerated by sloppy research. A boat's disappearance, for example, would bereported, but its eventual (if belated) return to port may not have been.

• Some disappearances had, in fact, never happened. One plane crash was said to have taken place in 1937 offDaytona Beach, Florida, in front of hundreds of witnesses; a check of the local papers revealed nothing.

• The legend of the Bermuda Triangle is a manufactured mystery, perpetuated by writers who either purposely orunknowingly made use of misconceptions, faulty reasoning, and sensationalism.[14]

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Further responsesWhen the UK Channel 4 television program "The Bermuda Triangle" (c. 1992) was being produced by JohnSimmons of Geofilms for the Equinox series, the marine insurer Lloyd's of London was asked if an unusually largenumber of ships had sunk in the Bermuda Triangle area. Lloyd's of London determined that large numbers of shipshad not sunk there.[15]

United States Coast Guard records confirm their conclusion. In fact, the number of supposed disappearances isrelatively insignificant considering the number of ships and aircraft that pass through on a regular basis.[14]

The Coast Guard is also officially skeptical of the Triangle, noting that they collect and publish, through theirinquiries, much documentation contradicting many of the incidents written about by the Triangle authors. In onesuch incident involving the 1972 explosion and sinking of the tanker SS V. A. Fogg in the Gulf of Mexico, the CoastGuard photographed the wreck and recovered several bodies,[16] in contrast with one Triangle author's claim that allthe bodies had vanished, with the exception of the captain, who was found sitting in his cabin at his desk, clutching acoffee cup.[10]

The NOVA/Horizon episode The Case of the Bermuda Triangle, aired on June 27, 1976, was highly critical, statingthat "When we've gone back to the original sources or the people involved, the mystery evaporates. Science does nothave to answer questions about the Triangle because those questions are not valid in the first place... Ships andplanes behave in the Triangle the same way they behave everywhere else in the world."[17]

David Kusche pointed out a common problem with many of the Bermuda Triangle stories and theories: "Say I claimthat a parrot has been kidnapped to teach aliens human language and I challenge you to prove that is not true. Youcan even use Einstein's Theory of Relativity if you like. There is simply no way to prove such a claim untrue. Theburden of proof should be on the people who make these statements, to show where they got their information from,to see if their conclusions and interpretations are valid, and if they have left anything out."[17]

Skeptical researchers, such as Ernest Taves[18] and Barry Singer,[19] have noted how mysteries and the paranormalare very popular and profitable. This has led to the production of vast amounts of material on topics such as theBermuda Triangle. They were able to show that some of the pro-paranormal material is often misleading orinaccurate, but its producers continue to market it. Accordingly, they have claimed that the market is biased in favorof books, TV specials, and other media that support the Triangle mystery, and against well-researched material if itespouses a skeptical viewpoint.Finally, if the Triangle is assumed to cross land, such as parts of Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, or Bermuda itself, thereis no evidence for the disappearance of any land-based vehicles or persons. The city of Freeport, located inside theTriangle, operates a major shipyard and an airport that handles 50,000 flights annually and is visited by over amillion tourists a year.[20]

Supernatural explanationsTriangle writers have used a number of supernatural concepts to explain the events. One explanation pins the blameon leftover technology from the mythical lost continent of Atlantis. Sometimes connected to the Atlantis story is thesubmerged rock formation known as the Bimini Road off the island of Bimini in the Bahamas, which is in theTriangle by some definitions. Followers of the purported psychic Edgar Cayce take his prediction that evidence ofAtlantis would be found in 1968 as referring to the discovery of the Bimini Road. Believers describe the formationas a road, wall, or other structure, though geologists consider it to be of natural origin.[21]

Other writers attribute the events to UFOs.[22] This idea was used by Steven Spielberg for his science fiction filmClose Encounters of the Third Kind, which features the lost Flight 19 aircrews as alien abductees.Charles Berlitz, author of various books on anomalous phenomena, lists several theories attributing the losses in theTriangle to anomalous or unexplained forces.[11]

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Natural explanations

Compass variationsCompass problems are one of the cited phrases in many Triangle incidents. While some have theorized that unusuallocal magnetic anomalies may exist in the area,[23] such anomalies have not been shown to exist. Compasses havenatural magnetic variations in relation to the magnetic poles, a fact which navigators have known for centuries.Magnetic (compass) north and geographic (true) north are only exactly the same for a small number of places – forexample, as of 2000 in the United States only those places on a line running from Wisconsin to the Gulf ofMexico.[24] But the public may not be as informed, and think there is something mysterious about a compass"changing" across an area as large as the Triangle, which it naturally will.[14]

Deliberate acts of destructionDeliberate acts of destruction can fall into two categories: acts of war, and acts of piracy. Records in enemy fileshave been checked for numerous losses. While many sinkings have been attributed to surface raiders or submarinesduring the World Wars and documented in various command log books, many others suspected as falling in thatcategory have not been proven. It is suspected that the loss of USS Cyclops in 1918, as well as her sister shipsProteus and Nereus in World War II, were attributed to submarines, but no such link has been found in the Germanrecords.Piracy—the illegal capture of a craft on the high seas—continues to this day. While piracy for cargo theft is morecommon in the western Pacific and Indian oceans, drug smugglers do steal pleasure boats for smuggling operations,and may have been involved in crew and yacht disappearances in the Caribbean. Piracy in the Caribbean wascommon from about 1560 to the 1760s, and famous pirates included Edward Teach (Blackbeard) and Jean Lafitte.

False-color image of the Gulf Streamflowing north through the western

Atlantic Ocean. (NASA)

Gulf Stream

The Gulf Stream is a deep ocean current that originates in the Gulf of Mexicoand then flows through the Straits of Florida into the North Atlantic. In essence,it is a river within an ocean, and, like a river, it can and does carry floatingobjects. It has a surface velocity of up to about 2.5 metres per second(5.6 mi/h).[25] A small plane making a water landing or a boat having enginetrouble can be carried away from its reported position by the current.

Human error

One of the most cited explanations in official inquiries as to the loss of anyaircraft or vessel is human error.[26] Whether deliberate or accidental, humanshave been known to make mistakes resulting in catastrophe, and losses within theBermuda Triangle are no exception. For example, the Coast Guard cited a lack of proper training for the cleaning ofvolatile benzene residue as a reason for the loss of the tanker SS V.A. Fogg in 1972. Human stubbornness may havecaused businessman Harvey Conover to lose his sailing yacht, the Revonoc, as he sailed into the teeth of a stormsouth of Florida on January 1, 1958.[27]

Bermuda Triangle 5

HurricanesHurricanes are powerful storms, which form in tropical waters and have historically cost thousands of lives lost andcaused billions of dollars in damage. The sinking of Francisco de Bobadilla's Spanish fleet in 1502 was the firstrecorded instance of a destructive hurricane. These storms have in the past caused a number of incidents related tothe Triangle.

Methane hydrates

Worldwide distribution of confirmed or inferredoffshore gas hydrate-bearing sediments, 1996.

Source: USGS

An explanation for some of the disappearances has focused on thepresence of vast fields of methane hydrates (a form of natural gas) onthe continental shelves.[28] Laboratory experiments carried out inAustralia have proven that bubbles can, indeed, sink a scale model shipby decreasing the density of the water;[29] any wreckage consequentlyrising to the surface would be rapidly dispersed by the Gulf Stream. Ithas been hypothesized that periodic methane eruptions (sometimescalled "mud volcanoes") may produce regions of frothy water that areno longer capable of providing adequate buoyancy for ships. If thiswere the case, such an area forming around a ship could cause it to sinkvery rapidly and without warning.

Publications by the USGS describe large stores of undersea hydrates worldwide, including the Blake Ridge area, offthe southeastern United States coast.[30] However, according to another of their papers, no large releases of gashydrates are believed to have occurred in the Bermuda Triangle for the past 15,000 years.[15]

Rogue wavesIn various oceans around the world, rogue waves have caused ships to sink[31] and oil platforms to topple.[32] Thesewaves, until 1995, were considered to be a mystery and/or a myth.[33] [34]

Notable incidents

Theodosia Burr AlstonFurther information: Theodosia Burr AlstonTheodosia Burr Alston was the daughter of former United States Vice President Aaron Burr. Her disappearance hasbeen cited at least once in relation to the Triangle.[35] She was a passenger on board the Patriot, which sailed fromCharleston, South Carolina to New York City on December 30, 1812, and was never heard from again. The plannedroute is well outside all but the most extended versions of the Bermuda Triangle. Both piracy and the War of 1812have been posited as explanations, as well as a theory placing her in Texas, well outside the Triangle.

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Schooner Carroll A. Deering, as seen from theCape Lookout lightvessel on January 29, 1921,

two days before she was found deserted in NorthCarolina. (US Coast Guard)

Mary Celeste

The mysterious abandonment in 1872 of the 282-ton brigantine MaryCeleste is often but inaccurately connected to the Triangle, the shiphaving been abandoned off the coast of Portugal. The event is possiblyconfused with the loss of a ship with a similar name, the Mari Celeste,a 207-ton paddle steamer that hit a reef and quickly sank off the coastof Bermuda on September 13, 1864.[36] [37] Kusche noted that many ofthe "facts" about this incident were actually about the Marie Céleste,the fictional ship from Arthur Conan Doyle's short story "J. HabakukJephson's Statement" (based on the real Mary Celeste incident, butfictionalised).

Ellen Austin

The Ellen Austin supposedly came across a derelict ship, placed on board a prize crew, and attempted to sail with itto New York in 1881. According to the stories, the derelict disappeared; others elaborating further that the derelictreappeared minus the prize crew, then disappeared again with a second prize crew on board. A check from Lloyd's ofLondon records proved the existence of the Meta, built in 1854 and that in 1880 the Meta was renamed Ellen Austin.There are no casualty listings for this vessel, or any vessel at that time, that would suggest a large number of missingmen were placed on board a derelict that later disappeared.[38]

USS Cyclops

The incident resulting in the single largest loss of life in the history of the US Navy not related to combat occurredwhen USS Cyclops, under the command of Lt Cdr G.W. Worley, went missing without a trace with a crew of 309sometime after March 4, 1918, after departing the island of Barbados. Although there is no strong evidence for anysingle theory, many independent theories exist, some blaming storms, some capsizing, and some suggesting thatwartime enemy activity was to blame for the loss.[39] [40]

Carroll A. Deering

A five-masted schooner built in 1919, the Carroll A. Deering was found hard aground and abandoned at DiamondShoals, near Cape Hatteras, North Carolina on January 31, 1921. Rumors and more at the time indicated the Deeringwas a victim of piracy, possibly connected with the illegal rum-running trade during Prohibition, and possiblyinvolving another ship, S.S. Hewitt, which disappeared at roughly the same time. Just hours later, an unknownsteamer sailed near the lightship along the track of the Deering, and ignored all signals from the lightship. It isspeculated that the Hewitt may have been this mystery ship, and possibly involved in the Deering crew'sdisappearance.[41]

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Flight 19

US Navy TBF Grumman Avengerflight, similar to Flight 19. Thisphoto had been used by various

Triangle authors to illustrate Flight19 itself. (US Navy)

Flight 19 was a training flight of TBM Avenger bombers that went missing onDecember 5, 1945, while over the Atlantic. The squadron's flight path wasscheduled to take them due east for 120 miles, north for 73 miles, and then backover a final 120-mile leg that would return them to the naval base, but they neverreturned. The impression is given that the flight encountered unusual phenomenaand anomalous compass readings, and that the flight took place on a calm dayunder the supervision of an experienced pilot, Lt. Charles Carroll Taylor. Addingto the intrigue is that the Navy's report of the accident ascribed it to "causes orreasons unknown."

Adding to the mystery, a search and rescue Mariner aircraft with a 13-man crewwas dispatched to aid the missing squadron, but the Mariner itself was neverheard from again. Later, there was a report from a tanker cruising off the coast ofFlorida of a visible explosion[42] at about the time the Mariner would have beenon patrol.

While the basic facts of this version of the story are essentially accurate, someimportant details are missing. The weather was becoming stormy by the end of the incident, and naval reports andwritten recordings of the conversations between Taylor and the other pilots of Flight 19 do not indicate magneticproblems.[43]

Star Tiger and Star Ariel

G-AHNP Star Tiger disappeared on January 30, 1948 on a flight from the Azores to Bermuda; G-AGRE Star Arieldisappeared on January 17, 1949, on a flight from Bermuda to Kingston, Jamaica. Both were Avro Tudor IVpassenger aircraft operated by British South American Airways.[44] Both planes were operating at the very limits oftheir range and the slightest error or fault in the equipment could keep them from reaching the small island. Oneplane was not heard from long before it would have entered the Triangle.[14]

Douglas DC-3On December 28, 1948, a Douglas DC-3 aircraft, number NC16002, disappeared while on a flight from San Juan,Puerto Rico, to Miami. No trace of the aircraft or the 32 people onboard was ever found. From the documentationcompiled by the Civil Aeronautics Board investigation, a possible key to the plane's disappearance was found, butbarely touched upon by the Triangle writers: the plane's batteries were inspected and found to be low on charge, butordered back into the plane without a recharge by the pilot while in San Juan. Whether or not this led to completeelectrical failure will never be known. However, since piston-engined aircraft rely upon magnetos to provide spark totheir cylinders rather than a battery powered ignition coil system, this theory is not strongly convincing.[45]

KC-135 StratotankersOn August 28, 1963, a pair of US Air Force KC-135 Stratotanker aircraft collided and crashed into the Atlantic. TheTriangle version (Winer, Berlitz, Gaddis[8] [11] [12] ) of this story specifies that they did collide and crash, but therewere two distinct crash sites, separated by over 160 miles (260 km) of water. However, Kusche's research[14] showedthat the unclassified version of the Air Force investigation report stated that the debris field defining the second"crash site" was examined by a search and rescue ship, and found to be a mass of seaweed and driftwood tangled inan old buoy.

Bermuda Triangle 8

SS Marine Sulphur Queen

SS Marine Sulphur Queen, a T2 tanker converted from oil to sulfur carrier, was last heard from on February 4, 1963with a crew of 39 near the Florida Keys. Marine Sulphur Queen was the first vessel mentioned in Vincent Gaddis'1964 Argosy Magazine article,[8] but he left it as having "sailed into the unknown", despite the Coast Guard report,which not only documented the ship's badly-maintained history, but declared that it was an unseaworthy vessel thatshould never have gone to sea.[46] [47]

Connemara IV

A pleasure yacht was found adrift in the Atlantic south of Bermuda on September 26, 1955; it is usually stated in thestories (Berlitz, Winer[11] [12] ) that the crew vanished while the yacht survived being at sea during three hurricanes.The 1955 Atlantic hurricane season shows Hurricane Ione passing nearby between the 14th and 18th of that month,with Bermuda being affected by winds of almost gale force.[14] It was confirmed that the Connemara IV was emptyand in port when Ione may have caused the yacht to slip her moorings and drift out to sea.

Influence on culture

Entertainment• The Sea World amusement park on the Gold Coast (Australia) operated a ride called Bermuda Triangle.

Music• Composer Isao Tomita released an album, Bermuda Triangle, inspired by the region.• Singer Songwriter Barry Manilow released a single "Bermuda Triangle" in 1981, taken from his 1980 album

Barry. The song references the area to depict loss ("The Bermuda Triangle makes people disappear"), howeverthe allusion is centred around romantic loss, and caused by fickleness rather than paranormal activity.

FilmsThe first film based on the Triangle was The Bermuda Triangle in 1978. After that, other films included TheTriangle in 2001, The Triangle (a TV miniseries) in 2005, and Triangle in 2009.

Triangle authorsThe incidents cited above, apart from the official documentation, come from the following works. Some incidentsmentioned as having taken place within the Triangle are found only in these sources:• Gian J. Quasar (2003). Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery

((Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6) ed.). International Marine / Ragged Mountain Press.ISBN 0-07-142640-X.

• [11] Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.• [14] Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books.

ISBN 0-87975-971-2.• [10] John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.• David Group (1984). The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle. Wellingborough, Northamptonshire: Aquarian

Press. ISBN 0-85030-413-X.• [37] Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.• [12] Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.• Richard Winer (1975). The Devil's Triangle 2. ISBN 0553024647.• [35] Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.

Bermuda Triangle 9

References[1] Cochran-Smith, Marilyn (2003). "Bermuda Triangle: dichotomy, mythology, and amnesia". Journal of Teacher Education 54: 275.

doi:10.1177/0022487103256793.[2] http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm[3] http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-3. htm[4] http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ history/ faqs/ triangle. asp[5] E.V.W. Jones (September 16, 1950). "unknown title, newspaper articles". Associated Press.[6] George X. Sand (October 1952). "Sea Mystery at Our Back Door". Fate.[7] Allen W. Eckert (April 1962). "The Lost Patrol". American Legion.[8] Vincent Gaddis (February 1964). "The Deadly Bermuda Triangle" (http:/ / www. physics. smu. edu/ ~pseudo/ BermudaTriangle/

vincentgaddis. txt). Argosy: 28–29, 116–118.. .[9] Vincent Gaddis (1965). Invisible Horizons.[10] John Wallace Spencer (1969). Limbo Of The Lost. ISBN 0-686-10658-X.[11] Charles Berlitz (1974). The Bermuda Triangle (1st ed.). Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-04114-4.[12] Richard Winer (1974). The Devil's Triangle. ISBN 0553106880.[13] "Strange fish: the scientifiction of Charles F. Berlitz, 1913–2003" (http:/ / www. accessmylibrary. com/ coms2/

summary_0286-12789881_ITM). Skeptic (Altadena, CA). March , 2004. .[14] Lawrence David Kusche (1975). The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved. Buffalo: Prometheus Books. ISBN 0-87975-971-2.[15] "Bermuda Triangle" (http:/ / woodshole. er. usgs. gov/ project-pages/ hydrates/ bermuda. html). Gas Hydrates at the USGS. Woods Hole. .[16] "V A Fogg" (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/ boards/ vafog. pdf) (PDF). USCG. .[17] "The Case of the Bermuda Triangle". NOVA / Horizon. PBS. 1976-06-27.[18] Taves, Ernest (1978). The Skeptical Inquirer 111 (1): pp. 75–76.[19] Singer, Barry (1979). The Humanist XXXIX (3): pp. 44–45.[20] CIA World Factbook – Bahamas, The (https:/ / www. cia. gov/ library/ publications/ the-world-factbook/ geos/ bf. html)[21] "A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers" (http:/ / www. csicop. org/ si/ 2004-01/

geologists-adventures. html). Skeptical Inquirer. January 2004. .[22] "UFO over Bermuda Triangle" (http:/ / ufos. about. com/ od/ classicufocases/ a/ bermudatriangle. htm). Ufos.about.com. 2008-06-29. .

Retrieved 2009-06-01.[23] "Bermuda Triangle" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm). US Navy. . Retrieved 2009-05-26.[24] "National Geomagnetism Program | Charts | North America | Declination" (http:/ / geomag. usgs. gov/ charts/ IGRF2000. dec. na. pdf)

(PDF). United States Geological Survey. . Retrieved 2010-02-28.[25] Phillips, Pamela. "The Gulf Stream" (http:/ / fermi. jhuapl. edu/ student/ phillips/ ). USNA/Johns Hopkins. . Retrieved 2007-08-02.[26] "Bermuda Triangle: Behind the Intrigue" (http:/ / news. nationalgeographic. com/ news/ 2002/ 12/ 1205_021205_bermudatriangle. html).

National Geographic. . Retrieved 2009-05-26.[27] Scott, Captain Thomas A.. Histories & Mysteries: The Shipwrecks of Key Largo.[28] "Office of Scientific & Technical Information, OSTI, U.S. Department of Energy, DOE". OTSI. OSTI 616279.[29] "Could methane bubbles sink ships?" (http:/ / www. msnbc. msn. com/ id/ 3226787/ ). Monash Univ.. .[30] Paull, C.K. and W.P., D., 1981, (1981). "Appearance and distribution of the gas hydrate reflection in the Blake Ridge region, offshore

southeastern United States" (http:/ / woodshole. er. usgs. gov/ project-pages/ hydrates/ usgspubs. html). Gas Hydrates at the USGS. WoodsHole. MF-1252.. .

[31] Broad, William J. (July 11, 2006). "Rogue Giants at Sea" (http:/ / www. nytimes. com/ 2006/ 07/ 11/ science/ 11wave. html?8dpc). The NewYork Times. . Retrieved March 31, 2010.

[32] (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ gm/ moa/ boards/ oceanranger. pdf)[33] "ESA Portal – Ship-sinking monster waves revealed by ESA satellites" (http:/ / www. esa. int/ esaCP/ SEMOKQL26WD_index_0. html).

Esa.int. 1995-01-01. . Retrieved 2009-06-01.[34] "Secret to Towering Rogue Waves Revealed" (http:/ / www. livescience. com/ strangenews/ 080804-rogue-waves. html). LiveScience.

2008-08-04. . Retrieved 2009-06-01.[35] Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (1975). The Bermuda Triangle. ISBN 0446599611.[36] "Mari Celeste Wreck" (http:/ / www. shipwreckexpo. com/ bermudashipwrecksmariceleste. htm). Shipwreckexpo.com. . Retrieved

2009-06-01.[37] Daniel Berg (2000). Bermuda Shipwrecks. East Rockaway, N.Y.: Aqua Explorers. ISBN 0-9616167-4-1.[38] "Ellen Austin" (http:/ / bermuda-triangle. org/ html/ ellen_austin. html). Bermuda Triangle .org (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org). .[39] "Bermuda triangle" (http:/ / website. lineone. net/ ~dmerrill/ html/ bermuda_triangle. html). D Merrill. .[40] "Myths and Folklore of Bermuda" (http:/ / www. bermudacruises. net/ bermuda-information/ myths_folklore. htm). Bermuda Cruises. .[41] "Carroll A Deering" (http:/ / www. graveyardoftheatlantic. com/ Deering/ CADeeringHome. html). Graveyard of the Atlantic. .[42] "The Loss of Flight 19" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm). (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ ). .[43] "The Disappearance of Flight 19" (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org/ html/ the_disappearance_of_flight_19. html). Bermuda Triangle .org

(http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org). .

Bermuda Triangle 10

[44] "The Tudors" (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org/ html/ the_tudors. html). Bermuda Triangle .org (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org). .[45] "Airborne Transport, Miami, December 1948" (http:/ / www. avsaf. org/ reports/ US/ 1948. 12. 28_AirborneTransport_DouglasDC-3.

pdf#search="Airborne Transport, December 28, 1948, Miami, Florida") (PDF). Aviation Safety. .[46] "Marine Sulphur Queen" (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/ boards/ marsulqueen. pdf) (PDF). USCG. .[47] "The Queen with the Weak Back" (http:/ / www. time. com/ time/ magazine/ printout/ 0,8816,896573,00. html). TIME. March 8, 1963. .

Retrieved April 26, 2010.

Other sources

Newspaper articlesProquest (http:/ / proquest. umi. com) has newspaper source material for many incidents, archived in .pdf format.The newspapers include the New York Times, Washington Post, and the Atlanta Constitution. To access thiswebsite, registration is required, usually through a library connected to a college or university.

Flight 19

• "Great Hunt On For 27 Navy Fliers Missing In Five Planes Off Florida," New York Times, December 7, 1945.• "Wide Hunt For 27 Men In Six Navy Planes," Washington Post, December 7, 1945.• "Fire Signals Seen In Area Of Lost Men," Washington Post, December 9, 1945.

SS Cotopaxi

• "Lloyd's posts Cotopaxi As "Missing," New York Times, January 7, 1926.• "Efforts To Locate Missing Ship Fail," Washington Post, December 6, 1925.• "Lighthouse Keepers Seek Missing Ship," Washington Post, December 7, 1925.• "53 On Missing Craft Are Reported Saved," Washington Post, December 13, 1925.

USS Cyclops (AC-4)

• "Cold High Winds Do $25,000 Damage," Washington Post, March 11, 1918.• "Collier Overdue A Month," New York Times, April 15, 1918.• "More Ships Hunt For Missing Cyclops," New York Times, April 16, 1918.• "Haven't Given Up Hope For Cyclops," New York Times, April 17, 1918.• "Collier Cyclops Is Lost; 293 Persons On Board; Enemy Blow Suspected," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.• "U.S. Consul Gottschalk Coming To Enter The War," Washington Post, April 15, 1918.• "Cyclops Skipper Teuton, 'Tis Said," Washington Post, April 16, 1918.• "Fate Of Ship Baffles," Washington Post, April 16, 1918.• "Steamer Met Gale On Cyclops' Course," Washington Post, April 19, 1918.

Carroll A. Deering

• "Piracy Suspected In Disappearance Of 3 American Ships," New York Times, June 21, 1921.• "Bath Owners Skeptical," New York Times, June 22, 1921. piera antonella• "Deering Skipper's Wife Caused Investigation," New York Times, June 22, 1921.• "More Ships Added To Mystery List," New York Times, June 22, 1921.• "Hunt On For Pirates," Washington Post, June 21, 1921• "Comb Seas For Ships," Washington Post, June 22, 1921.• "Port Of Missing Ships Claims 3000 Yearly," Washington Post, July 10, 1921.

Bermuda Triangle 11

Wreckers

• "'Wreckreation' Was The Name Of The Game That Flourished 100 Years Ago," New York Times, March 30,1969.

S.S. Suduffco

• "To Search For Missing Freighter," New York Times, April 11, 1926.• "Abandon Hope For Ship," New York Times, April 28, 1926.

Star Tiger and Star Ariel

• "Hope Wanes in Sea Search For 28 Aboard Lost Airliner," New York Times, January 31, 1948.• "72 Planes Search Sea For Airliner," New York Times, January 19, 1949.

DC-3 Airliner NC16002 disappearance

• "30-Passenger Airliner Disappears In Flight From San Juan To Miami," New York Times, December 29, 1948.• "Check Cuba Report Of Missing Airliner," New York Times, December 30, 1948.• "Airliner Hunt Extended," New York Times, December 31, 1948.

Harvey Conover and Revonoc

• "Search Continuing For Conover Yawl," New York Times, January 8, 1958.• "Yacht Search Goes On," New York Times, January 9, 1958.• "Yacht Search Pressed," New York Times, January 10, 1958.• "Conover Search Called Off," New York Times, January 15, 1958.

KC-135 Stratotankers

• "Second Area Of Debris Found In Hunt For Jets," New York Times, August 31, 1963.• "Hunt For Tanker Jets Halted," New York Times, September 3, 1963.• "Planes Debris Found In Jet Tanker Hunt," Washington Post, August 30, 1963.

B-52 Bomber (Pogo 22)

• "U.S.-Canada Test Of Air Defence A Success," New York Times, October 16, 1961.• "Hunt For Lost B-52 Bomber Pushed In New Area," New York Times, October 17, 1961.• "Bomber Hunt Pressed," New York Times, October 18, 1961.• "Bomber Search Continuing," New York Times, October 19, 1961.• "Hunt For Bomber Ends," New York Times, October 20, 1961.

Charter vessel Sno'Boy

• "Plane Hunting Boat Sights Body In Sea," New York Times, July 7, 1963.• "Search Abandoned For 40 On Vessel Lost In Caribbean," New York Times, July 11, 1963.• "Search Continues For Vessel With 55 Aboard In Caribbean," Washington Post, July 6, 1963.• "Body Found In Search For Fishing Boat," Washington Post, July 7, 1963.

SS Marine Sulphur Queen

• "Tanker Lost In Atlantic; 39 Aboard," Washington Post, February 9, 1963.• "Debris Sighted In Plane Search For Tanker Missing Off Florida," New York Times, February 11, 1963.• "2.5 Million Is Asked In Sea Disaster," Washington Post, February 19, 1963.• "Vanishing Of Ship Ruled A Mystery," New York Times, April 14, 1964.• "Families Of 39 Lost At Sea Begin $20-Million Suit Here," New York Times, June 4, 1969.

Bermuda Triangle 12

• "10-Year Rift Over Lost Ship Near End," New York Times, February 4, 1973.

SS Sylvia L. Ossa

• "Ship And 37 Vanish In Bermuda Triangle On Voyage To U.S.," New York Times, October 18, 1976.• "Ship Missing In Bermuda Triangle Now Presumed To Be Lost At Sea," New York Times, October 19, 1976.• "Distress Signal Heard From American Sailor Missing For 17 Days," New York Times, October 31, 1976.

Website linksThe following websites have either online material that supports the popular version of the Bermuda Triangle, ordocuments published from official sources as part of hearings or inquiries, such as those conducted by the UnitedStates Navy or United States Coast Guard. Copies of some inquiries are not online and may have to be ordered; forexample, the losses of Flight 19 or USS Cyclops can be ordered direct from the United States Naval HistoricalCenter.• Text of Feb, 1964 Argosy Magazine article by Vincent Gaddis (http:/ / www. physics. smu. edu/ ~pseudo/

BermudaTriangle/ vincentgaddis. txt)• United States Coast Guard database of selected reports and inquiries (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/

reportindexcas. htm)• Website of historian & Bermuda Triangle researcher Gian Quasar (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org)• U.S. Navy Historical Center Bermuda Triangle FAQ (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm)• U.S. Navy Historical C/ The Bermuda Triangle: Startling New Secrets (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/

faq8-2. htm), Sci Fi Channel documentary (November 2005)• Navy Historical Center: The Loss Of Flight 19 (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm)• on losses of heavy ships at sea (http:/ / www. docksideconsultants. com/ wavessup. html)• Bermuda Shipwrecks (http:/ / www. aquaexplorers. com/ Bermuda_shipwrecks. htm)• Association of Underwater Explorers shipwreck listings page (http:/ / uwex. us/ wreckinfo. html)• Dictionary of American Naval Fighting Ships (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ danfs/ )• List of lost aircraft (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org/ html/ aircraft_losses. html)

BooksMost of the works listed here are largely out of print. Copies may be obtained at your local library, or purchased usedat bookstores, or through E-Bay or Amazon.com. These books are often the only source material for some of theincidents that have taken place within the Triangle.• Into the Bermuda Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery by Gian J. Quasar,

International Marine/Ragged Mountain Press (2003) ISBN 0-07-142640-X; contains list of missing craft asresearched in official records. (Reprinted in paperback (2005) ISBN 0-07-145217-6).

• The Bermuda Triangle, Charles Berlitz (ISBN 0-385-04114-4): Out of print, however it's commonly availablesecond-hand.

• The Bermuda Triangle Mystery Solved (1975). Lawrence David Kusche (ISBN 0-87975-971-2)• Limbo Of The Lost, John Wallace Spencer (ISBN 0-686-10658-X)• The Evidence for the Bermuda Triangle, (1984), David Group (ISBN 0-85030-413-X)• The Final Flight, (2006), Tony Blackman (ISBN 0-9553856-0-1). This book is a work of fiction.• Bermuda Shipwrecks, (2000), Daniel Berg(ISBN 0-9616167-4-1)• The Devil's Triangle, (1974), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553106880); this particular book sold well over a million

copies by the end of its first year; to date there have been at least 17 printings.• The Devil's Triangle 2 (1975), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553024647)• From the Devil's Triangle to the Devil's Jaw (1977), Richard Winer (ISBN 0553108603)

Bermuda Triangle 13

• Ghost Ships: True Stories of Nautical Nightmares, Hauntings, and Disasters (2000), Richard Winer (ISBN0425175480)

• The Bermuda Triangle (1975) by Adi-Kent Thomas Jeffrey (ISBN 0446599611)

External links• "Database of selected reports and inquiries" (http:/ / www. uscg. mil/ hq/ g-m/ moa/ reportindexcas. htm). United

States Coast Guard.• "Bermuda Triangle Mystery" (http:/ / www. bermuda-triangle. org). Gian Quasar, author of Into the Bermuda

Triangle: Pursuing the Truth Behind the World's Greatest Mystery.• "Bermuda Triangle FAQ" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-1. htm). US Navy Historical Center.• "Selective Bibliography" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq8-2. htm). US Navy Historical Center.• "The Loss Of Flight 19" (http:/ / www. history. navy. mil/ faqs/ faq15-1. htm). US Navy Historical Center.• "On losses of heavy ships at sea" (http:/ / www. docksideconsultants. com/ wavessup. html).• "Bermuda Shipwrecks" (http:/ / www. aquaexplorers. com/ Bermuda_shipwrecks. htm).• Barnette, Michael C.. "Shipwreck listings page" (http:/ / uwex. us/ wreckinfo. html). Association of Underwater

Explorers.

Article Sources and Contributors 14

Article Sources and ContributorsBermuda Triangle  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=439149837  Contributors: *drew, - ), -Majestic-, 2fort5r, 600ml, 7, A3RO, A8UDI, AKGhetto, ALACE, Aaron Schulz,Achilles2.0, Adimovk5, AdjustShift, Adkins 32, Adraeus, Adrian.benko, Agateller, Agentbrown, Agentgreen004, Agstf, Ahoerstemeier, Ahunt, Akadruid, Akhristov, Akosikat, Alansohn,Alexpg, Ali, Alison, Allena008, Alphachimp, Alton, Alucard (Dr.), Alvaro, Amitch, Amplitude101, AnOicheGhealai, Anaxial, Anchoress, Anclation, Andy Dingley, Angela, Angrysockhop,AniRaptor2001, Animesouth, Anjouli, Ankit Maity, Anlushac11, Anonymous editor, Anrie, Antandrus, Anyeverybody, Aodhdubh, Apparition11, Apponyi, ArchonMagnus, Arjun (mickeymouse), ArthurWeasley, Aryans m144, Asa01, Asdfdsa, AstroHurricane001, Atlant, AtticusX, Audiosmurf, Avalyn, Axl, Axxmen159, AySz88, AylaRosier, Az1568, BYF, Baby16, Bachrach44,Bacteria, Baker1000, BarretBonden, Basawala, Battle100, Bbhavin, Bcorr, BeanBag, Beaumont, Beland, Benjy17, Bennie Noakes, Bermuda1019, Bethleegy, Bezapt, Bhadani, Bill37212,Blackmant, Blackwasp01, Blueaster, Blurkom, Bmahoney, Bmicomp, BobKawanaka, Bobblewik, Bobo192, Bogdan, Bogsat, Bonadea, Bongwarrior, Boogaborg, BorgHunter, Bornhj,BostonMA, Bpselvam, Brandonhy, Brendon1555, Brian Crawford, Brian Olsen, Bridies, BrotherJustin, BruceGrubb, Bryan Derksen, Bullzeye, BurnDownBabylon, Burntsauce, Butros,Bwilliams, Byeee, C.Shelle, C45207, C777, CCRoxtar, CD1993, CIreland, CO, Cacophony, Caiaffa, Calvin 1998, CampbellCN, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, Canageek, Candorwien,Capricorn42, Captain Seafort, Captain-n00dle, CaptainVindaloo, Carajou, CardinalDan, Caroline Sanford, Cat4444, Catneven, Causa sui, Chaffers, Chaitanyaarige, CharlotteWebb, Charm,Chconline, Chensiyuan, Chicago god, Cholmes75, Chowbok, Chr.K., Chris the speller, Chrislk02, Christian List, Chuayw2000, Chuckiesdad, Chuq, CieloEstrellado, Cielomobile, Cjmovie,Clarityfiend, ClovisPt, Clurb, CodeWeasel, CokeBear, Colonies Chris, CommonsDelinker, Condem, Conscious, Conversion script, Cool Blue, Coolhawks88, CopperSquare, Corusant, CrashUnderride, Credema, Crohnie, Ctiefel, Cuchullain, CurlyGirl93, Cwbh10, Cyclonenim, Cyclops19, CygnusPius, Czyrko, D6, DCB4W, DVD R W, DWPittelli, Dan Parnell, Dan100, Dandv, Darkwounds, DarkFalls, Darth blight, DaveJ7, David Gerard, David Kernow, David0811, Db099221, Dbfirs, Dbtfz, Ddcc, Debresser, Debuskjt, Decltype, Deeptrivia, Delta Spartan, Deltabeignet,DenNukem2, Denni, Denoir, DerHexer, Dermar130, Devatipan, Dfrg.msc, Dgroup, Dharmabum420, Diderot, Digdugdude, Dino, Dismas, Dogosaurus, Dolovis, Dondegroovily, Donreed, Dooky,Doom777, Dpeters11, DrOxacropheles, Dragonchat20, Drappel, Dreadstar, Drkeithphd, DuLithgow, Dual Freq, Duchess of Bathwick, Dwight666, Dyingtickles, EDD on, ERcheck, Echosmoke,Ecksemmess, Edgar181, Editor Emeritus, EdoDodo, Edward, Eiyuu Kou, Eldonb, Eleland, Elendil's Heir, ElijahOmega, Elliskev, Elmer Clark, Elonka, Emperorbma, Engineer Bob,Enlightenedment, Enviroboy, Epbr123, Ergative rlt, Erik Kennedy, Error, Essjay, EstebanF, Eurosong, Evice, Evil-yuusha, Excirial, F, FT2, Facorread, Falcon8765, Fan-1967, Fastily,Fastilysock, Fatih Kurt, FayssalF, Feezo, Ferkelparade, Fetchcomms, Fiberglass Monkey, Fidelraj, Finlay McWalter, FireWeed, FisherQueen, FlameHorse, Flauto Dolce, Fluri, Fmiser, Foobaz,Fourthgeek, Frankie0607, Freddie R. 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Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsImage:Bermuda Triangle.png  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Bermuda_Triangle.png  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Bermudan_kolmio.jpg: Alphaiosderivative work: -Majestic- (talk)Image:triangles1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Triangles1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipediaImage:Gulfstream1.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gulfstream1.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipediaImage:Gas hydrates 1996.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gas_hydrates_1996.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: US Gov, recreated by meImage:deering2.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Deering2.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Original uploader was Carajou at en.wikipediaImage:TBF (Avengers) flying in formation.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:TBF_(Avengers)_flying_in_formation.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:Denniss, PMG, Shyam, W.wolny, ゆいしあす, 3 anonymous edits

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