Best Available Techniquess (BAT Reference Document …eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/IRPP_D2_082013online.pdf · (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control ... APPROVED

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SBest Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the

Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs

Industrial Emissions Directive 2010/75/EU (Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control

JOINT RESEARCH CENTRE Institute for Prospective Technological Studies Sustainable Production and Consumption Unit European IPPC Bureau

Draft 2- August 2013

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This document is one from the series of foreseen documents listed below (at the time of writing, not all documents have been drafted):

Best Available Techniques Reference Document... Code

Ceramic Manufacturing Industry CER Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment/Management Systems in the Chemical Sector CWW

Emissions from Storage EFS

Energy Efficiency ENE

Ferrous Metals Processing Industry FMP

Food, Drink and Milk Industries FDM

Industrial Cooling Systems ICS

Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs IRPP

Iron and Steel Production IS

Large Combustion Plants LCP

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Ammonia, Acids and Fertilisers Industries LVIC-AAF

Large Volume Inorganic Chemicals Solids and Others industry LVIC-S

Large Volume Organic Chemical Industry LVOC

Management of Tailings and Waste-rock in Mining Activities MTWR

Manufacture of Glass GLS

Manufacture of Organic Fine Chemicals OFC

Non-ferrous Metals Industries NFM

Production of Cement, Lime and Magnesium Oxide CLM

Production of Chlor-alkali CAK

Production of Polymers POL

Production of Pulp, Paper and Board PP

Production of Speciality Inorganic Chemicals SIC

Refining of Mineral Oil and Gas REF

Slaughterhouses and Animals By-products Industries SA

Smitheries and Foundries Industry SF

Surface Treatment of Metals and Plastics STM

Surface Treatment Using Organic Solvents STS

Tanning of Hides and Skins TAN

Textiles Industry TXT

Waste Incineration WI

Waste Treatments Industries WT

Wood and Wood Products Preservation with Chemicals WPC

Wood-based Panels Production WBP

Reference Document...

Economics and Cross-media Effects ECM

General Principles of Monitoring MON

Electronic versions of draft and finalised documents are publicly available and can be downloaded from http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/.

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/

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Preface

BS_KG/EIPPCB/IRPP_Draft_2 August 2013 iii

PREFACE THE PREVIOUS VERSION OF THE STANDARD TEXT INCLUDED IN DRAFT 1 OF

THE REVISED IRPP BREF HAS BEEN SUBSTITUTED BY A NEW VERSION REPORTED BELOW, APPROVED BY THE IED ART. 13 FORUM

1. Status of this document

Unless otherwise stated, references to the Directive in this document refer to the Directive 2010/75/EU of the European Parliament and the Council on industrial emissions (integrated pollution prevention and control) (Recast). This document is a working draft of the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre). It is not an official publication of the European Union and does not necessarily reflect the position of the European Commission.

2. Participants in the information exchange

As required in Article 13(3) of the Directive, the Commission has established a forum to promote the exchange of information, which is composed of representatives from Member States, the industries concerned and non-governmental organisations promoting environmental protection (Commission Decision of 16 May 2011 establishing a forum for the exchange of information pursuant to Article 13 of the Directive 2010/75/EU on industrial emissions (2011/C 146/03), OJ C 146, 17.05.2011, p. 3). Forum members have nominated technical experts constituting the technical working group (TWG) that was the main source of information for drafting this document. The work of the TWG was led by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre).

3. Structure and contents of this document Chapters 1 and 2 provide general information on the intensive rearing of poultry and pigs and on the industrial processes and techniques used within this sector. Chapter 3 provides data and information concerning the environmental performance of installations (farms) within the sector, and in operation at the time of writing, in terms of current emissions, consumption and nature of raw materials, water consumption, use of energy and the generation of waste. Chapter 4 describes in more detail the techniques to prevent or, where this is not practicable, to reduce the environmental impact of installations (farms) in this sector that were considered in determining the BAT This information includes, where relevant, the environmental performance levels (e.g. emission and consumption levels) which can be achieved by using the techniques, the associated monitoring and the costs and the cross-media issues associated with the techniques. Chapter 5 presents the BAT conclusions as defined in Article 3(12) of the Directive. Chapter 6 presents information on 'emerging techniques' as defined in Article 3(14) of the Directive. Concluding remarks and recommendations for future work are presented in Chapter 7.

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Preface

August 2013 BS_KG/EIPPCB/IRPP_Draft_2 iv

4. Information sources and the derivation of BAT This document is based on information collected from a number of sources, in particular through the TWG that was established specifically for the exchange of information under Article 13 of the Directive. The information has been collated and assessed by the European IPPC Bureau (of the Commission's Joint Research Centre) who led the work on determining BAT, guided by the principles of technical expertise, transparency and neutrality. The work of the TWG and all other contributors is gratefully acknowledged. The BAT conclusions have been established through an iterative process involving the following steps: identification of the key environmental issues for the sector; examination of the techniques most relevant to address these key issues; identification of the best environmental performance levels, on the basis of the available

data in the European Union and worldwide; examination of the conditions under which these environmental performance levels were

achieved, such as costs, cross-media effects, and the main driving forces involved in the implementation of the techniques;

selection of the best available techniques (BAT), their associated emission levels (and other environmental performance levels) and the associated monitoring for this sector according to Article 3(10) of, and Annex III to, the Directive.

Expert judgement by the European IPPC Bureau and the TWG has played a key role in each of these steps and the way in which the information is presented here. Where available, economic data have been given together with the descriptions of the techniques presented in Chapter 4. These data give a rough indication of the magnitude of the costs and benefits. However, the actual costs and benefits of applying a technique may depend strongly on the specific situation of the installation concerned, which cannot be evaluated fully in this document. In the absence of data concerning costs, conclusions on the economic viability of techniques are drawn from observations on existing installations.

5. Review of BAT reference documents (BREFs)

BAT is a dynamic concept and so the review of BREFs is a continuing process. For example, new measures and techniques may emerge, science and technologies are continuously developing and new or emerging processes are being successfully introduced into the industries. In order to reflect such changes and their consequences for BAT, this document will be periodically reviewed and, if necessary, updated accordingly.

6. Contact information

All comments and suggestions should be made to the European IPPC Bureau at the Institute for Prospective Technological Studies at the following address: European Commission Institute for Prospective Technological Studies European IPPC Bureau Edificio Expo c/Inca Garcilaso, 3 E-41092 Seville, Spain Telephone: +34 95 4488 284 Fax: +34 95 4488 426 E-mail: [email protected]: http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/mailto:[email protected]

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BS_KG/EIPPCB/IRPP_Draft_2 August 2013 v

Best Available Techniques (BAT) Reference Document for the Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs

PREFACE................................................................................................................................................ III SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................XXIX 1 GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................................... 1

1.1 Intensive livestock farming ........................................................................................................ 2 1.2 The poultry production sector in Europe.................................................................................... 5

1.2.1 Egg production................................................................................................................. 6 1.2.2 Poultry meat Broiler production....................................................................................... 9 1.2.3 Economics of the poultry sector..................................................................................... 12

1.3 The pig production sector in Europe ........................................................................................ 15 1.3.1 Dimension, evolution and geographical distribution of the pig production sector in

Europe............................................................................................................................ 15 1.3.2 Production and consumption of pork ............................................................................. 18 1.3.3 Economics of the pig sector ........................................................................................... 21

1.4 Environmental issues of intensive poultry and pig farming ..................................................... 25 1.4.1 Emissions to air.............................................................................................................. 29 1.4.2 Emissions to soil, groundwater and surface water ......................................................... 32 1.4.3 Other emissions.............................................................................................................. 35

2 APPLIED PRODUCTION SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES ..................................................... 37 2.1 Introduction.............................................................................................................................. 38 2.2 Poultry production.................................................................................................................... 40

2.2.1 Production of eggs ......................................................................................................... 40 2.2.1.1 Cage battery systems for laying hens ..................................................................... 41 2.2.1.2 Non-cage housing systems for laying hens ............................................................ 44

2.2.1.2.1 Barn, or deep litter (or single-tier) system for laying hens............................. 45 2.2.1.2.2 Aviary system with non-integrated nest boxes............................................... 46 2.2.1.2.3 Aviaries with integrated nest boxes................................................................ 47 2.2.1.2.4 Portal system .................................................................................................. 48 2.2.1.2.5 Additional structures for non-cage housings .................................................. 48

2.2.1.3 Pullet rearing .......................................................................................................... 48 2.2.2 Production of broiler meat ............................................................................................. 49

2.2.2.1 Deep litter............................................................................................................... 50 2.2.3 Other poultry production sectors.................................................................................... 51

2.2.3.1 Rearing of broiler breeders (parental lines)............................................................ 51 2.2.3.2 Production of turkeys ............................................................................................. 51 2.2.3.3 Production of ducks................................................................................................ 52 2.2.3.4 Production of guinea fowl ...................................................................................... 53

2.2.4 Control of poultry indoor environment housing climate................................................ 54 2.2.4.1 Temperature control and ventilation ...................................................................... 54

2.2.4.1.1 Fogging .......................................................................................................... 57 2.2.4.1.2 Pad cooling..................................................................................................... 58

2.2.4.2 Lighting Illumination ............................................................................................. 58 2.2.4.3 Control of dust ....................................................................................................... 59

2.2.5 Poultry feeding and drinking supply watering ............................................................... 59 2.2.5.1 Poultry feed formulation ........................................................................................ 59 2.2.5.2 Feeding systems ..................................................................................................... 61 2.2.5.3 Drinking water supply systems .............................................................................. 62

2.3 Pig production .......................................................................................................................... 65 2.3.1 Pig housing and manure collection ................................................................................ 66

2.3.1.1 Housing systems for mating and gestating sows .................................................... 69 2.3.1.1.1 Individual housing with a fully- or partly-slatted floors for mating and

gestating sows ................................................................................................ 71 2.3.1.1.2 Sow crates with a solid floor for mating and gestating sows.......................... 71 2.3.1.1.3 Group housing with or without straw for gestating sows ............................... 72 2.3.1.1.4 Group housing with electronic feeders........................................................... 73

2.3.1.2 Housing systems for farrowing sows ..................................................................... 74 2.3.1.2.1 Housing for farrowing sows with confined movement .................................. 75 2.3.1.2.2 Housing of farrowing sows allowing sow movement .................................... 76

2.3.1.3 Housing systems for weaners ................................................................................. 77

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August 2013 BS_KG/EIPPCB/IRPP_Draft_2 vi

2.3.1.4 Housing of growers/finishers..................................................................................79 2.3.1.4.1 Housing of growers/finishers on a fully-slatted floor .....................................80 2.3.1.4.2 Housing of growers/finishers on a partly-slatted floor....................................81 2.3.1.4.3 Housing of growers/finishers on a solid concrete floor and straw ..................83

2.3.2 Control of indoor environment in pig housing systems..................................................85 2.3.2.1 Heating of pig housing............................................................................................86 2.3.2.2 Ventilation of pig housing ......................................................................................88 2.3.2.3 Lighting Illumination of pig housing......................................................................92 2.3.2.4 Fogging...................................................................................................................93 2.3.2.5 Ionisation ................................................................................................................93

2.3.3 Pig feeding and drinking supply watering systems.........................................................93 2.3.3.1 Pig feed formulation ...............................................................................................93 2.3.3.2 Feeding systems......................................................................................................95 2.3.3.3 Drinking water supply systems...............................................................................97

2.4 End-of-pipe techniques for air cleaning treatment....................................................................99 2.4.1 Wet scrubbers .................................................................................................................99 2.4.2 Biofilters .......................................................................................................................101

2.5 Processing and storage of animal feed....................................................................................102 2.6 Collection and storage of manure ...........................................................................................104

2.6.1 Poultry manure .............................................................................................................106 2.6.2 Pig manure....................................................................................................................108 2.6.3 Storage systems for solid and litter based manure (FYM)............................................111 2.6.4 Storage systems for slurry ............................................................................................112

2.6.4.1 Slurry storage in tanks ..........................................................................................112 2.6.4.2 Slurry storage in earth-banked storages stores or lagoons waterproofed with a

geomembrane liner ...............................................................................................114 2.6.4.3 Slurry storage in flexible bags ..............................................................................115

2.7 On-farm manure processing....................................................................................................116 2.7.1 Mechanical separators ..................................................................................................118 2.7.2 Aerobic treatment of liquid manure..............................................................................120 2.7.3 Aerobic treatment of solid manure (composting) .........................................................121 2.7.4 Anaerobic treatment .....................................................................................................122 2.7.5 Anaerobic lagoons ........................................................................................................123 2.7.6 Pig Manure additives ....................................................................................................124 2.7.7 Impregnation with peat .................................................................................................126

2.8 Manure application techniques ...............................................................................................128 2.8.1 Slurry transport systems ...............................................................................................131

2.8.1.1 Vacuum tanker......................................................................................................131 2.8.1.2 Pumped tanker ......................................................................................................131 2.8.1.3 Umbilical hose ......................................................................................................131 2.8.1.4 Irrigation equipment Irrigator ...............................................................................132

2.8.2 Slurry application systems............................................................................................132 2.8.2.1 Broadcast spreader................................................................................................132 2.8.2.2 Irrigators ...............................................................................................................135 2.8.2.3 Low-pressure irrigators.........................................................................................136 2.8.2.4 Band spreader (or trailing hoses) ..........................................................................137 2.8.2.5 Trailing shoe spreader...........................................................................................137 2.8.2.6 Injector (open slot)................................................................................................138 2.8.2.7 Injector (closed slot) .............................................................................................139 2.8.2.8 Incorporation ........................................................................................................139 2.8.2.9 Slurry acidification ...............................................................................................140

2.8.3 Solid manure application systems ................................................................................140 2.9 Transport On-farm transport...................................................................................................144 2.10 Maintenance and cleaning ......................................................................................................145 2.11 Use and disposal of residues...................................................................................................146 2.12 Storage and disposal of carcasses ...........................................................................................148 2.13 Treatment of waste water........................................................................................................149 2.14 Installations for heat and power production............................................................................150

2.14.1 Heat recovery by heat exchangers ................................................................................150 2.14.2 Heat pumps...................................................................................................................151 2.14.3 Biogas energy production.............................................................................................152 2.14.4 Energy production from biomass..................................................................................152

2.15 Monitoring and control of consumption and emission ...........................................................154

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3 CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION LEVELS OF INTENSIVE POULTRY AND PIG FARMS......................................................................................................................................................... 157

3.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................ 158 3.2 Consumption levels ................................................................................................................ 160

3.2.1 Feed consumption and nutritional levels...................................................................... 160 3.2.1.1 Poultry feeding ..................................................................................................... 160 3.2.1.2 Pig feeding ........................................................................................................... 162

3.2.2 Water consumption ...................................................................................................... 165 3.2.2.1 Water requirements of poultry farms ................................................................... 165

3.2.2.1.1 Animal consumption .................................................................................... 165 3.2.2.1.2 Use of cleaning water ................................................................................... 166 3.2.2.1.3 Use of cooling water .................................................................................... 167

3.2.2.2 Water requirements of pig farms.......................................................................... 167 3.2.2.2.1 Animal consumption .................................................................................... 167 3.2.2.2.2 Use of cleaning water ................................................................................... 170 3.2.2.2.3 Use of water for air cleaning systems........................................................... 171

3.2.3 Energy consumption .................................................................................................... 171 3.2.3.1 Poultry farms........................................................................................................ 171 3.2.3.2 Pig farms .............................................................................................................. 175

3.2.4 Other inputs.................................................................................................................. 180 3.2.4.1 Bedding (litter) ..................................................................................................... 180 3.2.4.2 Cleaning material ................................................................................................. 181

3.3 Emission levels....................................................................................................................... 182 3.3.1 Excretion of manure..................................................................................................... 183

3.3.1.1 Levels of excretion and characteristics of poultry manure................................... 184 3.3.1.2 Levels of excretion and characteristics of pig manure ......................................... 188

3.3.2 Emissions from housing systems ................................................................................. 194 3.3.2.1 Emissions from poultry housing .......................................................................... 196 3.3.2.2 Emissions from pig housing................................................................................. 201

3.3.3 Emissions from external manure storage facilities....................................................... 205 3.3.3.1 Emissions from solid manure storage .................................................................. 205 3.3.3.2 Emissions from slurry storage.............................................................................. 208

3.3.4 Emissions from manure treatment ............................................................................... 210 3.3.5 Emissions from landspreading ..................................................................................... 211

3.3.5.1 Emissions to air .................................................................................................... 212 3.3.5.2 Emissions to soil, surface water and groundwater ............................................... 215 3.3.5.3 Emissions of heavy metals ................................................................................... 217

3.3.6 Emissions from the whole farm (approach) ................................................................. 219 3.3.6.1 Emissions from the whole-farm process chain for the rearing of poultry ............ 220 3.3.6.2 Emissions from the whole-farm process chain for the rearing of pigs ................. 221

3.3.7 Noise ............................................................................................................................ 222 3.3.7.1 Sources and emissions on poultry farms .............................................................. 223 3.3.7.2 Sources and emissions on pig farms..................................................................... 223

3.3.8 Solid waste from poultry and pig farms ....................................................................... 224 4 TECHNIQUES TO CONSIDER IN THE DETERMINATION OF BAT................................ 227

4.1 Good agricultural practice for environmental management ................................................... 231 4.1.1 Site selection and spatial aspects.................................................................................. 231 4.1.2 Education and training ................................................................................................. 232 4.1.3 Planning activities ........................................................................................................ 233 4.1.4 Monitoring ................................................................................................................... 233 4.1.5 Emergency planning .................................................................................................... 237 4.1.6 Repair and maintenance ............................................................................................... 238 4.1.7 Feed storage ................................................................................................................. 238

4.2 Environmental management systems ..................................................................................... 239 4.3 Nutritional management......................................................................................................... 242

4.3.1 Nutritional Measures General approach....................................................................... 243 4.3.2 Phase feeding ............................................................................................................... 251

4.3.2.1 Poultry.................................................................................................................. 251 4.3.2.2 Pigs....................................................................................................................... 253

4.3.3 Addition of amino acids to make low-protein, amino acid-supplemented diets for poultry and pigs............................................................................................................ 257

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4.3.4 Addition of phytase to make low phosphorus, phytase supplemented phosphorus balanced diets for poultry and pigs ...............................................................................267

4.3.5 Highly digestible inorganic feed phosphates ................................................................271 4.3.6 Other feed additives......................................................................................................273

4.3.6.1 Benzoic Acid ........................................................................................................274 4.3.6.2 Probiotics ..............................................................................................................277 4.3.6.3 Enzymes................................................................................................................279 4.3.6.4 Phytogenic feed additives Natural growth promoters...........................................282

4.4 Techniques for the efficient use of water................................................................................285 4.4.1 Management of water use.............................................................................................285 4.4.2 Treatment of lightly contaminated run-off waters ........................................................288

4.5 Techniques for the efficient use of energy..............................................................................292 4.5.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................292 4.5.2 Insulation ......................................................................................................................294

4.5.2.1 Insulation in poultry housing ................................................................................294 4.5.2.1.1 Heat-reflecting membranes ...........................................................................297

4.5.2.2 Insulation in pig housing ......................................................................................298 4.5.3 Low-energy lighting .....................................................................................................300

4.5.3.1 Lighting in poultry housing ..................................................................................301 4.5.3.2 Lighting in pig housing.........................................................................................303

4.5.4 Heating and ventilation optimisation in poultry and pig farms ....................................304 4.5.4.1 Heating of the housing systems ............................................................................307

4.5.4.1.1 Gas-fired infrared heaters and air blowers ....................................................307 4.5.4.1.2 Wood and biomass-fired boilers ...................................................................308

4.5.4.2 Heat recovery........................................................................................................310 4.5.4.2.1 Heat exchangers............................................................................................310 4.5.4.2.2 Heat pumps ...................................................................................................314 4.5.4.2.3 Heat recovery in broiler housing with heated and cooled littered floor

(combideck system) ......................................................................................316 4.5.4.3 Management of ventilation ...................................................................................319

4.5.4.3.1 Management of ventilation in poultry houses ...............................................319 4.5.4.3.2 Circulating fans.............................................................................................320 4.5.4.3.3 Circulating fans in combination with heat exchangers .................................321 4.5.4.3.4 Equal spreading of re-circulated air by indoor fans ......................................322 4.5.4.3.5 Energy saving fans........................................................................................322 4.5.4.3.6 Management of ventilation in pig houses .....................................................323

4.6 Techniques for the reduction of emissions from poultry housing...........................................327 4.6.1 Techniques for cage housing of laying hens.................................................................327

4.6.1.1 Enriched cages ......................................................................................................328 4.6.1.2 Small groups in enriched cages ............................................................................332

4.6.2 Techniques for non-cage housing of laying hens .........................................................333 4.6.2.1 Deep litter or floor regime systems.......................................................................336

4.6.2.1.1 Deep litter system for layers with deep pit, manure belt or scraper, or without veranda and forecourt free ranges.................................................................336

4.6.2.1.2 Deep litter system with forced air manure drying.........................................339 4.6.2.1.3 Deep litter system with perforated floor and forced drying ..........................340

4.6.2.2 Aviary systems .....................................................................................................342 4.6.2.2.1 Aviary system with manure belts, with or without veranda and forecourt free

ranges............................................................................................................342 4.6.2.2.2 Aviary system with underfloor manure drying .............................................346

4.6.3 Techniques for the housing of pullets...........................................................................347 4.6.3.1.1 Small groups in enriched cages.....................................................................349 4.6.3.1.2 Aviaries.........................................................................................................349 4.6.3.1.3 Deep litter with or without manure pit..........................................................352

4.6.4 Techniques for the housing of broilers .........................................................................353 4.6.4.1 Deep litter systems................................................................................................356

4.6.4.1.1 Litter-based systems with circulating fans....................................................359 4.6.4.1.2 Litter based systems with circulating fans and heat exchanger.....................360 4.6.4.1.3 Litter based systems with (equally spread) re-circulated air by indoor fans .362

4.6.4.2 Perforated floor with forced air drying system .....................................................364 4.6.4.3 Tiered floor system with bedding on manure belt and forced air drying for broilers

..............................................................................................................................365 4.6.4.4 Patio system for hatching and growing broiler chicks for a limited time .............367

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4.6.5 Techniques for housing of broiler breeders (parental lines)......................................... 370 4.6.5.1 Group-cage with manure belt and forced manure drying..................................... 371 4.6.5.2 Partly littered floor with deep pit and Deep litter system with the frequent removal

of the manure ....................................................................................................... 371 4.6.5.3 Deep litter system with manure pit aeration through pipes underneath the slatted

floor...................................................................................................................... 373 4.6.5.4 Deep litter with perforated floor and forced drying (perfosystem) ...................... 375 4.6.5.5 Litter based systems with circulating fans Deep litter system with ventilators.... 375 4.6.5.6 Aviary housing with manure aeration .................................................................. 376

4.6.6 Techniques for housing of turkeys ............................................................................... 378 4.6.6.1 Solid fully littered floor in forced ventilated closed houses ................................. 378 4.6.6.2 Solid fully littered floor in naturally ventilated houses, with or without free ranges

.............................................................................................................................. 380 4.6.7 Techniques for the housing of ducks............................................................................ 381

4.6.7.1 Solid floor with deep litter ................................................................................... 381 4.6.7.2 Littered floor combined with partly-slatted floor ................................................. 383 4.6.7.3 Fully-slatted floor................................................................................................. 384

4.7 Techniques for reducing emissions from pig housing............................................................ 386 4.7.1 System-integrated techniques for housing various categories of pigs.......................... 390

4.7.1.1 Fully-slatted floor (FSF) with deep pit................................................................. 390 4.7.1.1.1 Partly-slatted floor (PSF) with infrequent manure removals deep pit .......... 394

4.7.1.2 Fully-slatted floor with a vacuum system ............................................................ 396 4.7.1.3 Partly-slatted floor with a vacuum system ........................................................... 401 4.7.1.4 Partly-slatted floor with slanted walls in the manure channel .............................. 403 4.7.1.5 Partly-slatted floor or fully-slatted flat decks with a scraper................................ 406 4.7.1.6 Partly-slatted pens with convex floor and separated manure and water channels 409 4.7.1.7 Partly-slatted floor with a reduced (in width) manure pit .................................... 413 4.7.1.8 PSF with slurry cooling channels......................................................................... 417 4.7.1.9 FSF or PSF with manure surface cooling fins...................................................... 421 4.7.1.10 Housing techniques with frequent slurry removal by flushing............................. 424 4.7.1.11 Kennel or hut housing on partly-slatted floors ..................................................... 434 4.7.1.12 Solid concrete floor and with full litter for weaning, growing and fattening pigs

with or without external features.......................................................................... 440 4.7.1.13 Straw flow housing system .................................................................................. 446

4.7.2 System-integrated housing techniques for waiting, mating and gestating sows .......... 449 4.7.2.1 Solid concrete floor and full litter for mating/gestating sows .............................. 452 4.7.2.2 Litter based housing with feeding/lying boxes on a solid floor............................ 455

4.7.3 System-integrated housing techniques for farrowing sows.......................................... 457 4.7.3.1 Stall-housing with partly-slatted floor Crates with fully-slatted floor and fixation of

sows...................................................................................................................... 458 4.7.3.2 Crates with fully-slatted flooring and a combination of a water and manure channel

.............................................................................................................................. 459 4.7.3.3 Crates with fully or partly-slatted flooring and manure pan................................. 462 4.7.3.4 Littered pens with or without a yard .................................................................... 464

4.7.4 System-integrated housing techniques for weaned piglets........................................... 466 4.7.4.1 Pens for weaning pigs with partly-slatted floor.................................................... 468 4.7.4.2 Pens or flat decks with fully-slatted flooring and a manure pit with sloped walls

concrete sloped underground floor to separate faeces and urine .......................... 470 4.7.4.3 Manure collection in water................................................................................... 471 4.7.4.4 Pens with a solid concrete floor with litter........................................................... 473

4.7.5 System-integrated housing techniques for growing and finishing fattening pigs......... 477 4.7.5.1 Solid concrete floor with littered external alley ................................................... 480 4.7.5.2 PSF with slurry V-shaped manure belts ............................................................... 480

4.8 Techniques for the reduction of aerial emissions to air within livestock poultry and pigs housing ................................................................................................................................... 485

4.8.1 Introduction.................................................................................................................. 485 4.8.2 Ionisation...................................................................................................................... 485 4.8.3 Fogging ........................................................................................................................ 486

4.8.3.1 Atomisation of capturing and reacting agents (brumisation) ............................... 488 4.8.4 Oil spraying.................................................................................................................. 490 4.8.5 Floating balls in manure channels................................................................................ 492 4.8.6 Techniques for the reduction of aerial emissions to air in poultry housing.................. 494

4.8.6.1 External drying tunnel with perforated manure belts ........................................... 494

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4.8.6.2 Dry filters..............................................................................................................496 4.8.6.3 Water trap .............................................................................................................497 4.8.6.4 Biological additives in poultry litter .....................................................................498

4.9 End-of-pipe measures for the reduction of air emissions to air from housing s of pigs..........500 4.9.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................500 4.9.2 Water scrubber (former Section 4.9.1.1) ......................................................................504 4.9.3 Bioscrubber (former Section 4.9.1.2) ...........................................................................505 4.9.4 Wet chemical acid scrubber (former Section 4.9.1.3) ..................................................513 4.9.5 Biofilter (former Section 4.9.7) ....................................................................................517 4.9.6 Multi-stage scrubber, or combi-scrubber (former Section 4.9.1.4)...............................520

4.9.6.1 Two-stage scrubber of combined chemical wet acid scrubber and bioscrubber (former Section 4.9.1.4.2).....................................................................................520

4.9.6.2 Three-stage scrubber of combined water scrubber, wet chemical wet scrubber and biofilter (former Section 4.9.1.4.1) .......................................................................523

4.9.7 Partial air treatment in end-of-pipe air cleaning systems (former Section 4.9.1.5) ......527 4.10 Techniques for the reduction of odour emissions ...................................................................529

4.10.1 General measures for odour prevention........................................................................529 4.11 Techniques for the reduction of emissions from manure storage ...........................................533

4.11.1 Reduction of emissions from storage of solid manure..................................................533 4.11.1.1 General practice ....................................................................................................533 4.11.1.2 Application of a covering to solid manure stacks .................................................535 4.11.1.3 Storage of poultry manure in a barn .....................................................................538 4.11.1.4 Concrete silo for solid manure storage .................................................................539

4.11.2 Reduction of emissions from the storage of slurry .......................................................540 4.11.2.1 General aspects .....................................................................................................540 4.11.2.2 Application of a rigid cover to slurry storage storages .........................................543 4.11.2.3 Application of a flexible cover to slurry storages .................................................547 4.11.2.4 Application of a floating cover to slurry storages.................................................551 4.11.2.5 Application of covers to earth-banked slurry stores (lagoons) storages ...............559 4.11.2.6 Techniques to protect soil and water against emissions from slurry storage ........562

4.11.2.6.1 Storage tanks construction and auxiliary equipment for slurry collection and transfer ..........................................................................................................562

4.11.2.6.2 Measures to prevent and inspect leakage from slurry stores.........................564 4.11.2.6.3 Double layer lining for earth-banked slurry lagoons ....................................567

4.11.3 Reduction of emissions from storage of separated slurry fibre fraction .......................568 4.12 Techniques for the on-farm processing of manure .................................................................571

4.12.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................................571 4.12.2 Mechanical separation of pig slurry .............................................................................576

4.12.2.1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................576 4.12.2.2 Screw press and auger separators .........................................................................579 4.12.2.3 Decanter centrifuge separator ...............................................................................581 4.12.2.4 Coagulation Flocculation...................................................................................583 4.12.2.5 Separation by sieves .............................................................................................585 4.12.2.6 Separation by filter pressing .................................................................................587

4.12.3 Biological treatment of liquid manure ..........................................................................589 4.12.3.1 Aerobic digestion (Aeration) of liquid manure.....................................................589 4.12.3.2 Mechanical separation and biological treatment of pig slurry (previously Section

4.12.2.5)................................................................................................................591 4.12.3.3 Nitrification denitrification of slurry .................................................................594

4.12.4 Composting of solid manure.........................................................................................595 4.12.4.1 Composting...........................................................................................................596 4.12.4.2 Co-Composting of poultry manure with green residues using pine bark..............601 4.12.4.3 Composting with a biological inoculum...............................................................604

4.12.5 Anaerobic treatment of manure in a biogas installation ...............................................606 4.12.6 Anaerobic lagoon system..............................................................................................611 4.12.7 Evaporation and drying of pig manure .........................................................................613 4.12.8 Slurry and wet manure belt dryer .................................................................................615 4.12.9 Slurry acidification .......................................................................................................618 4.12.10 Combustion Incineration of poultry litter manure ........................................................623 4.12.11 Ammonia stripping .......................................................................................................628 4.12.12 Pig Manure additives ....................................................................................................630

4.13 Techniques for the reduction of emissions from the application of manure to land ...............635

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4.13.1 Balancing the spreading of manure with the available land and soil/crop requirements..................................................................................................................................... 636

4.13.2 Groundwater protection schemes ................................................................................. 638 4.13.3 Manure landspreading management practices ............................................................. 639 4.13.4 Manure application systems......................................................................................... 643

4.13.4.1 Use of low-emissions manure (solid or liquid) application techniques Basic systems ................................................................................................................. 643

4.13.4.2 Irrigators............................................................................................................... 650 4.13.4.2.1 Dilute slurry Low-pressure irrigators ........................................................... 650 4.13.4.2.2 Pulse-jet irrigator.......................................................................................... 651

4.13.4.3 Band spreader (or trailing hoses) and trailing shoes............................................. 653 4.13.4.4 Injector (open slot) ............................................................................................... 656 4.13.4.5 Deep injector (closed slot).................................................................................... 659

4.13.5 Incorporation of solid manure or slurry ....................................................................... 660 4.13.6 Low-rate irrigation system for dirty water ................................................................... 666

4.14 Techniques to reduce noise emissions.................................................................................... 669 4.15 Techniques for the treatment and disposal of residues other than manure and animal carcasses

................................................................................................................................................ 674 4.16 Storage and disposal of animal carcasses............................................................................... 677 4.17 Optimisation of the whole-farm environmental impact Adoption of a whole-farm approach

................................................................................................................................................ 679 5 BAT CONCLUSIONS................................................................................................................... 685

SCOPE ................................................................................................................................................ 685 DEFINITIONS..................................................................................................................................... 686 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS........................................................................................................ 687 5.1 General BAT conclusions ...................................................................................................... 688

5.1.1 Environmental management systems (EMS) ............................................................... 688 5.1.2 Good housekeeping...................................................................................................... 689 5.1.3 Efficient use of water ................................................................................................... 690 5.1.4 Treatment and reuse of lightly contaminated run-off waters ....................................... 690 5.1.5 Efficient use of energy ................................................................................................. 690 5.1.6 Noise emissions ........................................................................................................... 691 5.1.7 Treatment and disposal of residues other than manure and animal carcasses .............. 692 5.1.8 Storage of animal carcasses ......................................................................................... 692 5.1.9 Manure management.................................................................................................... 693 5.1.10 Monitoring of emissions and process parameters ........................................................ 693

5.2 BAT conclusions for the intensive rearing of pigs ................................................................. 697 5.2.1 Nutritional management for the intensive rearing of pigs............................................ 697 5.2.2 Air emissions from pig housing ................................................................................... 699

5.2.2.1 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for mating/gestating sows ............... 699 5.2.2.2 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for farrowing sows .......................... 701 5.2.2.3 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for weaning pigs ............................. 703 5.2.2.4 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for fattening pigs (growers, finishers)

.............................................................................................................................. 705 5.2.2.5 Dust emissions from pig housing systems ........................................................... 707 5.2.2.6 Odour emissions from pig housing systems......................................................... 709

5.2.3 Efficient use of energy in pig farms ............................................................................. 710 5.2.4 Emissions from manure storage ................................................................................... 711 5.2.5 On-farm processing of pig manure (solid or slurry)..................................................... 713 5.2.6 On-farm treatment of pig manure................................................................................. 714 5.2.7 Emissions from landspreading of pig manure.............................................................. 714

5.2.7.1 Landspreading of solid manure from pig housing systems .................................. 714 5.2.7.2 Landspreading of liquid manure (slurry) from pig housing systems.................... 714

5.2.8 Emissions from the whole production process for pigs rearing (including sows)........ 715 5.3 BAT conclusions for the intensive rearing of poultry ............................................................ 716

5.3.1 Nutritional management for the intensive rearing of poultry ....................................... 716 5.3.2 Air emissions from poultry housing............................................................................. 717

5.3.2.1 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for laying hens ................................ 717 5.3.2.2 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for broilers ...................................... 719 5.3.2.3 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for ducks ......................................... 720 5.3.2.4 Ammonia emissions from housing systems for turkeys....................................... 721 5.3.2.5 Dust emissions from poultry housing systems ..................................................... 722

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5.3.2.6 Odour emissions from poultry housing systems ...................................................724 5.3.3 Efficient use of energy in poultry farms .......................................................................725 5.3.4 Emissions from poultry manure storage .......................................................................726 5.3.5 On-farm processing of poultry manure.........................................................................727 5.3.6 On-farm treatment of poultry manure...........................................................................727 5.3.7 Emissions from landspreading of poultry manure ........................................................727

5.3.7.1 Landspreading of solid manure from poultry housing systems ............................727 5.3.8 Emissions from the whole production process for poultry rearing ...............................727

DESCRIPTION OF TECHNIQUES ....................................................................................................728 5.4 General techniques for the intensive rearing of poultry or pigs ..............................................728

5.4.1 Nutritional management ...............................................................................................728 5.4.1.1 Techniques for reducing nitrogen excretion .........................................................728 5.4.1.2 Techniques for reducing phosphorus excretion ....................................................728

5.5 Techniques for the pig sector..................................................................................................729 5.5.1 Housing systems...........................................................................................................729

5.5.1.1 Techniques for reducing the emitting manure surface..........................................729 5.5.1.2 Techniques for cooling the manure surface ..........................................................731 5.5.1.3 Techniques for reducing aerial emissions within pig housing ..............................731 5.5.1.4 Techniques for treating air emissions from pig housing.......................................732

5.5.2 Manure storage in pig farms .........................................................................................733 5.5.2.1 Techniques for reducing emissions from slurry tanks ..........................................733 5.5.2.2 Techniques for reducing emissions from earth-banked slurry storages ................734 5.5.2.3 Techniques for reducing emissions from storage of solid manure........................734

5.5.3 Techniques for on-farm manure processing .................................................................735 5.5.4 Techniques for the on-farm treatment of manure .........................................................736 5.5.5 Techniques for landspreading of manure......................................................................736

5.5.5.1 Techniques for landspreading of solid manure .....................................................736 5.5.5.2 Techniques for landspreading of liquid manure (slurry).......................................737

5.5.6 Techniques for energy use in pig rearing......................................................................738 5.6 Techniques for the poultry sector ...........................................................................................739

5.6.1 Housing systems...........................................................................................................739 5.6.1.1 Housing systems for laying hens ..........................................................................739 5.6.1.2 Housing systems for broilers ................................................................................740 5.6.1.3 Housing systems for ducks ...................................................................................741 5.6.1.4 Housing systems for turkeys.................................................................................741 5.6.1.5 Techniques for reducing aerial emissions within poultry housing........................741 5.6.1.6 Techniques for treating air emissions from poultry housing ................................742

5.6.2 Techniques for energy use in the rearing of poultry rearing.........................................743 5.6.3 Manure storage in poultry farms...................................................................................744

5.6.3.1 Techniques for reducing emissions from the storage of solid manure..................744 5.6.4 Techniques for on-farm manure processing .................................................................745 5.6.5 Techniques for the on-farm treatment of manure .........................................................745 5.6.6 Techniques for the landspreading of manure................................................................746

5.6.6.1 Techniques for the landspreading of solid manure ...............................................746 6 EMERGING TECHNIQUES........................................................................................................747

6.1 Microbial inducted nitrification of ammonium.......................................................................747 6.2 Winching and tilting plateaus in a partially littered and partially slatted housing for laying

hens.........................................................................................................................................748 6.3 Fertilisation planning ..............................................................................................................749

6.3.1 Phosphorus fertilisation norms .....................................................................................749 6.3.2 P-index..........................................................................................................................749

6.4 Separation treatments..............................................................................................................752 6.4.1 Multi-step biological and chemical manure treatment..................................................752 6.4.2 Phosphorus separation by calcium-sulphate based precipitation product.....................753 6.4.3 Slurry separation with acidification and ozone treatment.............................................754 6.4.4 Electrolysis/electrocoagulation.....................................................................................755

6.5 Land application of diluted clarified slurry using drip lines ...................................................756 6.6 Litter-less flooring system ......................................................................................................757 6.7 Photocatalytic titanium dioxide (TiO2) coating paints............................................................758 6.8 Sequential feeding in poultry..................................................................................................759 6.9 Air cleaning of pit ventilation exhausts in pig housing...........................................................760

6.9.1 Air cleaning of underfloor ventilation in fully-slatted floors with slurry systems........760

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6.9.2 Air cleaning of underfloor ventilation in partially slatted floors with scraper and urine separation ..................................................................................................................... 761

7 CONCLUDING REMARKS ........................................................................................................ 763 8 GLOSSARY ................................................................................................................................... 765

I. ISO country codes ................................................................................................................. 765 II. Units ....................................................................................................................................... 766 III. Chemical elements ................................................................................................................ 767 IV. Chemical formulae commonly used in this document ........................................................... 767 V. Acronyms and definitions ...................................................................................................... 767

9 ANNEXES ...................................................................................................................................... 775 9.1 Animal species and livestock units (LU) ............................................................................... 775 9.2 Examples of phase feeding programmes................................................................................ 788

9.2.1 Phase feeding in the UK............................................................................................... 788 9.2.2 Phase feeding in Germany ........................................................................................... 790

9.3 Examples of emission limit values and manure spreading limits in Member States.............. 793 9.4 Example of protocol for monitoring of ammonia emissions from housing systems .............. 794 9.5 Example of calculation of costs associated with the application of emission reduction

techniques............................................................................................................................... 796 9.6 Procedure for BAT-assessment of techniques applied on intensive poultry and pig farms ... 805

10 REFERENCES .............................................................................................................................. 809

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List of tables Table 1.1: Animal density in the European Union expressed as number of livestock units per hectare

of utilised agricultural area for the years 2003, 2005 and 2007 over time .............................3 Table 1.2: Summary of existing installations farms requiring a permit by category of activities in

Annex I to Directive 2010/75/EUE (reference period 2007 2008)......................................4 Table 1.3: Some Typical poultry breeding data ......................................................................................5 Table 1.4: Global World and EU-27 egg production for consumption over time.................................6 Table 1.5: Balance sheet for poultry meat and egg production in the year 2008 2007.......................6 Table 1.6: Gross human apparent consumption per capita of eggs and poultry meat some animal

products (availability for human consumption) for the year 2007.....................................8 Table 1.7: EU level weighted average of production parameters and technical costs for each system

to keep laying hens .............................................................................................................13 Table 1.8: Average performance data and production costs for meat poultry species in France for the

year 2009..............................................................................................................................14 Table 1.9: Total number of Pig population in the EU-27, EU-15 and new EU Member States over time

in millions ............................................................................................................................15 Table 1.10: Number of pig farms for fattening pigs in 2005 in EU Member States in different size

units (No of heads)..............................................................................................................17 Table 1.11: Summary of physical performance data for the production of pigs for selected EU countries

(year 2009). General production levels in pig farming in the UK........................................20 Table 1.12: Gross human apparent consumption per capita of pork meat for the year 2007 ..................21 Table 1.13: Summary of financial performance in year 2009 in selected countries in EUR per 100 kg

pig meat (*) ..........................................................................................................................23 Table 1.14: Emission sources considered in estimating greenhouse gases and ammonia from the

livestock sector.....................................................................................................................28 Table 1.15: Emissions to air from the intensive rearing of poultry and pigs livestock production

systems .................................................................................................................................29 Table 1.16: Schematic overview of processes and factors involved in ammonia release from animal

houses...................................................................................................................................30 Table 1.17: Total fluxes of greenhouse gas emissions for the EU-27 pig production.............................31 Table 1.18: Main emissions to soil and groundwater from intensive rearing of poultry and pigs

livestock production systems ...............................................................................................33 Table 2.1: Summary of the main characteristics of enriched cages.......................................................41 Table 2.2: Range of weights of duck breeds for meat and egg production ...........................................52 Table 2.3: Examples of required indoor temperature for broiler rearing housing .................................55 Table 2.4: Indoor temperatures that are provided in France for rearing turkeys, applied in France55 Table 2.5: Examples of lighting programmes requirements for poultry production as practised in

Portugal...............................................................................................................................58 Table 2.6: Standard drinking systems ratio (number of animals for each type of equipment) in France

..............................................................................................................................................64 Table 2.7: Absorbencies and characteristics of different bedding types ...............................................68 Table 2.8: Manure and bedding management in litter-based systems for fattening pigs (from 30 to

115 kg live weight)...............................................................................................................84 Table 2.9: General indicative levels of indoor environment for pigs ....................................................86 Table 2.10: Example of applied temperature requirements for the calculation of heating capacity in

heated housing for different pig categories under in healthy conditions .............................87 Table 2.11: Recommended air temperatures for heated or non-heated pig rooms ..................................91 Table 2.12: Ventilation capacity and temperature references by type of animal production .............91 Table 2.13: Effect of feeding system on weight gain, FCR and feed losses............................................97 Table 2.14: Storage times of poultry and pig manure in a number of Member States ..........................105 Table 2.15: Examples of national regulations prohibiting manure application during certain periods of

the year ...............................................................................................................................105 Table 2.16: Factors for calculating the storage dimensions of laying hen manure in France.........107 Table 2.17: Factors used for calculating storage dimensions for pig slurry, for a storage period of six

months, in Belgium-Flanders .............................................................................................109 Table 2.18: Advantages and limitations of solid manure and slurry-based systems ......................110 Table 2.19: Examples of requirements applied for temporary field heaps in different Member States 112 Table 2.20: Influence effects on the ammonia volatilisation rate after manure application ..................129 Table 2.21: Qualitative comparison of the main characteristics of four slurry-transport systems.........132 Table 2.22: Comparison of the characteristics of solid manure spreading systems ..............................141 Table 3.1: Key environmental issue of the major on-farm activities...................................................158

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Table 3.2: Indication of production time, conversion ratio, and feeding level and feed consumption per poultry species ................................................................................................................... 160

Table 3.3: Appraisal of current protein and lysine levels and scope for recommended amino acids balance ............................................................................................................................... 161

Table 3.4: Applied calcium and phosphorus levels in feed for poultry .............................................. 162 Table 3.5: Appraisal of current protein and lysine levels and scope for recommended amino acids for

sows (one phase for every each major stage of growth) .................................................... 163 Table 3.6: Applied calcium and phosphorus levels in feed for sows .................................................. 163 Table 3.7: Example of rationing used for light and heavy finishers in Italy ....................................... 164 Table 3.8: Appraisal of current protein and lysine levels and scope for recommended amino acids for

pigs (1 phase for each major stage of growth) ................................................................... 164 Table 3.9: Calcium and phosphorus levels applied to feed for growers/finishers............................... 165 Table 3.10: Average nutritional levels applied in Italy for heavyweight pigs for different live weight

intervals (as % of raw feed) ............................................................................................... 165 Table 3.11: Water consumption of different poultry species per cycle and per year ............................ 166 Table 3.12: Estimated water use for cleaning of poultry housing......................................................... 167 Table 3.13: Average water requirements of pigs finishers and sows in l/head/day with respect to age

and stage of production...................................................................................................... 168 Table 3.14: Example of the effect of water/feed ratio on the production and dry matter content of

manure of growers/finishers .............................................................................................. 169 Table 3.15: Effect of water delivery of drinking nipples on the production and dry matter content of

manure of growers/finishers .............................................................................................. 170 Table 3.16: Estimated water use for the cleaning of pig housing ......................................................... 170 Table 3.17: Estimate of energy consumption (kWh/animal) for pullets and laying hens ..................... 172 Table 3.18: Annual average gas consumption reported for poultry production in France .................... 173 Table 3.19: Annual average electricity consumption for poultry production in France........................ 173 Table 3.20: Distribution of electricity consumption for two poultry farms in France .......................... 173 Table 3.21: Indicative levels of daily energy consumption of activities on poultry farms in Italy ....... 174 Table 3.22: Indicative levels of energy use of poultry farms in the UK (kWh/bird per year or dozen

eggs) .................................................................................................................................. 175 Table 3.23: Share of energy sources and total average energy consumption for different types of pig

farms in France .................................................................................................................. 176 Table 3.24: Distribution of energy consumption in integrated farms in France, for each physiological

stage (average values from 15 farms) ................................................................................ 176 Table 3.25: Shares of energy consumption for each consuming process, in integrated farms in France

........................................................................................................................................... 176 Table 3.26: Average daily energy consumption per type of pig farm and by type of energy source used

in Italy................................................................................................................................ 177 Table 3.27: Average daily energy consumption for farms in Italy by farm size animal capacity and

energy source ..................................................................................................................... 177 Table 3.28: Electric energy consumption for different rearing stages in pig farms in the UK (data from

11 farms)............................................................................................................................ 178 Table 3.29 Typical amounts of bedding materials applied in France in pig housing systems ............. 180 Table 3.30: Typical amounts of bedding material used by poultry and pigs in housing systems ......... 181 Table 3.31: Models used in Belgium for the calculation of mineral gross excretion in pig and poultry

manure ............................................................................................................................... 183 Table 3.32: Nitrogen excretion standards calculated for different animal categories ........................... 184 Table 3.33: Excretion levels of different elements in poultry manure, in France ................................. 185 Table 3.34: Examples of excretion levels for total N and P, from Italy and Ireland............................. 185 Table 3.35: Calculated excretion levels for different poultry categories, in the Netherlands (reference

year 2008) .......................................................................................................................... 186 Table 3.36: Nitrogen and excreta production by poultry places, in UK ............................................... 186 Table 3.37: Nutrient composition of manure from different poultry species and management in France

........................................................................................................................................... 187 Table 3.38: Range of levels reported on daily and annual production of manure, urine and slurry by

different pig categories ...................................................................................................... 188 Table 3.39: Example of effect of reduced CP-levels in feed for growers and finishers on daily

consumption, retention and losses of nitrogen................................................................... 189 Table 3.40: Average excretion of nitrogen (kg per year) in a housing with a breeding sow (205 kg) and

different numbers of piglets (up to 25 kg) at weaning ....................................................... 189 Table 3.41: Nitrogen retention in different growing phases of fattening pigs finishers (Italian data) .. 190 Table 3.42: Annual excretion of nitrogen for different categories of finishers..................................... 190 Table 3.43: Standard level of nitrogen excretion in French pig productions ........................................ 190

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Table 3.44: Example of consumption, retention and excretion of phosphorus in pigs (kg per pig) ......191 Table 3.45: Average composition of different pig manure and standard deviation (in brackets) in kg per

1 000 kg of manure ............................................................................................................192 Table 3.46: Pig excreta and nitrogen produced in relation to different pig categories and nutritional

measures, in UK .................................................................................................................193 Table 3.47: Calculated annual excretion of nutrients per pig category, in the Netherlands (reference year

2008) ..................................................................................................................................193 Table 3.48: Annual excretion rates and slurry production for pig rearing units and different pig

categories, in Ireland ..........................................................................................................194 Table 3.49: Range of reported national ammonia emission factors for poultry housing.......................197 Table 3.50: Ammonia emission factors for different poultry types and systems, in Denmark..............197 Table 3.51: Ammonia emission factors for different poultry types, in UK...........................................197 Table 3.52: Estimated emissions from fan ventilated duck housings in the UK ...................................199 Table 3.53: Range of reported air emission levels for different types of poultry ..................................200 Table 3.54: Ammonia emission factors for pig rearing, used in UK.....................................................203 Table 3.55: Ranges of ammonia emission factors for pig housing, reported by Member States...........203 Table 3.56: Range of air emissions from sow (mating/gestating, farrowing) housing systems ............204 Table 3.57: Range of air emissions from weaned piglets housing systems...........................................204 Table 3.58: Range of air emission from fattening pig housing systems................................................205 Table 3.59: Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions during storage of pig solid manure, as reported from

literature reviews of reports and publications ....................................................................206 Table 3.60: Ammonia and nitrous oxide emissions during storage of poultry solid manure as reported

from literature reviews of reports and publications............................................................206 Table 3.61: Range of reported ammonia emission factors for poultry solid manure storage used by

Member States....................................................................................................................206

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