BEST PRACTICE GUIDE 2015: V.2 · Ian Milford is Operations Manager for Interior Fit-Out Contractors Al Tayer Stocks. He brings with him 14 years of specialized fit out experience,

BEST PRACTICE GUIDE 2015: V.2.0

MECO BEST PRACTICE GUIDE 2015: V.2.0 2

Contents

About MECO 3

Introduction 4

Plan Form 5

Vertical Form 6

Flexibility 7

Building Accessibility 8

Building Envelope 9

Building Envelope Solutions 10

Internal Environment 11

MEP Services 12

Lighting 13

Vertical Transportation 15

Operational Considerations 15

Acknowledgements 16

Contact 16

© MIDDLE EAST COUNCIL FOR OFFICES, 2015VERSION 2 – UPDATE FOLLOWING CONSULTATION

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY OF ITS CONTENTS MAY BE REPRODUCED, COPIED, MODIFIED OR ADAPTED, WITHOUT THE

PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE AUTHOR.


About MECO

As the Middle East is made up exclusively of emerging office markets, the Middle East Council for Offices(MECO) was formed in 2009 to promote better practice in the sector. Despite the rapid growth in most MiddleEast markets, a distinct lack of quality in office accommodation prevails. From design to specification to assetmanagement, MECO is committed to promoting acceptable standard of office space in the region. It does thisthrough an open dialogue of roundtable discussions, forums, seminars and the release of research papers.

MECO promotes the advancement of all facets of the office cycle in the Middle East from design to occupation.A focus on research and creating open dialogue with developers, consultants and occupiers allows MECO todeliver a better understanding of what constitutes a superior working environment.

COMMITTEE MEMBERS:

Christopher Seymour is Head of Markets and Development for ARCADIS Middle East and has over 25 years’ experience in property and construction. He is also a member of the RICS MENAT Market Advisory Panel, and an active member of Corporate Real Estate Network (CoreNet). Having spent a number of years in PPP procurement he also advises many clients on strategy, risk, commercial and technical advice for large public sector investments.

Lachlan Buchanan is the Development Director for Servcorp and has 20 years transaction experience in Real Estate markets across the globe. Over the past 10 years he has driven the expansion of the global serviced office provider with a particular focus on the Middle East. This has led him to gain an intimate knowledge of these office markets and witnessed their evolution over this time. In his role as Co-Chair for the Middle East Council for Offices he continues to promote best practice of the office sector.

Cara Tissandier is Principal of Hoare Lea Sustainability in the Middle East region and a Chartered Engineer withthe Energy Institute. She has over ten years experience working in a wide variety of sectors throughout the UK,Europe and MENA region. She provides guidance on local requirements and applicable EnvironmentalMethodologies. She has a particular interest in Health and Well Being in the Workplace.

David Cockerton is a recognised authority on international real estate. Having worked in the UK, across Europe,the USA and the Middle East, he has more than 30 years’ experience in both mature and emerging markets in awide range of property matters including fund & investment management and property development and is aspecialist in real estate/property asset management for all asset classes.

Richard Fenne is a Principal for Woods Bagot in the Middle East. Recent commercial projects in the Middle Eastcomprise headquarters for an Abu Dhabi Government agency and the Masdar/IRENA headquarters at MasdarCity. Richard is a RIBA Chartered Architect and member of the Architects Registration Board in the UK. He ispassionate about design and is committed to creating projects of the highest quality.

Iain MacDougall is Technical Director at Black & White Engineering and a Chartered Engineer. His experience inthe building services sector includes senior design and project management roles across several regionsincluding projects in the UK, Middle East and India. Iain has been at the forefront of several ground breakingsustainable commercial office designs using the latest technologies and materials to construct environmentallyfriendly buildings.

Ian Milford is Operations Manager for Interior Fit-Out Contractors Al Tayer Stocks. He brings with him 14 yearsof specialized fit out experience, gained from working both in London (8 years) and the UAE (6 years). Prior tospecializing in the interior fit out sector of the market, Ian was working as a qualified civil engineer on majordevelopments.

Toby Hall is Head of Office Leasing in Dubai for JLL. He has ten years of experience in Office Agency focusing onLandlord and Developer Representation, advising Landlords on leasing and marketing strategies and providingdevelopment advice and leasing office space. He is a committee member for the CoreNet Global Middle EastChapter, a Member of the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) and is a registered broker in Dubaiwith The Real Estate Regulatory Agency (RERA).

Rory Power is Hard Service Lead for MDC Business Management Service LLC, Mubadala’s new share serviceentity. He has close to fifteen years of experience in Facilities Management and Construction activities with abroad experience from commercial office space to large mixed-use, large utilities, infrastructure and industrialprojects in the middle East (Bahrain, Oman & UAE), Ireland and the UK.


Introduction

The Middle East office market has matured rapidly in the last decade. There is an increasing demand forbetter quality space from occupiers which has arguably seen office development in this region improve at ahigher rate than anywhere around the globe.

Significant sums of sustained government spending over this past decade has drawn more internationaloccupiers to the Middle East and those who are already here have been making their presence larger. Localorganisations are becoming more exposed to international office standards and are seeking improvedconditions within their own work environment. Ultimately, people like to work and function moreproductively in good quality office space.

Whilst there are good examples of quality office buildings and developments in the Middle East,understandably the volume of this category is still being fulfilled.

This guide aims to quantify what is deemed to be ‘best practice’ within the Middle East region for the officedevelopment lifecycle – from design through construction phases on to property management andoperation. It should be viewed as a starting point – a line in the sand – that will evolve as the market developsfurther. It is designed to represent what the MECO committee and numerous contributors from all stages ofthe development cycle consider as ‘best practice’. In addition to design issues, the guide also takes inconsideration both sustainability and operational issues including health & safety, environment and aspectsassociated with the use, operation and maintenance of the office workplace. Although many of the metrics inthe guide may be deemed to be aspirational targets and standards this can only be positive for the sector tokeep evolving and produce good quality office space.

Using all of the metrics within this guide does not imply a perfect building or development. Building designand specification is a complex jigsaw of integrated factors influenced by parameters such as site constraints,local regulations, cost and programme. It is a holistic process and the metrics within this guide merely providea reference point.

Within this guide, the standards imposed by Government agencies have not been ignored but in some casesthey vary from what has been determined as best practice. Developers and consultants should ensure theycomply with local regulations.

Many international occupiers often have minimum standards of occupation and specification criteria whichthey expect in all their offices. These typically include: CSR (Corporate Social Responsibility) items relating tosustainability and accessibility amongst other things; typical occupational density requirements; powerloadings; lighting levels; building health and safety standards; means of escape; security; etc. The wants andneeds of occupiers are considered as an integral part of creating this guide.

NOTES:Throughout the Specification Guide, all measurement types (i.e. NIA, GIA, etc.) are as defined by the RoyalInstitution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) Code of Measuring Practice (6th Edition) now incorporating theInternational Property Measurement Standards (IPMS) for Office Buildings (2014).


Best Practice Standards for Office Developments

S.IPERFORMANCE

METRICMECO GUIDE NOTES

1 Plan Form

1 .1 Plan Efficiency 0-10 Storeys: 75% - 80%

11+ Storeys: 60% - 75%

Ratio expressed as a % of NIA to GIA.Efficiency levels will become more challenging asbuildings become taller and high rises of 40+storeys could have efficiency levels at the lowerend of this range.

1 .2Window / Atrium

to Core 6m - 12m

This provides a good depth range allowing for open

or cellular space planning and minimization of deep

floorplans with inadequate daylighting provision.

See Dimension A on diagram below.

1 .3 Planning Grid 1.2m x 1.2mor 1.5m x 1.5m

1.5m x 1.5m preferred, 1.2m x 1.2m acceptable.

Consideration to be given to column spacing and

end-use furniture layout. See Dimension B on

diagram below.

1 .4Preferred Column Spacing

9m or 12m

Underground car parking requirements often

dictate building grids if transfer structures aren’t

utilized and 9.0m works well for the typically larger

parking spaces found in the Middle East. A 9m grid

in a concrete structure, which is predominating this

region, also generally allows for a flat slab

simplifying services coordination. See Dimension C

on diagram below.

A

C B


S.I PERFORMANCE METRIC MECO GUIDE NOTES

2 Vertical Form

2 .1 Slab to Slab Heights Typically 4.0 m See Dimension D on diagram below.

2 .2 Ceiling Void Zone 750 mm zone

See Dimension E on diagram below.Consider future adaptability to avoid reducingfloor to ceiling heights.Lighting Zone within the ceiling void should be100mm-150mm.

2 .3

FFL (Finished Floor

Level) to FCL (Finished

Ceiling Level)

2700mm – 3000mm

See Dimension F on below diagram.

This provides a generous floor-to-ceiling height

ensuring quality spatial environment.

2.4 Raised Floor Zone 150mm zone

300mm for dealers floors.

See Dimension G on diagram below.

The measurement is slab to FFL gives a clear

void of around 115mm – 120 mm taking the

tile into account.



S.IPERFORMANCE


3 Flexibility

3.1

Occupational

Density

1 person per 8m2 -

12m2 of NIA

Standard office accommodation in the region has a higher

Floor Space Ratio (FSR) than that in more developed

markets. A range of 1 person per 10-14m2 is generally

typical in the Middle East. Future requirements will likely

trend to Western standards of higher densities as

efficiency is given more importance by occupiers.

3.2

Subdivision of

Floors

Yes - Design for

flexibility.

Subdivision should be more flexible than currently seen in

many parts of the region, where often slab-to-slab block

walls predefine units with MEP already designed and built

to suit the subdivision. This practice inhibits flexible

subdivision of floors.

Shell & Core flexibility for sub-division in terms of unit size,

MEP, partitioning, fire, metering should be considered.

Structural Design should be flexible to accommodate

additional vertical riser capacity.

3.3

Capability for in-office kitchen and/or Executive Bathroom

Yes

Base build water and drainage design should incorporatecapacity for occupiers to include these facilities withintheir own office space. Water and waste tap-off pointsshould be readily available near the core or a riser withinthe tenancy.

3.4

Capability for separate entrance for men and women

Yes

Although becoming less of an issue in most Middle Easternmarkets, some occupiers may require flexibility for anefficient way to allow separate entrances. The capabilityfor separate bathroom and kitchen should also beconsidered.

3.5

Prayer Rooms and Ablution in Common areas

Yes

Occupiers may request some form of prayer room in thecommon area irrespective of building size. Common areabathroom on the level of the prayer room should haveablution facility. Consider building location with respect tolocal prayer facilities.


Indicative sub-division of floor plate to accommodate

multiple tenancies



4 Building Accessibility

4.1 Car Space provision1 space for every 45m2

of NIA or better

Proximity to public transport links may influence

this ratio. A lower ratio is more appropriate for

developments where occupiers have less choice

of alternative transport. If there is a mixed-use

component to the development, it may be

possible to structure parking across the uses at

different times of day to achieve a lower parking

ratio.

Adequate provision should be given for visitor

parking. Provide allocated disabled parking bays

in close proximity to building entrances. All car

spaces should be numbered and allocated to

facilitate parking management.

4.2 Alternative TransportDevelopment of a

Travel Plan

Consideration to be given to drop off area, public

transport links, lift share schemes and cycling

provision.

4.3 Universal Access

Refer to UK Building

Regulation 2010 Part

M ‘Access to and use

of buildings’.

MECO encourages the development of an access

statement which identifies which approach to

inclusive design you have adopted, the key issues

of the particular scheme, the sources of advice

and guidance used. At its very simplest an access

statement might record that the intention of the

client, designer or design team was to comply

where appropriate with the guidance given in

the Approved Document M. It might also show

how you wish to depart from the guidance,

either to achieve a better solution or to deal with

the constraints of an existing building.

Part M requires the inclusive provision of ease of accessto and circulation within all buildings, together withrequirements for facilities for disabled people. Much ofthe guidance in the Approved Document M is based onthe British Standard BS 8300:2001 (IncorporatingAmendment No.1) Design of buildings and theirapproaches to meet the needs of disabled people –Code of practice, which is based on ergonometricresearch. Note that the guidance given in ApprovedDocuments only indicates one way of complying withthe requirements and that there may be other, equallygood, ways. This is particularly true when dealing withexisting buildings.


This is the new edition of Approved Document M:

Access to and use of buildings - Volume 2: Buildings

other than dwellings


S.IPERFORMANCE


5 Building Envelope

5.1

Solar Heat Gain Coefficient (SHGC or G-Value)

0.25 applicable to all envelope glazing on office levels.

It is the ratio of solar gain (due to direct sunlight) passing through aglass unit to the solar energy which passes through 3mm ClearFloat Glass. It is referred to as an indicator to how the glass isthermally insulating (shading) the interior when there is directsunlight on the panel or window. Ideally, glazing should be selectedto maximise LT with minimum SHGC and best U-Valueperformance. Consider external shading devices as alternative toultra low SHGC. External shading should be simple and easy toclean through the use of either a BMU or rope access.

5.2 RoofsTarget U Value 0.2W/m2K

The importance of the roof U-Value is dependent on its area relative to the entire building envelope. The roof U-Value has greater impact in low rise deep plate buildings than in high rise.

5.3 WallsTarget U Value 0.3W/m2K

This is dependent on proportion of glazing. The overall performance of the envelope needs to be considered rather than any one element in isolation.

5.4

Windows / Transparent cladding

TargetU Value 1.9W/m2K

This is dependent on proportion of glazing. The overall performance of the envelope needs to be considered rather than any one element in isolation.

5.5

Thermal Bridging Awareness

YesConsideration needs to be given to the effects of thermal bridging . Detailing of areas where thermal bridging is a risk is encouraged at design stage to improve construction.

5.6Envelope Air Permeability

Target 5m3/hr/m2

@50Pa

Internationally, 2m3/hr/m2 @50Pa is classed as best practice. In theMiddle East, the practice of air tightness testing is under developedand as such a less stringent target has been set. Refer to CIBSETesting Buildings for Air Leakage and ATTMA Technical Standard 1for further guidance. Requires testing at construction stage whichis still in its infancy in this region. Consider sealed facades.

5.7Window Light Transmittance

Maximise after SHGC & U-Values have been achieved.

Glazing to be selected to maximise LT with minimum solar gainsand best U-Value performance. The importance of LT is dependenton a number of factors including office depth, internal layout, useof external and internal shading devices and use of perimeterdaylight sensors. The balance between natural daylight, glare andsolar heat gain should be assessed on a project by project basis.



SOUTHERN ELEVATIONS

EAST/WEST ELEVATIONS

Exposed glazing should be kept to a minimum on southern,

eastern and western elevations to limit peak solar gains.

Northern elevations can afford to have slightly higher proportions

of glazing so long as the insulation properties are good and a

recess or overhang is considered.

Internal blinds are less effective than external shading at reducing

the solar heat gain internally as they allow 75% of the solar

energy into the space. Below are some solutions that can be

applied to different orientations to reduce building cooling load

and allow glazing proportions to be maximized.

Building Envelope Solutions

Where external louvres are used, an access strategy should be developed for cleaning and maintenance purposes.



6 Internal Environment

6.1 Design Temperatures 23°C +/- 1°C

Maintain same range throughout the year.Tighter tolerances allow for smaller plant sizingand should be achievable with modern controland high performance façade design. Considernight time setback whilst maintaining RH range.

6.2 Relative Humidity (RH) 40-60% RH to be within range through dehumidification.

6.3 Outdoor air provision Target 10 l/s/person

Refer to local code and apply whichever isgreater. Encourage energy recovery to achievehigher outdoor air rates without increasingcooling load.

6.4Additional outdoor air to meeting rooms

Yes

Within base provision only. Consider additional1.6l/s/m2 onto floor plates to permit adaptionby tenant to meeting rooms. Consider volumeregulation and isolation to permit demandcontrol ventilation to tenants for out of hoursoperation

6.5 Toilets10 Air changes per hour or 35l/s/fixture (whichever is greater)

The make-up to the toilet shall betransferred from the office 'exhaust' air andshould not be derived from outdoor'conditioned air'.

6.6Supplementary cooling available

Yes, particularly required for server rooms

Preference would be to provide leasable spacefor tenant fit-out. If part of base build provision,consider independent system as server roomcooling tends to run 24hr. Also consider partload operations if connected to main chillingsystem.

6.7 Plant & riser capacityEnsure adequate plant & riser area to permit later adaptability

The scale of flexibility/adaptability is a value adddecision for each developer.

6.8

Control Zone• Perimeter open plan• Internal open plan

Maximum zone areas: 35 m2

70 m2

Consideration to control zone allows greaterflexibility and energy efficiency as well as usercomfort. Perimeter zone defined by maximumdepth of 6m from glazing façade.

6.9

Noise Ingress (External Intrusion & MEP)• Open plan• Shell & core• Cellular offices

NR40 NR38 NR35

External noise intrusion levels should not exceed the acoustic design criteria when measured after fit-out. The levels are the combined noise from noise intrusion and building services noise

Sound Insulation vertically between office floors• Offices 45dB DnTw

Flanking noise transmission must be sufficient such that the vertical sound insulation performance is achieved. Where there are horizontal flaking paths the façade mullion must be suitable of maintaining the sound insulation value.




7.0 MEP Services

7.1

Total building load of which: Target 120 W/m2 Diversity factor 0.8 assumed however this needsto be defined on project specifics.

Lighting8-12 W/m2

(avg benchmark guide)

Consider local regulations for lighting powerdensities.

Small Power12-15W/m2

(avg benchmark guide)

Includes all fit-out items. Consider localauthority regulations.

FCU’s 10 W/m2

This is a maximum. With the market transferringto being ECDC motors and use of VAV, thisshould reduce.

7.2

On-Floor Internal Heat Gains• Lighting• Small Power• Occupancy• Cond/Solar/Infiltration

12 W/m2

15 W/m2

15 W/m2

35-75 W/m2

Gains before Diversity has been applied.Consideration to be given to diversity of smallpower loads within risers and main chilling plantsizing.

7.3 Data Rooms (fit-out item) 500 - 1000 W/m2 This encompasses power & cooling

7.4Standby Generator

For Fire Life and Safety Systems only

For Fire & Life Safety Systems only

7.5Space for Tenant’s Generators

Yes. Space onlySpace allowance to be evaluated as part of theanalysis of the building provisions related to thepotential type of tenant and potential use.

7.6 Space for Tenant’s UPS No

Tenants UPS should be stored within theirdemise. Allow connection for pressure releasefrom fire fighting system (gas FM200 forexample).

7.7Building Management System (BMS)

To monitor andcontrol thebuilding’s systems.

The BMS should allow Open System Protocols tobe used so that there are no future vendorrestrictions. Capability to provide hourly, daily,weekly, monthly and annual energyconsumption for each end-use and compareconsumption for the different time frames

Each cellular space and open plan control zone

should have the ability to control temperature and

lighting. Perimeter zones encouraged to have

daylight sensors.




There are a number of elements that together can help to achieve a successful office lighting solution: it needsto be practical, visually interesting, sustainable and safe. If any of these are missing, it is possible that thelighting will fail to achieve the aim of a well-conceived, comfortable space in which to work and interact andconsequently may not be able to endure time.

It is difficult to stipulate a set of objective criteria that when complied with will create a lighting design that issuitable for any/all office space/s. Some important criteria are outlined in this Guide. It would be incorrectthough to say that by following these, will ensure a successful lighting design. Additionally, all too often it isjust the functional lighting that is initially considered, the entire lit environment should always be well-thought-out. The ideal solution would be to include both a daylight and artificial lighting design professional that,alongside the design team, can assess the design situation and propose the best possible lighting solution fora space.

8.0 Lighting

Column lights and perimeter downlights brighten a space for a more pleasant environment


S.IPERFORMANCE


8 Lighting

8.1

Luminance

Distribution

• Surface

reflectance

• The maintained

illuminance on

the major

surface

To create a well-balanced luminance distribution the reflectance and illuminance

of all interior surfaces shall be taken into consideration. To avoid gloom and to

raise adaptation levels and comfort of people in buildings, it is highly desirable to

have bright interior surfaces particularly the walls and ceiling.

ceiling: 0,7 to 0,9;

walls: 0,5 to 0,8;

floor: 0,2 to 0,4.

The lighting designer should work

with the interior designer and

consider and select the appropriate

reflectance and illuminance values

for the interior surfaces based on

the guidance below. BS EN 12464-

1:2011 & Society of Light and

Lighting Handbook

Walls, Em > 75lux with

Uo ≥ 0.10

Ceiling Em > 50lux with

Uo ≥ 0.10

8.2

Minimum Average

Illuminance Levels

Reception desk, filing, copying, etc. -

300 lux

Writing, reading, data processing,

work stations, conference and meeting

rooms - 500lux

Archives - 200lux

Circulation, corridors, stairs,

escalators, lifts - 100lux

Note: The task height can vary

Society of Light and Lighting

Handbook

BS EN 12464-1:2011

8.3

Glare (UGR

maximum values)

Technical drawing - UGRL 16

Filing, copying, etc. Writing, reading,

work stations, Conference and

Meeting Rooms - UGRL 19

Reception desk - UGRL 22

Archives, Circulation, corridors, stairs,

escalators and lifts - UGRL 25

Glare can consist of both disability

and discomfort glare. Disability

glare impairs the vision of objects,

discomfort glare impairs the vision

of objects.

BS EN 12464-1:2011

8.4Colour Rendering

Index (CRI)

CRI of 80 or higher Society of Light and Lighting

Handbook

8.5

Daylight Within the Middle East, traditional methods of calculating daylight factor are

irrelevant due to the lack of the ‘standard’ overcast sky. The use of Climate-based

daylight modelling is a much more accurate method of predicting daylight

penetration as the Illuminance results are based on local weather irradiance

values.

8.6

Luminaire

Performance

(efficacies)

Luminaires should have an efficacy of at

least 70 lumens per watt and Light Output

Ratio (LOR) of over 65%

Best practice

8.7

Lighting

Uniformity

CAD work stations, writing, typing,

reading, data processing, conference

and meeting rooms, reception desk –

Uo 0.60

Filing, copying, , Circulation areas and

corridors, Stairs, escalators,

travelators, lifts, archives - Uo 0.40

Uniformity should be provided on

the task area, not necessarily across

the entire space; Uniformity does

not necessarily create a pleasant

environment to work on.

BS EN 12464-1:2011



S.IPERFORMANCE


9 Vertical Transportation

9.1 Lift waiting time 30 seconds

Average target waiting time based on 80% lift loading.Encourage people movement analysis at an early stage toensure adequate capacity is provided. Recommenddestination control and double touch button cancellationoption to avoid unnecessary lift movements.

9.2 Goods lifts Yes

Where no goods lift is provided, ensure at least one of thestandard lifts is sized to a goods lift standard (in particularwidth) and develop a strategy for occupancy fit out andoperation.

9.3 StairsConsider stairs as a primary circulation route

Encourage use of the stairs to allow choice of lift or stairsfor building circulation.


S.IPERFORMANCE


10 Operational Issues to be considered at Shell and Core Stage

10.1a

Project handover

Computer aided facilities management system

All items of plant and equipment should be numbered andlabelled to enable an accurate asset register to beproduced for future maintenance records in a CAFMsystem.

10.1bAdopt SoftLandings Principles

Soft Landings is the BSRIA-led process designed to assist the construction industry and its clients deliver better buildings.Soft Landings helps to solve the performance gap between design intentions and operational outcomes.

10.3 Building fit-out

Encourage tenants to adopt an environmental methodology such as LEED Interiors or SKA rating.

Ska is an environmental labelling method to evaluate fit-out projects. Ska can be used alongside otherenvironmental assessment methods, it differs to Estidamaand LEED new construction by focusing directly on fit-out.LEED Interiors and Ska only include measures that thedesign team can influence, not the wider context of thesite location, proximity to public transport links etc.

10.4a

Operation

Adopt LEED EBOM

Use LEED EBOM: Existing Buildings to certify the operationsand maintenance of a building project and create a plan forensuring high performance over time. The rating systemcaptures both a building’s physical systems and the waythe building is occupied and operated by its managers.

10.4b

Ensure the base build can facilitate a WELL Certification

The WELL Building Standard® is an evidence-based systemfor measuring, certifying, and monitoring the performanceof building features that impact health and wellbeing. TheWELL Building Standard® is third-party certified by GreenBusiness Certification Inc. (GBCI). By adopting the .WELLCompliance for core and shell, the base build will be able tofacilitate a certification by future tenants.


The committee would like to thank those that provided feedback during the consultation process.

For further information on the Middle East Council for Offices or to provide feedback, please visit:

our website www.mideastoffices.com

or email us at [email protected]

or follow us on twitter @mideastoffices

© MIDDLE EAST COUNCIL FOR OFFICES, 2015ALL RIGHTS RESERVED

NO PART OF THIS DOCUMENT OR ANY OF ITS CONTENTS MAY BE REPRODUCED, COPIED, MODIFIED OR ADAPTED, WITHOUT THE

PRIOR WRITTEN CONSENT OF THE AUTHOR.

Acknowledgements

Contact