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On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transforma:on of one type of quark to another through exchange of charged weak currents (W bosons carry net charges; Z boson is neutral ‐ it is the source of neutral weak current ). n p e - ν e _ W - e - ν e - ν Z 0 The flavor of quarks is conserved in strong interac:ons. However, weak interac:ons change flavor! u d + e + + ν e d u + e + ν e Beta decay: microscopic view

Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

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Page 1: Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the 

transforma:on of one type of quark to another through exchange of charged weak 

currents (W bosons carry net charges; Z boson is neutral ‐ it is the source of neutral weak 

current). 

p e- νe 

W-

e- ν 

e- ν 

Z0 

The flavor of quarks is conserved in strong interac:ons. However, weak interac:ons 

change flavor!  

u→ d + e++ν

ed→ u+ e

−+ν

e

Beta decay: microscopic view

Page 2: Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

Three generations of matter

There are three "sets" of quark pairs and lepton pairs. Each "set" of these par:cles is called 

a genera:on, or family. The up/down quarks are first genera:on quarks, while the 

electron/electron neutrino leptons are first genera:on leptons. 

up type (q=+2/3e) 

down type (q=‐1/3e) 

neutral 

charged (q=‐e) 

mass 

par:cles of higher genera:ons to 

decay to the first genera:on 

(everyday maUer is made of 

par:cles from the first genera:on)  

http://phys.org/news/2012-12-particles-suffice-nature.html

12 matter particles suffice in nature?

The result of the sta:s:cal analysis is that the 

existence of further fermions can be excluded with 

a probability of 99.99999 percent (5.3 sigma). The 

most important data used for this analysis come 

from the recently discovered Higgs par:cle. 

hUp://journals.aps.org/prl/abstract/10.1103/PhysRevLeU.109.241802  

Page 3: Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

When a quark beta‐decays, the new quark does not have a definite flavor. For instance 

(Cabibbo 1963): u→ d ' = d cosθ

c+ ssinθ

cCabibbo angle θc=13.02º

However, the observed weak transi:ons are between quarks of definite flavor. In general, 

the strong‐interac:on quark eigenstates: 

u

d

"

# $ $ %

& ' ' c

s

"

# $ $ %

& ' ' t

b

"

# $ $ %

& ' '

u

d'

"

# $ $ %

& ' ' c

s'

"

# $ $ %

& ' ' t

b'

"

# $ $ %

& ' '

are different from weak interac:on eigenstates:  

A quark of charge +2/3 (u,c,t) is always transformed 

to a quark of charge ‐1/3 (d,s,b) and vice versa. This 

is because the transforma:on proceeds by the 

exchange of charged W bosons, which must change 

the charge by one unit.  

Beta decay: mass and weak eigenstates

Page 4: Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

d '

s '

b '

!

"

###

$

%

&&&=

Uud

Uus

Uub

Ucd

Ucs

Ucb

Utd

Uts

Utb

!

"

####

$

%

&&&&

d

s

b

!

"

###

$

%

&&&

Cabibbo _Kobayashi-

Maskawa (CKM) matrix

For nuclear beta‐decay, we are mainly concerned with the transi:on between u‐ and d‐

quarks. As a result, only the product 

 

 

enters into the process. 

GV=G

Fcosθ

c

Kobayashi and Maskawa generalized the Cabbibo matrix into the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–

Maskawa matrix (or CKM matrix) to keep track of the weak decays of three genera:ons of 

quarks 

The current determination:

The choice of usage of down‐type quarks in the defini:on is purely arbitrary and does not 

represent some sort of deep physical asymmetry between up‐type and down‐type quarks.  

Beta decay: CKM Matrix

weak eigenstates mass eigenstates

Page 5: Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

! !

Observation of Neutrino Oscillations

Oscillation signal(Super)KamiokandeAtmospheric neutrinos

Oscillation signalLSNDAccelerator

Clear disappearance signalK2K

Clear disappearance signalKamLAND, CHOOZReactor

Ultimate “solar neutrino experiment”: proves the

oscillation of solar ν

Heavy water: SNO

Confirm disappearance of solar neutrinos

Water experiments:

(Super)Kamiokande, IMB

First observation of “neutrino disappearance” dates more than 20 years ago: “Solar neutrino problem”

Radio-chemical exp.: Homestake Cl exp., GALLEX, SAGE

Solar neutrinos

CommentsExperimentNeutrino source

Clear disappearance signalMINOS

much disputed

KARMEN and MiniBooNE refuted

Two-Flavor mixing:

Page 6: Beta decay: microscopic view€¦ · On a more fundamental level, beta decay of hadrons can be viewed as the transformaon of one type of quark to another through exchang e of charged

Deviations around the

endpoint due to nonzero

neutrino mass…

KATRIN neutrino experiment hUp://www.katrin.kit.edu  

hUps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dmmVb779NP4