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Fishing is where people catchfish from a common property

resource. This may be with orwithout licenses.

Fish culture is wherepeople own and look after a

stock of fish. This mightinvolve regular stocking,fertilization and feeding,protection from predatorsand disease, and taking careof the environment.

What is Fish Culture?

Fishing and fish culture are popular parts of the cultural tradition for many people in eastern India.

In India, it is common to select for culture fish speciesthat live in the major rivers of the north of thecountry the Brahmaputra, Ganga and Indus and theirtributaries.

They are called carps. They have scales on the bodybut none on the head. The three most commonlygrown are called:

Oriya English Scientific

Bhakur catla Catla catla

Rui rohu Labeo rohita

Mirkali mrigal Cirrhinus mrigala

Together they are called the Indian Major Carps onaccount of their large size and fast growth rate.

Species commonly selected for culture

Better-Practice Guidelines (No. 1)

Rohu has a medium-sized head and small mouth.Its scales have a reddish tinge on their margins. Itis greenish on the back and grayish below. Their

maximum size is about 20 kg.

Mrigal has a slender body, a small head withgolden eyes, a round mouth with thin lips and atubercle in the middle of the lower jaw. The scalesare golden on the back and sides, whitish on thebelly and the fins are golden with a blackish tinge.

Their maximum size is about 12 kg.

In many areas, people arefinding less fish to catch.

Fish culture is becomingpopular for food,employment and income

generation.

Catla has a big head and deep body, a wideupturned mouth, a thick lower lip with a fold (butno upper lip), large scales, grayish black on theback and off-white on the belly. It grows to a largesize and has reached 30-40 kg in quite a few tanksand reservoirs in Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan.


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Catla feeds mainly on tiny animals (zooplankton) butoccasionally insect larvae, algae and bits of aquaticweeds are also taken. The shape of its mouth is suchthat it can feed in the surface layers and hence thefish normally swims in the upper layer of water. It isthe fastest growing of the Indian Major Carps. Withinone year it can weigh 700-800 g in a fertilized pondwithout adding extra feed, and about 1.0-1.5 kg withadditional feeding.

Rohu is a mid-water feeder, eating plankton,vegetable matter and debris. It is well-adapted tograze tiny plants that grow on the surface ofsubmerged objects. After one year in ponds, it weighs400-500 g without feed, but may even grow up to 1 kgwith added feed.

Mrigal is a typical bottom-feeder that picks up largequantities of decaying things along with small animals

and plants found in the bottom layers. After one yearit weighs 400-500 g in ponds rich in organic matter.When fed, it can reach 1 kg.

Food and feeding habits

Indian Major Carps are fast growingand reach a large size.

and because they live in different layers of thepond and eat different things, they can easily begrown together in the same body of water withoutcompeting with each other for space or food.

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Periphyton

Carp Polyculture

Grass carp

Silver carp

Common carp

Detritus

Zooplankton

Phytoplankton

Insects

Mrigal

Catla

Rohu

Aquatic vegetationThis polyculture is a mixture ofChinese Carps and India Major

Carps with surface, mid-waterand bottom feeders, eating smallplants (phytoplankton) andanimals (zooplankton), largeplants, insects and detritus (onthe pond bottom).


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Actions Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Promoting fingerling supply

Planning Develop nursingnetwork

Hatchery Conditionbroodstock

Spawning

Nursing Seed to SHGswith nursing

ponds

Fingerlingtransport

Fingerlings toSHGs for raising

Raising fish

Fish raising Raising fish Raising fish

Water and soil

You will need to think of the things about the soil andwater which affect the fish. Very cloudy waters should beavoided. Fertile soils or water that gets nutrients fromfields or settlements can often support fish growth.Overhanging trees that shade out the sun and drop leavesare often not good.

You will need to learn more about water quality and know

about things called dissolved oxygen, pH, Hardness,Salinity (which you can read more about later in thisseries of guidelines).

Seasonal ponds are often more availablethan perennial ponds. They dry upcompletely making it easy to harvest fish andto control predators and problems. But theyshould be able to produce a crop of fishbefore the water dries up.

The water in this pond may be clean andwell-oxygenated, but with so many plantsthere may be predators. Moreover, it wouldbe difficult to net fish from this pond.

You will need to think about where the water will comefrom and if it is good for growing fish. Will it remain allyear or will it dry up?

Perennial ponds are often used by many people. Fishculture may conflict with water use for irrigation, washingor even drinking. They often are a home to large

predators which will eat seed and fry and they may bedifficult and expensive to fish, due to their size or depth.

Aquaculture has to fit with the rains.It is good to begin planning early building orclearing what you need from January. In ahatchery spawning takes place when the rainscome in July-August. Nursery ponds are preparedto receive fish seed. Eventually fish of around 150mm - called fingerling are ready to stock seasonalor perennial ponds to grow to a size where theycan be sold.

What happens throughout the aquaculture year?


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So - what is fish culture?

Fish culture is where you ownthe fish and care for them.

Many people culturecarps like Bhakur, Ruiand Mirikali.

Fish spawn when the rains come- the aquaculture year fits

around the rains.

Fish eat small plants, small animals andthings which grow on leaves and rock

surfaces.

A mixture of species is good -to use all the space and food

in the pond.

You need to fertilize apond to increase thenumber of small plants and

animals and can feed othermaterials like rice branand oil cakes to fish.

Avoid saline, acid, alkaline,cloudy and hard waters.Avoid swampy, marshy and peaty soils.

Useful Contacts

Other Better-Practice Guidelines

There are many more Better-Practice Guidelinesin this series.

You can get more copies of this and otherBetter-Practice Guidelines from your local One-stop Aqua Shop, STREAM India CommunicationsHub, from the STREAM Regional Office or fromthe STREAM Website.

www.streaminitiative.org

We would like your feedback about these Better-Practice Guidelines. You can let us know byphoning, emailing or writing to theCommunications Hub Manager at your STREAM

Country Office.

Your local One-stop Aqua Shop is:

The STREAM India Communications Hub is:

Phone:Fax:Email:

The WORLP Office is:

STREAM Country Office IndiaDuplex No.02, T.S. Homes,

Tankapani Road, Bhubaneswar - 18Phone: +91-674-2381851Fax: +91-674-2381851E-mail: [email protected]

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