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(Between 1872 and 1892 )
Propaganda Movement
The Propaganda Movement was a cultural organization formed in 1872 by Filipino expatriates in Europe. Composed of the Filipino elite in Spain called "ilustrados“.
The movement did not aim for separation of Philippines from Spain but demanded for several reforms in government such as;
Recognition of the Philippines as a province of Spain
Representation of the Philippines in the Cortes Generales
Secularization of Philippine parishesLegalization of Spanish and Filipino equalityEqual opportunity for Filipinos and Spanish to
enter government serviceCreation of a public school system
independent of the friars
Abolition of the polo and vandala Guarantee of basic freedoms of speech and
associationRecognition of human rights
The Propagandistas:
Jose RizalMarcelo H. Del PilarGraciano Lopez JaenaAntonio and Juan LunaMariano PoncePedro Paterno
Gregorio Sanciangco Jose Ma. PanganibanAntonio Ma. Regidor Isabelo Delos ReyesMiguel MoranAnastacio Carpio
Members of the Propaganda Movement were called propagandists or reformists. They worked inside and outside the country.
Friends of the Movement:1. Ferdinand Blumentritt2. Miguel Sagrario Morayta
The Propaganda Movement never asked for Philippine independence because its members believed that once Spain realized the pitiful state of the country, the Spaniards would implement the changes the Filipinos were seeking. They only want changes and recognition, but not independence.
Prince of Filipino Orator Born: December 18, 1856 in Jaro, Ilo-ilo Student for priesthood in Semenario de San
Vicente Ferrer Enrolled at the University of Santo Tomas, and
took a course of medicine. His admission was denied.
Directed to San Juan De Dios Hospital as apprentice.
At the age of 18, he started to expose the defects of Spanish colonial government.
Graciano Lopez-Jaena
Wrote a satirical short novel Fray Botod (big bellied friar),opened the minds of the natives when it was published in 1874.
In 1879, he traveled to Spain and continued his medical education at University of Valencia, but shifted to journalism
Later, he founded the Propaganda Movement and became the editor of La Solidaridad using the pen name Diego Laura.
In 1889, he founded the masonic Lodge “Revolucion”
He constructed tuberculosis and died on January 20, 1896
Buried in unmarked grave at the Cementerio del Sud-Oeste de Brcelona
The compilation of Jaena’s death speeches was written in Diskurso y Articulos Varios 9Speeches and Various Articles.
o National hero of the Philippines and The Greatest Man of the Malay race
o Jose Protasio Rizal Mercado y Alonso Realondao Born: June 19, 1861, in Calamba, Laguna o The second son and the seventh child in a
family of 11 children (2 boys and 9 girls)o Parents: Father: Francisco Mercado Rizal Mother: Teodora Alonzo y Quintos
Jose Rizal
The Rizals is considered one of the biggest families during their time. Domingo Lam-co, the family's paternal ascendant was a full-blooded Chinese who came to the Philippines from Amoy, China in the closing years of the 17th century and married a Chinese half-breed by the name of Ines de la Rosa. They changed their name to Mercado ("market") under the pressure of anti-Chinese feeling amongst the Spanish colonizers.
Researchers revealed that the Mercado-Rizal family had also traces of Japanese, Spanish, Malay and Even Negrito blood aside from Chinese.
o June 22, 1861: he was baptized at the Catholic of Calamba by the Parish priest Rev. Rufino Collantes
o September 28, 1861: the parochial church of Calamba and the canonical books, including the book in which Rizal’s baptismal records were entered, were burned
o In 1864, barely 3 years old, Rizal learned the alphabet and prayers from his mother, his first teacher .
o 1865 – 1867 , when he was 4 years old, his mother taught him how to read and write. His father hired Leon Monroy who, for five months until his death, taught Rizal the rudiments of Latin . Before Leon Monroy, he was taught lessons at home by his private tutors: Maestro Celestino , and the second is Maestro Lucas Padua.
o His formal education started at the age of 7o 1869, at the age of 8, he wrote his first poem Sa
Aking Mga Kabata. o In 1872, he went to Manila and enrolled in Ateneo
Municipalo In 1877, at the age of 16, he obtained his Bachelor
of Arts degree with an average of "excellent" from the Ateneo Municipal de Manila. In the same year, he enrolled in Philosophy and Letters at the University of Santo Tomas, while at the same time took courses leading to the degree of surveyor and expert assessor at the Ateneo.
o In March 21, 1877, He finished His course in Ateneo.
o In May 21, 1878, he passed the Surveyor’s examination. But because of his age, he was not granted license to practice the profession until December 30, 1881
o In 1878, he enrolled in medicine at the University of Santo Tomas but had to stop in his studies when he felt that the Filipino students were being discriminated upon by their Dominican tutors.
o On May 3, 1882, he sailed for Spain where he continued his studies at the Universidad Central de Madrid. He wanted to cure the illness of his mother.
On June 21, 1884, at the age of 23, he was conferred the degree of Licentiate in Medicine on June
It was during this year that he started writing On June 19,1885, at the age of 24, he finished his course in
Philosophy and Letters with a grade of "excellent." Having traveled extensively in Europe, America and Asia, he
mastered 22 languages. These include Arabic, Catalan, Chinese, English, French, German, Greek, Hebrew, Italian, Japanese, Latin, Malayan, Portuguese, Russian, Sanskrit, Spanish, Tagalog, and other native dialects. A versatile genius, he was an architect, artists, businessman, cartoonist, educator, economist, ethnologist, scientific farmer, historian, inventor, journalist, linguist, musician, mythologist, nationalist, naturalist, novelist, opthalmic surgeon, poet, propagandist, psychologist, scientist, sculptor, sociologist, and theologian.
In March 1887, his daring book, NOLI ME TANGERE, a satirical novel exposing the arrogance and despotism of the Spanish clergy, was published in Berlin
in 1890 he reprinted in Paris, Morga’s SUCCESSOS DE LAS ISLAS FILIPINAS with his annotations to prove that the Filipinos had a civilization worthy to be proud of even long before the Spaniards set foot on Philippine soil
On September 18, 1891, EL FILIBUSTERISMO, his second novel and a sequel to the NOLI and more revolutionary and tragic than the latter, was printed in Ghent. Because of his fearless exposures of the injustices committed by the civil and clerical officials, Rizal provoked the animosity of those in power
On July 3, 1892, he founded a civic society called La Liga Filipina, but four days after he was banished to Dapitan. In Dapitan, he taught young children and managed a farm. After 4 years, Spaniards charged him as the principal organizer and living soul of the insurrection.
In December 10, 1896, court decided to give Rizal at counsel, Luis aviel De Andrade. After Christmas day, the verdict was rendered; Rizal was found guilty of the crime and was sentenced to death..
On December 29, his mother and sisters, and also some Jesuits visited him. The next day, he wrote his last poem Mi Ultimo Adios
On December 30, 1896, the following day, around 6:5, he was taken out of his cell and led to Bagumbayan. He faced the firing squad and died at 7:03 in the cold morning.
Rizal's Poems:Last Poem of Rizal
(Mi Ultimo Adios)To The PhilippinesOur Mother TongueMemories of My townHymn to LaborKundimanA Poem That Has No
TitleSong of Maria Clara
To the Philippines Youth
To JosephineEducation Gives
Luster to the Motherland
To the Virgin MarySa Aking mga KabataIn Calamba, Laguna
Greatest Journalist of the PhilippinesBorn: August 30,, 1850Parents: Julian H. Del Pilar and Blasa
Gatmaitan. His formal education was at a school owned by Herminigilda Flores, then moved to San Jose College
In 1880, he finished Bachelor of Law at the University of Santo Tomas
Begun to attack the colonial government using cockpits, tiendas and plazas as his platform
Marcelo H. Del Pilar
Second editor of the La SolidaridadHe wrote several parodies of Our Father, Hail
Mary, and the Ten CommandmentsTranslated Noli Me Tangere into agalogHe also wrote Dasalan and Tuksuhan,
Kadakilaan ng Diyos, and Sagot ng Espanaya sa Hibik ng Pilipinas
Founded a nationalistic newspaper called Diaryong Tagalog
Died: July 4, 1896 due to Tuberculosis
o Official newspaper of the Propaganda Movement -organ of the propaganda movement for over 5
years
Publicationo First issue: February 15, 1889o Last issue: November 15, 1895
o Founder and first editor: Graciano Lopez Jaena Marcelo H. Del Pilar took over in October 1889.
Del Pilar managed the Soli until it stopped publication due to lack of funds.
La Solidaridad(Solidarity)
o Subjects and focus of most articles were attacks against the friars and the abusive Spanish colonial officials.
o Articles were written in Spain with Propagandistas using pen names such as:
• Rizal: Laon Laan and Dimas-Alang• Lopez Jaena: Diego Laura• Del Pilar: Plaridel• Antonio Luna: Taga Ilog• Jose Ma. Panganiban: Jomapa• Mariano Ponce: Naning, Kalipulako, and Tigbalang
First President: Galicano ApacibleVice-President: Graciano Lopez-JaenaTreasurer: Mariano PonceAnd Jose Rizal, who was in London, as
Honorary President. Apacible did not remain long enough as president. What the organization needed were people like Rizal and Del Pilar who could reunite the sentiments of the Filipinos in Spain.
The Organization of the La Solidaridad
Usage of Spanish language, virtually unknown to the masses
Censorship, limited the flow of the reading material endangered the very existence of the publication.
Important Factors limiting the influence of Propagandistas
Solidaridad stop its publication due to insufficiency of funds on November 15, 1895.
In Del Pilar’s farewell editorial, he said:“We are persuaded that no sacrifices are too
little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation that is oppressed by slavery.”
Attributed to two Factors:1. Lack of Unity among the Propagandists There were jealousies and intrigues
within the group, there was a time when the group was divided between Rizalistas and Pilaristas.
2. Lack of funds
Failure of the Propaganda Movement
1. There are three animals named after Rizal. These species of animals were the ones he collected while he was an exile in Dapitan and include Apogonia Rizali (Heller), a type of small beetle; Draco Rizali (Wandolleck), a species of flying dragon; and Rachophorous Rizali (Boetger), a species of toad.
25 Amazing Facts about Rizal
Specimens collected by Rizal in Dapitan
2. Contrary to popular belief, the Rizal monument in Luneta was not made by a Filipino artist. The design was the work of Swiss sculptor named Richard Kissling who won second prize in an art competition that was held in 1907 to find the best scale model for the future Rizal monument. The first prize went to Italian sculptor Carlo Nicoli of Carrara but for some reason, the contract to build the monument was given to the second-prize winner.
Bozeto No. 9 entitled “Motto Stella” by the Swiss sculptor Richard Kissling.
3. Rizal cured himself of tuberculosis, and was later recognized as a tuberculosis expert.
4. He was already a terrific sculptor even at a very young age. In fact, Rizal carved a 9-inch statuette of the Sacred Heart out of batikuling wood when he was only 14 years old. The Jesuit fathers brought this statuette in Fort Santiago when they visited Rizal in December 1896. Aside from wood sculptures, Rizal also carved 40 amazing masterpieces out of plaster, terra-cotta, wax, and clay.
5. When he was studying in Spain, Rizal had to pawn a ring owned by his sister Saturnina just to pay for his exams. But he didn’t want his family to get worried, so he only mentioned his victories and excellent grades in the letters addressed to his family.
6. “Mi Retiro”, the name of his place of exile in Dapitan, was inspired by his favorite park in Spain, the Parque del Buen Retiro.
7. He left specific instructions on how he wanted to be treated after his death.Here are some of his “last wishes”:
8. Rizal is regarded by many as the “Father of Philippine Comics” because of some humorous illustrations he made in Germany. The said drawing, entitled “The baptism of two brothers”, was inspired by the German cartoon “Max and Moritz” and was made by Rizal to entertain the children of his landlord, Pastor Ulmer. The original copy is now preserved in the National Library of the Philippines.
“The baptism of two brothers” by Jose Rizal. Photo credit: Dennis Villegas
1883, he shared about a “frightful nightmare” he had two nights before (i.e. December 30). In this dream, Rizal was imitating a dying actor and felt his “breath was failing” and his vision became very dim. Interestingly, Rizal would be executed 13 years later at the exact same date. Austin Coates, Rizal’s biographer, also underscored that there were many incidents written in both Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo that eventually happened to Rizal in real life.
10. According to Faustino “Tinong” Alfon, Rizal’s former cook in Dapitan, our national hero’s favorite fruits were lanzones and mangoes. His meals back then usually consisted of three kinds of ulam. Rizal’s breakfast, on the other hand, was usually comprised of hot chocolate, rice, and sardinas secas, commonly known now as simply tuyo.
11. Rizal was widely featured in cigarette wrappers. Most of these wrappers, made with Art Deco or Art Nouveau designs, were produced in Binondo during the turn-of-the-century. An old cigarette label, Las Delicias, even went to the extreme by featuring Rizal smoking a cigar.
12. Rizal was exceptional and prolific in a wide range of subjects–except music. This is because he already realized early in life that his singing “sounded like the braying of an ass.”
13. Vital statistics: Rizal was about five feet three inches tall and had a waistline of about 25″ to 26″. He also had a big head: His hats were 6 1/2″ across and the interior measures 8″ from front to back. He didn’t look odd, though, as his broad shoulders and developed neck compensated for it.
14. Rizal’s original execution photo features a dog, the mascot of the firing squad. It is said that the dog ran around the corpse whining after a soldier fired one last shot in Rizal’s head to make sure he was dead
15. It was rumored that both Adolf Hitler and Mao Z16. Only one of Rizal’s skeletal remains was not buried under the monument in Luneta. A vertebra or a piece of the backbone where Rizal was allegedly hit by the bullet was claimed by his family and is now displayed in Rizal Shrine, Fort Santiago.
edong were the illegitimate sons of Jose Rizal
17. During Rizal’s execution, a total of 8 Filipinos armed with Remingtons formed the firing squad. There were also 8 Spanish soldiers with Mausers behind them, ready to shoot the Filipino soldiers if they refused to execute Rizal.
18. A descendant of one of the executioners, Adolfo Pastor Quetcuti, revealed that the captain of the guards put only one live bullet in one of the rifles, while placing blanks in the others. He explained that this is to ease their guilt as they already knew in the beginning that Rizal was innocent.
19. Rizal stuffed unknown papers in his pockets and shoes on the eve of his execution. He did this, assuming that his corpse would be turned over to his family after the execution. But as we all know, his body was dumped by Spanish officials in an unmarked grave in Paco cemetery. The papers had since deteriorated, the contents of which were never identified.
20. Rizal had a third, unfinished novel. Known among historians as “Makamisa”, this unfinished work was started by Rizal in Hongkong in 1892. Makamisa was not actually the title of Rizal’s work, but only the title of a single chapter of the unfinished Tagalog novel.
21. Rizal once sent a love letter written in invisible ink to Leonor Valenzuela, a tall girl from Pagsanjan. The message could only be deciphered if you put the letter over a lamp or candle. Leonor Valenzuela was one of Rizal’s first sweethearts. Unfortunately, they parted ways when Rizal had to leave for Spain.
22. “A la Senorita C.O. y R.”, one of Rizal’s best poems, was dedicated to Consuelo Ortiga y Rey, a pretty daughter of Don Pablo Ortiga whom Rizal fell in love with when he was in Madrid. However, Rizal backed out of the blossoming relationship because he was good friends with Eduardo de Lete who was in love with Consuelo. He also wanted to remain loyal to Leonor Rivera who would eventually marry Englishman Henry Kipping.
23. Rizal composed a farewell song for Leonor Rivera just before his departure for Europe. The song, entitled “Leonor”, became very popular “that many were heard singing it in the streets and during social gatherings. The moment they saw Leonor, the children would sing the song.” Here is the English translation of the song:
And so it has arrived: the fatal instant,the dismal injunction of my cruel fate;and so it has come at last: the moment, the date,when I must separate myself from you.Goodbye, Leonor, goodbye! I take my leave,leaving behind with you my lover’s heart!Goodbye, Leonor: from here I now depart.O melancholy absence! Ah, what pain!
24.Rizal played a key role in the identification of Oncomelania cuadrasi, a Philippine snail that harbors the parasite that causes schistosomiasis. The said snail was named after a certain Mr. Cuadrasi, a known naturalist in Manila and to whom Rizal sent his specimens of animals and insects for identification.
Numerous Oncomelania quadrasi. This diminutive snail is the common host for Schistosoma japonicum in Leyte, Philippines
25. While in Dapitan, Rizal wrote an extensive written discourse on kulam. Entitled “La curacion de los hechizados” (The treatment and cure of the bewitched), this lesser-known work of Rizal explores the psychological treatment for kulam and even explained that witches were not always women who are old or ugly. He also discussed the difference between hiloanon of the Visayas, who gives poison to her victims, and the manggagaway, the ‘traditional’ witch who uses rag doll and pins.
The end!!
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