Bevington, Welsh and GreenwaldSHAKESPEARE: Script, Stage, Screen

Chapter 13

HENRY Vby William Shakespeare

Hal as Superhero, Statesman, Manipulator and Lover. In this play, the slacker Prince Hal completes his education as politician-prince. This play is also the culmination of the eight history plays...The chorus is able to paint word pictures of the action and battles which the play documents...In doing so, he shows the public Henry (inspiring) and the private Henry (internal doubt). The play has twice been adapted into classic films

Laurence Olivier’s sunny, stylistic daring patriotic pagaent in 1944

Kenneth Branagh’s muddy, close-in, war-is-hell adaptation in 1989

Both films suggest that Shakespeare interpretations reflect “the age and body of the time”

The Life of King Henry V (1599)

Unlike other works in the canon, HENRY V can be dated accurately as it contains a direct and explicit reference to contemporary events (In Act V, CHORUS compares Henry’s heroic arrival in London to the return of Essex in 1599) Also the reference to the ‘wooden O’ seems a clear reference to the new Globe Theatre in Southwark

Dates accurately to 1599

The play is filled with contradictory voices--Henry can be viewed as a patriot prince “the mirror of a Christian king” or a Complex Manipulator...George Bernard Shaw deplored Henry V as a prig and imperialist warmonger, an assessment shared by William Butler Yeats

Contradictory voices

The cast of characters spans many social classes and national origins--The English Clergy, the trusted nobles, regional captains and commoners. On the French side are King Charles VI, his Queen Isabel, their son, the Dauphin, princess Katharine, the Constable and noble envoy Montjoy. Sections of the play are in French

Characters: The Manly English and the Arrogant French

• An anonymous play, THE VICTORIES OF KING HENRY V (c. 1588)

•

A follow-up with Falstaff was promised in the epilogue to Henry IV, Part Two (1598)

• In the 16th century, Henry V was widely viewed as a genuine hero along with Richard the Lionheart, Edward III, and his son, The Black Prince. This play enhanced his reputation

Sources and Inspirations

The actual Henry V succeeded his father in 1413 and died in 1422 after his triumph at Agincourt in 1415...He married Katharine in 1420...His son was 5-months old when Henry died of dysentery...The crowning of the child king, Henry VI led to the War of the Roses

During his brief life, Henry V twice raised armies to do battle with France

Sources and Inspirations

Many historians deemed the Battle at Agincourt a foolhardy and irresponsible campaign, these lesser elements are borne out in the following episodes of the play

- The lengthy justification of the Archbishop of Canterbury over Salic law

- Henry’s threats against the French- The poignant reminisces of Falstaff by his

comrade Bardolphe- The skepticism of Henry’s common soldiers

and the parodies of honor (Pistol and Le Fer)

About the Battle of Agincourt

Two views of the famous battle

The English Chronicles and English Myth • Holinshed’s Chronicles (1587) • Hall’s Union (1542) • Daniels First Four Books

The Chronicles

The two clerics commend young King Henry as a superb rhetoritician

Language is one of the plays themes as Henry V forges his public identity as King with God’s Blessing (I.2.230-3)

When the play ends, Chorus with “full mouth” proclaims him King of both England and France

Shakespeare uses blank verse for the English aristocrats, earthy prose for Pistol, Nym and other commoners

In two scenes, Katharine haltingly learns English and speaks both English and French

Language and structure

Henry uses political rhetoric most memorably in the play, for example…

The rhetort to the French ambassador over the tennis balls (1.2.259-296)

“Once more into the breach...” (3.1.1-34)

His soliloquy on the burdens of Kingship (4.1.228-282)

The emotional rhetoric of the St. Crispin’s Day speech

His adoption of the rhetoric of the “blunt soldier” in wooing Katharine

Political rhetoric

• The celebratory mood of the play is tempered by an exploration of royal limits

• He does present a complex and balanced portrait of a monarch who behaves according the Renaissance notions (the “good” side of Machiavelli’s descriptions of the Prince)

• With the Welsh, Scots, Irish and English captains, Henry engages in nation-building

THEMES AND ISSUES

piety is another theme explored by the play...Henry’s piety is shown as complex and at times contradictory

Religious piety

The Chorus The Battle Scenes The English v. The French

Staging Challenges

Ian McKellan as Henry V, 1963

See pages 488-496

HENRY ONSTAGE

In the Elizabethan Era, it was a topical play. After the Restoration, there are mentions of the work, but in certain sections, not all by Shakespeare. Popular adaptations were by Colley Cibber and Charles Molloy. Shakespeare’s version of the play was restored in 1738.

The Elizabethan Era

Colley Cibber as Pistol

Productions featured spectacle and a restored textFeb 1738, it was performed four

timesDavid Garrick played Chorus in

1747 and 1748Kemble’s famous production

(popular from 1789-1848) omitted Chorus

Macready restored the Chorus in his 1839 staging

Charles Kean’s 1859 production featured great spectacle...he also cast his wife as the Chorus

18th and 19th Centuries

William Poel challenged spectacular productions with his productions at the Elizabethan Stage Society

Since Poel, modern productions have veered toward the anti-illusionistic and toward the poetic

John Martin-Harvey’s 1916 production was in the “Elizabethan manner”

William Bridges-Adams attempted Elizabethan authenticity again in 1920

Olivier’s patriotic film is based upon a 1937 production at the Old Vic directed by Tyrone Guthrie

The 20th Century

Anthony Quayle’s production at Stratford (1951) was a culmination of the Richard II, Henry IV cycle

Adrian Noble’s 1984 production at the RSC starred Branagh and influenced the film

Postmodern stagings

Michael Bogdanov’s production for the English Shakespeare Company (1986) was very modern in style

Richard Olivier’s production for the opening of the restored Globe (1997) played up the comedy

HENRY VOn film and video

1944 - Olivier

1989 - Branagh

Directed by David Giles with David Gwillim as Henry

1979 - BBC

Michael Pennington as Henry in THE HENRY TRILOGY “The War of the Roses”Henry IV, Part OneHenry IV, Part TwoHenry V

1986

Video adaptation of Bogdanov’s 1986 production

1990

SHAKESPEARE’S “An Age of Kings” was produced by the BBC as a television beginning in 1960. It is available today as a set of 5 DVDs. It spans more than a hundred years from the reign of Richard II (1377-1399) to the defeat of Richard III at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1458.

Collections of Note

In this version of HENRY V, Judi Dench played the role of Princess Katherine and Robert Hardy was Henry V. Sean Connery played Hotspur in the Henry IV sections of the broadcast.

“An Age of Kings” (continued)

The Hollow Crown is a lavish new series of filmed adaptations of four of Shakespeare’s most gripping history plays; Richard II, Henry IV, Part 1, Henry IV, Part 2 and Henry V. The films tell the rise and fall of three Kings and how their destiny shaped English history. Richard II (Ben Whishaw) is a vain, self-indulgent man who rules with little regard for his people’s welfare. He is ultimately overthrown by his cousin Bolingbroke (Rory Kinnear), who ascends the throne as Henry IV (Jeremy Irons). Henry IV’s reign is marred by his own guilt over Richard’s death, civil war, and the gnawing fear that his son Hal (Tom Hiddleston) is a total wastrel unworthy of the throne. When Hal comes to the throne as Henry V he is left to bury the ghosts of his father’s past while fighting both the French forces as well as his own inner demons.

THE HOLLOW CROWN (2012)

Henry IV’s reign is marred by his own guilt over Richard’s death, civil war, and the gnawing fear that his son Hal (Tom Hiddleston) is a total wastrel unworthy of the throne. When Hal comes to the throne as Henry V he is left to bury the ghosts of his father’s past while fighting both the French forces as well as his own inner demons.

THE HOLLOW CROWN (cont.)

Katharine, King of France, Henry V from conclusion of THE HOLLOW CROWN.