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1 | J U L Y 2 0 1 4
Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption
of Clean Cooking and Its Benefits
Donee Alexander, Program Manager, Environment & Health Global Alliance for Clean Cookstoves
2 | J U L Y 2 0 1 4
-
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Clean+Efficient Efficient
Improved Business as usual
PHASE 1
Challenge: Moving Beyond Distribution to Adoption
PHASE 2 PHASE 3
Cumulative Over 3 Phases
Sto
ves/f
uels
adopte
d b
y household
s (
Mill
ions)
Sto
ves/f
uels
adopte
d b
y household
s (
Mill
ions)
Yearly
New households adopting clean
cooking solutions each year add
together to reach the 100M by
2020 goal.
-
50
100
150
200
250
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Efficient Clean+Efficient
3 | J U L Y 2 0 1 4
4 | J U L Y 2 0 1 4
Techniques & Tools for Measuring Stove Use & Adoption
How do objectively we measure stove use?
What tools exist to measure stove use?
How do we know which stoves are being used in the homes?• How often are the clean cooking technologies being used?• Is stove stacking occurring?
• If so, to what extent?• Has displacement of other technologies occurred?
What are the benefits and drawbacks to using tools such as Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)?• What is the added cost associated with these systems?• Who analyzes the data?
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
Critical Implications of Fuel-Device Stacking
Dra. Ilse Ruiz-MercadoInnovación y Adopción EcotecnológicaEcosystems and Sustainability Research InstituteUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM)
for Initial Diagnosis,Monitoring and
Evaluationof Stove Programs
Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. Critical Implications of Fuel-Device Stacking for Initial Diagnosis, Monitoringand Evaluation of Stove Programs - Conference Presentation.in Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption of CleanCooking and its Benefits. 4-5 May 2015. Lima, Peru.
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
Roadmap
Monitoring stacking: Rationale
Measuring usage in the context of stacking:The case of rural Mexico
Critical implications for initial diagnosis,monitoring and evaluation of stove programsin the Latin American context
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves.
Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.
Adoption as a Process
Ruiz-Mercado I, et al. (2011). Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves.
Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.
Adoption as a Process
ACCEPTANCE
INITIAL ADOPTION
DISPLACEMENT
Seminario-Taller latinoamericano Sobre Cocinas Limpias. Lima, Perú, Junio 16-18 2014
Adopción Exitosa
1. Las cocinas satisface necesidades/tareas críticas
2. Se incorporan a prácticas diarias y son usadas
3. Se mantiene el desempeño (técnico y de hogares)para obtener el impacto deseado
4. Se desplazan los impactos negativos de las cocinasy prácticas contaminantes
Elementos críticos que como mínimo debenestar presentes en el proceso de adopciónpara que las cocinas brinden impactos
Stacking Processes
Masera, et al. (2015). Environmental Burden of Traditional Bioenergy Use.
Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Vol. 40. Forthcoming
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Stacking
Stacking and, specifically, the residual use of traditional fires have strong implications for two agendas critical to the cookstove sector: the implementation of fuel-stove programs that deliver tangible and sustained benefits and the design of evaluation and monitoring schemes that effectively and realistically assess these benefits.
The rationale and implications of stacking hinge on key aspects:
END USES COOKING TASKS LIVELIHOOD STRATEGIES
STOVE NICHES
End-uses
Tasks
Niches
Adaptation/livelihood strategies
Nuevos enfoques, mismas realidades
Ruiz-Mercado I and Masera O. (2015). Patterns of stove use in the context of fuel-
device stacking: Rationale and implications. EcoHealth
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
1. END USES
Traditional fires satisfy energy uses and household needs that extend beyond cooking, and thus, most of the times a single clean fuel-stove combination does not cover all end uses, does not work for all cooking tasks and is not a perfect substitute for traditional fires.
Imperfect substitution leads to residual use of traditional fires, whose impacts can outweigh the benefits of clean fuel-stoves.
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
2-3. COOKING TASKS & STOVE NICHES
Cooking is a combination of tasks and techniques. Each task has specific and often contrasting demands for fuel rate and type, cooking times, frequency and temperatures and type of cooking vessels.
The requirements to fulfill a task cannot be understood by its technical specifications alone, but also depend on the cultural significance of the task and other social aspects and household preferences that may vary from one task to another.
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
4. LIVELIHOOD/ADAPTATION STRATEGIES
Stacking is also a livelihood strategy that allows households to cope with periods of uncertain income, fuel prices, access to fuels and stove repairs
Stacking embodies the complex dynamic interplay among household behavior, culture, energy, environment and technology. Thus, the factors that affect usage, stacking and displacement are usually interrelated and depend on the household and community contexts. It is important to consider the seasonal patterns of usage, stacking and displacement and to move from spotting single factors that enable/prevent adoption to the characterization of the processes and interaction of factors that regulate the benefits brought by clean fuel-stoves
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Measuring usage in the context of stacking
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2008). Low-cost temperature dataloggers as Stove Use
Monitors (SUMs. Boiling Point 55: 16-18.
Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2012). Temperature dataloggers as Stove Use Monitors
(SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis. Biomass and Bioenergy 47: 459-468.
Quantitative Metrics
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2013). Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove
Use Monitors (SUMs). Biomass & Bioenergy 57: 136-148.
Ruiz-Mercado, et al. (2015). Vodafone Project “100 Million Stoves” to develop prototype
Wireless Stove Use Monitors (wSUMs) for remotely measure usage levels of Cookstoves.
Project Report to the Vodafone Foundation. 66 p.
Stove Use Monitors (SUMs, wSUMs,…)
Measuring usage in the context of stacking
THE CASE OF RURAL MEXICO
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Lima, Perú, Mayo 4-5 2015
STACKING CLUSTERS
STACKING, DISPLACEMENT, RESIDUAL USE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: SEASONAL STACKING
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: SEASONAL STACKING
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: TASK-DRIVEN - WEEKLY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: TASK-DRIVEN - WEEKLY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: MULTI-TASKING –DAILY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Levels of usage: MULTI-TASKING –DAILY SCALE
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
STOVE NICHES: Distribution of tasks
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
STOVE NICHES: Distribution of tasks
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
CONCLUSIONS: Critical Implications
Ruiz-Mercado and Masera, 2015
Ruiz-Mercado, I., Masera, O. (2015). “Patterns of use in the context of fuel-device stacking: rationale and implications”. Ecohealth 12(1): 42-56.
Masera, O., et al. (2015). “Environmental Burden of Traditional Bioenergy Use”. Annual Review of Environment and Resources. Vol. 40. Forthcoming.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., E. Canuz, et al. (2013). "Quantitative metrics of stove adoption using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs)." Biomass & Bioenergy 57: 136-148.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., E. Canuz, et al. (2012). "Temperature dataloggers as stove use monitors (SUMs): Field methods and signal analysis." Biomass & Bioenergy 47: 459-468.
Ruiz-Mercado, I. (2012). The Stove Adoption Process: Quantification Using Stove Use Monitors (SUMs) in Households Cooking with Fuelwood. Civil and Environmental Engineering. Berkeley, University of California Berkeley. Ph.D.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., O. Masera, et al. (2011). "Adoption and sustained use of improved cookstoves." Energy Policy 39(12): 7557-7566.
Pine, K., R. Edwards, et al. (2011). "Adoption and use of improved biomass stoves in Rural Mexico." Energy for Sustainable Development 15(2): 176-183.
Zamora, H. (2010). Impactos Socio-Ecológicos Del uso Sostenido de Estufas Eficientes de leña en Comunidades de Michoacan. Morelia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México. M.Sc.
Ruiz-Mercado, I., N. Lam, et al. (2008). Low-cost temperature loggers as stove use monitors (SUMS). Boiling Point. 55: 16-18.
Berrueta, V. M., R. D. Edwards, et al. (2008). "Energy performance of wood-burning cookstoves in Michoacan, Mexico." Renewable Energy 33(5): 859-870.
Troncoso, K., A. Castillo, et al. (2007). "Social perceptions about a technological innovation for fuelwood cooking: Case study in rural Mexico." Energy Policy 35(5): 2799-2810.
Masera, O. R., B. D. Saatkamp, et al. (2000). "From linear fuel switching to multiple cooking strategies: A critique and alternative to the energy ladder model." World Development 28(12): 2083-2103.
For further Reading:
GRACIASHogares participantes en nuestros estudiosen Michoacán, por su paciencia y hospitalidad
Equipos de campo y laboratorioGrupo Interdisciplinario de Tecnología Rural ApropiadaCentro de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas UNAMLaboratorio de Innovación de Estufas de Biomasa
Red de colaboradores y organizaciones
1
Extending the Stove Use Monitoring SystemUpdated hardware & software
Beyond Distribution: Ensuring and Evaluating the Adoption of Clean Cooking and Its Benefits • 5 May 2015
Ajay Pillarisetti, MPH Doctoral Candidate, University of California, Berkeley
2
Motivations
iButtons deployed far and wide
Instrumenting traditional stoves difficult
Not surprisingly, lots of mixed use almost everywhere
Valid data on traditional stoves is difficult to obtain
2
3
Tough
3
4
Tougher
5
Expanding the universe of stove use monitors
iButtons6
Solid-statedata-logging
thermometer
Commerciallyavailable in
quantity
Easy to placeon some stoves;rapid download
Max temp140C
1-year Life
Data-loggingInfrared
Thermometer
Commercially available
100 - 150 USD
Mounted in homes nearby
open fires
-20 to 250 ºC
7
iButton
Infrared Thermometer
0
50
100
150
200
250
0
50
100
150
200
250
09-03 09-04 09-05 09-06 09-07 09-08 09-09 09-10 09-11 09-12 09-13 09-14 09-15 09-16 09-17 09-18 09-19
degC
loc
AMBIENTSTICKSTV1
gadgetiButton
Infrared Thermometer
8
8
Stove Use MonitoringiButton and IRT on Open Fire
9
10
10
Data-logging thermocouple
0 - 1250 Celsius
75 - 100 USD
2-3 month battery life
Rechargeable
Programmable
0
100
200
300
0
50
100
150
Chula
Haara
Nov 13 12:00 Nov 13 18:00 Nov 14 00:00 Nov 14 06:00 Nov 14 12:00dt
value variable
degC0
11
1212
1313
14
iButtons ThermocoupleInfrared thermometer
15 - 120 USD -40 to 85, 125, 140 ºC
Built-in battery 1 year lifetime
100 USD -20 to 250 ºC
Replaceable 1/2 AA
90-100 USD 0 - 1250 ºC
Rechargeable LiPo Replaceable probes
15
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
16
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
Single file analysis
Kirk Smith Research Group
Upload a file Optional: Ambient temp data
Visualize Trace
Select algorithm + tweak parameters
Download Summary
Study-wide analysis Danny Wilson Jeremy Coyle
Upload many files
Label cooking events on subset of data
Submit to machine learning
Data labeled for entire study
17
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
Single file analysis
Kirk Smith Research Group
Upload a file Optional: Ambient temp data
Visualize Trace
Select algorithm + tweak parameters
Download Summary
Study-wide analysis Danny Wilson Jeremy Coyle
Upload many files
Label cooking events on subset of data
Submit to machine learning
Data labeled for entire study
20
User-friendly tools for SUMs analysis
Single file analysis
Kirk Smith Research Group
Study-wide analysis Danny Wilson Jeremy Coyle
Reduce the complexity to get metrics from raw data
Facilitate site / study / goal-specific customization & output
21
Open questions & future directions
How much monitoring is enough monitoring?
Secondary stoves? Tertiary stoves?
Dictated by study aims, personnel, budgets
"Instant" processing
A Wireless Sensor to Understand and Improve Stove Usability
Contact: Tara Ramanathan
StoveTrace is a wireless thermal sensor that demonstrates the usability of any stove.
Real-Time Data
House 1
House 2
House 3
House 4
House 5
House 6
Installation
Period
Wireless Stove Usage Data from 130 Homes
Odisha, India
Stove Usage Patterns Over Time
Forced Draft Stove Usage Data from 1,059 Households by District
Grouping Households by Usage
Sharing Usage Data with Householdsto get real answers
Monthly Usage (Hours)
Exported from StoveTrace
Website
House 1:
Dropped User
Low User
Medium User
High User
Before and After Field Visits
Field Visit consisted of:
1. Inquiring about reasons
behind stove use behavior
2. Showing homes their
Forced Draft usage for
past 4 months
3. Sharing the statistic of
4 million people dying
globally from mud stoves
Field Visit
Surveyed Homes in Odisha
N=40
Understanding the behavior
before trying to change it
13
135 Households in the State of Odisha
6 months
1.14 Hours = Average Daily Stove Usage
(St Dev 0.86)
16.29% (of 135 hh) using stove more than
2 hours per day
65 Tons of CO2 equivalent
$388 Earned
StoveTrace Results
Front Feed Double Burner Top Feed
StoveTrace can identify the most
usable stoves
TERI Improved Mud Stove
Forced Draft
Experimental Prototype
TBD
TERI Improved Steel Stove
Forced Draft
Provide Chopped Wood
Implementation
Provided by
Nexleaf?
Unit Cost ($) 75-100 <1 1-2 per month 4-6 1-5 per month
Installation Time 5-10 2 2 5-10 <1
Wireless Device Sensor Connector Sim Card Power Source
Data & Analytics
Dashboard
Nexleaf provides all necessary guides, in country connections and remote support
Scaling Up Stove Usage Data
TERI Forced Draft Stove
(Odisha & UP, India)
Kopernik Natural Draft
(Indonesia)
Envirofit Natural
Draft Stove
(Pune, India)
InStove Rocket
Stove
(TBD)
Approaching the Challenges of Wireless
• What if the phone or sim card gets stolen?
• We are designing a wireless device without phone
• Can you lower the cost?
• Working on building thermistor directly into the stove will not only lower cost
but also make installation simpler
• What kind of maintenance is required?
• Need somebody who is dedicated and knowledgeable about the sensors
nearby as part of the field team
• What about areas with poor or no connectivity?
• The data gets stored on the phone until connectivity is available, so need not
have 24/7 connectivity. Looking into moving to a smaller box with an
embedded solution which will strengthen connectivity, but if there is 0
connectivity, this will not work
We thank all of our partners!
Stove Manufacturers Telecom Providers Public Sector Partners
Charlie & Ellen Kennel
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Supporting program
implementation and evaluation
with stove usage data
Michael Johnson
Berkeley Air Monitoring Group
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop
Lima, May 2015
1
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Connecting stove usage
and programmatic impacts
Integrating stove usage
with additional data
sources
Coordinating
programmatic needs and
stove use monitoring.
Overview
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Stoves with highest
lab performance may
not provide the best
fuel savings.
Multiple pathways to
achieve substantial
fuel savings.
Balancing usage and
performance key to
maximizing
household-level
impact.0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
Fuel
sav
ings
Percent displacement TSF by new stove
Fuel savings
Johnson and Chiang, in press
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Only ultra-low indoor
emissions stoves are
likely to reduce
concentrations to
WHO PM targets.
Multiple pathways to
achieve less
ambitious air quality
goals.
What about health?
Air quality
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
24
ho
ur
PM
2.5
con
cen
tati
on
(μ
g/m
3)
Percent TSF displacement by new stove
100% 75% 50% 25% 0%
WHO Interim 1 Target
50% reduction relative to TSF
Particulate Matter
Johnson and Chiang, in press
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Health
We want everyone
to be here
Going from here
Difficult to rapidly
transition here for
many populations
to here still has
meaningful
benefits (RR 3→2)
Johnson and Chiang, in press
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Combining with survey data
can inform on:
Stove-task associations
Person-stove task
associations
Ergonomics, user
perceptions/qualitative data
etc….
Combine with performance
or air quality data
Segregate emissions or fuel
use contributions by stove
Analyze impact of stove use
on air quality or exposure
Integrating usage
with other data
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Segregate impacts of specific
stoves or combination of
stoves.
Identify potential with
increased displacement of
new stove.
May be able to identify tasks
which are causing high
concentrations.
Usage and air quality
60
560
1060
1560
2060
2560
0
2
4
6
8
10
PM
(m
g/m
3)
Particulate matterNew stove is onTraditional stove is on
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Matching usage measurement and program needs
Tools for perceived usage
- Temperature
- Concerns: technical,
physical, and cost barriers
- Surveys, cooking diaries,
focus groups, etc…
- Concerns: reliability and
bias
Devices that measure proxy for usage
Clean Cooking and Adoption Workshop – Lima, 2015
Matching usage measurement and program needs
Initial R&D Initial scale-up Mature program
Study type Pilots for feasibility/
compatibility
Feedback on
implementation
M&E, Impact
evaluations
Considerations - Low initial costs.
- Quick snapshots are
OK
- Generally want
relatively rich data on
what is working and
what is not working.
- Network for
relatively long-term
measurements in
representative
sample.
Stove types /
locations
- Usage sensors need to be compatible with stove types (portability,
stove temperature, stove material/structure).
- How difficult is it to reach houses? Can you get reliable mobile
connections?