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Beyond the Hypervisor Hype
Michael A. Salsburg, Ph.DUnisys
Outline
• Introduction to Hypervisors
• A Performance Comparison of Hypervisors
• It’s the I/O (again)
• Future Directions for Virtualized I/O
• Capacity Planning for transforming from Physical to Virtual
• Virtualization and Utility Computing
• Virtualization and Carrier-Level Service
• Virtualization Benchmarks
Introduction to Hypervisors
• Hypervisor executes directly on hardware (no OS)
• VMM presents itself to the virtual machine as the hardware
• Less code for hypervisor implies higher resiliency– Xen implements DOM0
• Xen paravirtualizes – VMware does not
A Performance Comparison of Hypervisors
• VMware and Xen publish different results with the same benchmarks
• Benchmarks– SPECcpu2000 Integer tests – CPU intensive
– Passmark – memory –intensive
– Netperf – network specific
– SPECjbb2005 – java application server workload
– SPECcpu2000 compilation tests – compilation benchmark for assessing development workloads
A Performance Comparison of Hypervisors
VMware Xen Results XenSource Xen Results
http://www.vmware.com/pdf/hypervisor_performance.pdf http://blogs.xensource.com/rogerk/wp-content/uploads/2007/03/hypervisor_performance_comparison_1_0_5_with_esx-data.pdf
REALITY Check
I/O transfers at “wire speed” does not tell the whole story……
An I/O-intensive workload can result in twice the CPU utilization on a virtual machine when compared to the physical one
It’s the I/O (again)
• Hypervisor emulation of a device– Discovery
– Device Control
– Data Transfer
– I/O Interrupts
• Pure Emulation– Support for Legacy O/S and
device drivers
• Performance Impact
It’s the I/O (again)
• Paravirtualization of Device Drivers are an essential element in good performance
• The replacement of the native device drivers is an essential part of virtualization– Physical to Virtual
Transformation
Future Directions for Virtualized I/OIntel Processors
No Virtualization
Future Directions for Virtualized I/O
Current Hypervisors
Future Directions for Virtualized I/O
• Intel’s VT-d provides Protection Domains– Protects Direct Memory
Access (DMA) between device and VM
• Interrupt remapping architecture
• Supports caching of remapping-structure entries on the device
VMMs with VT-d
Capacity Planning for transforming from Physical to Virtual
Capacity Planning for transforming from Physical to Virtual
Virtualization and Utility Computing
• “No More Down Time”
• Corporate workloads grow and shrink on shared resources– When resources are scarce, new servers are provisioned
– Otherwise, business policies dictate priorities for utility-wide CPU cycles
• What will it take for Business Units to share resources?
• Chargeback in a Virtualized Environment
• Real Time Infrastructure
Ticket Sales Scenario
.. using a real time infrastructure
Digital Dashboard
Ticketing Process
TicketRequest
BE
GIN
EN
D
EstablishSpecialNeeds
TicketReserved
SearchLoyalty
Program
PickLocation
CreditCard
Verification
IssueTicket
ReserveTicket
Ticketing Process
TicketRequest
BE
GIN
EN
D
EstablishSpecialNeeds
TicketReserved
SearchLoyalty
Program
PickLocation
CreditCard
Verification
IssueTicket
ReserveTicket
BAM as an Early Warning System
Bill Gassman, David McCoy, Web Services & Application Integration Conference 2003 17–19 November 2003
Credit Card Verification
CreditCard
Verification
getName
getCreditCardgetNumber
contactCCAgent
Visualizing RTI
Animation
Virtualization and Carrier-Level Service• Recovery-Oriented Computing
• The network of software components share the same memory– An error or attack can corrupt all
memory within the OS and its applications
– Solution –reboot, which initializes all components
• Partition dependent components using virtualization– Failure causes re-booting of
dependent components
http://roc.cs.berkeley.edu/papers/ROC_TR02-1175.pdf
Virtualization Benchmarks
• Tiled Workload– Mail Server – Actions / Minute
– Java Server – New Orders / Sec
– Standby Server – N/A
– Web Server - Accesses / Sec
– Database Server – Commits / Sec
– File Server - MB/second
• Scores are Aggregated
http://www.vmware.com/pdf/vmmark_intro.pdf
Virtualization Benchmark
Workload W I1 I2 I3
Mail server 660 891 917 935
Java server 13174 13285 13249 13310
Standby server - - - -
Web server 851 835 836 833
Database server 897 940 936 951
File server 7.23 6.93 6.84 6.79
Workload I1 I2 I3
Mail server 1.35 1.39 1.42
Java server 1.01 1.01 1.01
Standby server - - -
Web server .98 .98 .98
Database server 1.05 1.04 1.06
File server .96 .95 .94
Geometric Mean 1.08 1.06 1.07
NormalizedRaw
The Future and Beyond
• Expect to see new applications of virtualization
• Closely monitor successes/failures in high transaction and data-intensive environments
• Will Xen Survive?
• When will Viridian see the light of day?