BİAT KÜLTÜRÜ NEDEN BAĞIMSIZ DAVRANMAYI ÖNLÜYOR?

8/14/2019 BİAT KÜLTÜRÜ NEDEN BAĞIMSIZ DAVRANMAYI ÖNLÜYOR?

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MBY2 DÐ@YÐ]Ð KHIHK MBFASFW IB^]BKABVF ÞK@ÐVE]5

_}en+ I}+ B`f Ihaf}sev, Jbchyyhph Ðkf~h}sfyhsf

³Vhyh}fkch f`h}fvf lþ}hahvhk fksbk`b}k, þk`h}fkih jhp ih}y`h}f ~b}i}+ DEKNÐÌVÐS¹

Yð}dfvh 2? Dbsa 263:, þwh``fd`h 269> v`kibk mx vbkb

khihk dhkif mbkb db}b} ~h}hafve}5

Yð}d jb`d, 26:= v`kb dbib}, BMI¾kfk, @EWBK bky`babsk 2:

Ecbd 26=< ihk mh}f fawb`babik mfàfve}ix4 26:= v`kib Yheabk

H}h` ifvh mf} lbwhyhcf ix}xax vbwkcb f`d ihnb mf`lf sbjfmf eìxd+ Ìðkdð

Bah}fdb, iexib mf} H}ahkfsybk ~h Dð}ifsybk dx}xàbsk fsyfve}ix+

Vþkhyfafk mx ix}xax jb`dkibk khihk sbd`bi ib mxlðkh dbib} khy mf}

hdfìh bìd`bkbabi+ Mxlðk lðk lhìafve} df vbmbkc mbskib Bah}fdbk

dx}xa`b}kibk mf}fkh bfy, Yð}dfvh¾vf mþ`ðkað e`b}bd lþsyh}hk mf} jb}fyb

vbvk`bkaba e`sxk+

³Mf} bbck vbp}bd`b}kib hh} sb}b}bab ~b}sb, mx sb}b}abv yh~fd hihk vb ib

ybs~fp hihk mf} dþd sfsyhaf ~b} ihahdyf}+ DEKNÐÌVÐS¹

Yð}dfvh 26=?¾`h}ih jb}pyhk ìda, edxax dhsfafkf mðvðd þ`ìðih

vfyf}afyf4 jb`d cbjf` ~h hfyfasfwif+ Dþv ìecxd`b}k hfyahd, bvik`byabd

~h ek`b} ahs`hd sbjfmf vbpabd babcv`b Yð}dfvh¾kfk dbih}fkf

ihfyf}hchd mf} hfyfa p}eghsfkh lf}if+ 263:¾ih mb`bvb}bd 269?¾`b}k

e}yb`b}kib hk lh`faf hd`fkf b`bk ~h mxlðk iðkvbkk hk hydfk ~h bd`c

hfyfa p}eghsf e`b}bd dbmx` hif`hk Dþv Hksyfyð`h}f _}eghsf, hk de`bv ~h hk

2Mfby7 Iððkahihk, vb}l`babibk, ve}xa`babibk mf}fkh dþ}ð dþ}ðkh mb` eàb



=

xcxw hdfìh dþv`ðvð f sbjfmf vbpbcbd vhyhkhh db~xyx}ixxkx lþ}hk

BMI ~h mbw mby` iesy`b}aw *"& Chafvhyf Bd~ba¾b *Mf}`haf Af``hy`h}h&

lf}hmfàhafw fìfk mx Dþv Hksyfyð`h}fkf `b~hyahafwf yb`hp hyyf ~h

fmf}`fdìf`h}f yb}bnkibk ib mx if`hd wbabk`b vh}fkh lhyf}fìf+ mf}`fdìf`h}fkh

byy}id`b} ³mx edx``b}ib Dx}bk v}y`p yx~b`hy`h}h by`ve}, lbv}fah}x

ìecxd`b} ne}shpsyfd ìxdx}`b}kb lþað`ðve}¹ lfmf bj`bdybk, kfwbaibk ~h

fkbkìybk vedsxk ìhfy`f sèlbk`b}`b dbpbyàbs fìfk whafk ih mf} yb}bnybk

jbw}`bkay+ Mxlðk mbkbw eàbvbk e lðkðk db}y`b} ibjf mxkxk mf}

fjbkhy eìxxkx dbmx` hyahdyhif}+ Yð}dfvh, mþv`hch, edxax cbjf``h}fk,

mhch}fdsfw`h}fk, lhìfafkf ih~`hy dbpskib b}bvbk, dhkif bvbd`b} ðwh}fkih

ix}babvbk vhyhkhdsfw`h}fk h`fkh m}bdì¤

Hfyfa¾ihdf mh`f}sfw`fd mf} sð}h ih~ba hyyf, Kx}f Deibabk¾k

þkcð`ððkih, vfkh dþv ìecxd`b}kk þkðkð bìbcbd, ahs`hfkfk b

hfyfacf mf} dxbd vhyfyf}ahd fìfk lh}ìhd af``fvhyìf`h} yhd}b} de``b} s~bi

~h `fsh iðwhvfkihdf þ}hyahk edx``b}kib edxvbk edx``b}kib ìed mbb}`

f`d 3 þ}hkcfvf b`b}bd ah}dhwf Bkdb}b ~h sybkmx`¾ib e`bk Vðdshd

Þ}hyahk Edx``b}kib ìbk yða e`bkbd`b}k dx``bkb}bd hfyfacf e`b}bd

hfyahvh mb`bid+ Mx ìecxd`b}k yða lfih}`h}f ih~`hy yb}bnkibk

db}`bkve}4 f`d shkh, ke}ab` `fshihdf hdsfd ih}s`h}, e lðkðk hk ihh}`f

þ}hyahk`h}f vb ib þ}hyfa ðvh`h}f yb}bnkibk hfyf`fve} ~h hfyfafk yhah`

ih}s`h}f e`b}bd ybka`bka,+ Yb}fj, ce}bnvb, hihmfvby, nfwfd, dfavb,

abyhabyfd, mfveègf ~h dfavb lfmf bkb dekx`b}ib nbdð`yhvf mfyf}h}hd e

ahs`hdyh vhyh}fkch mf`lf bàbsk4 bv}cb iþ}y v` mevxkcb bì

ne}absvek vb ib phiblegf ih}s`h}f f`h mf} þ}hyahkih mhd`hkhk þ}hyfcf`fd

vhyhkhf lðì`hkif}f`fve}ix+ Mx edx``b}k ìed þkha`f f`h~`h}fkihk mf}dbì

þv`h s}b`bkbmf`f}if+



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2+ Bkbie`x dþv ìecxd`b}kk þkð bìày4 þkha`f vh}`h}h

lh`hmf`hchd bks vbdb`bvbmf`fve}`b}i+

=+ Hfyfafk þkha`f vh}`h}fkih ìbk hk fvf hfyfàf jecb`b} jha

b`bk mf`lfsf jha ih hfyfacf ne}absvek`b} f`h vh} b`ve}`b}i

3+ Mx hfyfcf`h}h ð`dh sh~lfsf, Yð}d ð`dðsð ~h hk þkha`fsf lh`hchd

dxbd`b}k fvf vhyfahsf fìfk hfyfa bd vh}`hyf}fàf mf} dbi}e

dx}x`xve}ix+

9+ sybkmx` ~h Bkdb}b lfmf hk lh`faf hj}fafwfk hk lðwfih

shay`h}fkih afsbnf} hif`h}hd, mx dþv ìecxd`b}kk xvlb}`k x`by hkþkha`f b}bì`b}v`b ybkabs sb`bka e`xve}ix+

Ix}xaxk ~bjbahyfkf shwfk`hvhk BMI¾`f iesy`b}aw 268< v`kib mx

edx``b} dbpbyabwsbkw vb}ia dhsh}fa yhjififkih mx`xkabvb mb`bi+

Wbyhk Dþv Hksyfyð`h}fkihk ih sekxì b`babikw lfmf mf} ih ²ib`lb lhìh}

lfmf! sxì`babib mx`xkix+ Kh jfdahysh Yð}dfvh mx shnh} mf}bw ibvbki, mx

edx``b} ih~ba hyyf}if, mx edx``b}ibk Yð}dfvh¾kfk lh`hchfkf hydf`hvhk

vðw`h}ch dff ahwxk eìx ~h mðvðd jfwahy`h} vbpy+

Bkcbd lðwh``fd`h}fk fìfkh lð~h sedabdyb abjf} e`bk iesy`b}aw ~h

ek`b}k fìyhdf mh`f}`f dhsfah ahksxp xwbky`b}, mðvðd mf} e`bs`d`b sb

hf`fa`f mf} dhsfaf dx``bkb}bd, mx}bibk se`cx, deaðkfsy`h} ìdve} bvfbsk

vbvabvb mb`bi`b}+ Sekxìyb mx lðwh` dx}xa, sfvbsf ìhdfah`h}fk

eibkb fyfìf ~h 26<9 v`kib dbpbyì+ Mþv`hch dþv ìecxd`b}kk,

Bybyð}dìð lhkì`h}fk, bvik`d vðw`ð fksbk`b}k, mf`fah vbydk dbi}e`b}k,Yð}d ð`dðsðkð dhkifkh jhihn shìaf hfyfcf`h}fk þkð mf} ibjb dhsfìf+

Ìðkdð mx}bibk ìdbk hfyfcf`h}, yxyxcx dhsfa ~h mby` iesy`b}aw fìfk

mðvðd mf} yhj`fdh e`xyx}xve}ix+ Mf}fkcf`h}f fìfk yhj`fdh e`xyx}xve}ix4

ìðkdð bvik`babv sb`ve}ix, fdfkcf`h}f fìfk yhj`fdh e`xyx}xve}ix4 ìðkdð



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lh}ìhd af``fvhyìf ~h mf`fash` mf} dbi}ekxk vhyfahsfkf sb`bvb}bd mby

dbpfyb`fwafv`h vb}abvb lf}hmf`hchd mf} ð`dhkfk yhah``h}fkf byve}ix+ Jh}

wbabk yxwbb iðahdyh kbfn e`bk dhkifkh se` dhsfa bik ~h}af dhsfa,

mx p}e~bdesvekb vfkh iðh}hd, mx ecbk vdàbskb ek`b} ib dbydib

mx`xkix`b}+

Yð}d`h} mx lfif`h vfkh mf} ìd ve`x mx`bcbb mhkwfve}ix+ Khvsh df

mby` iesy`b}awk faibikb *hh} ek`b} e}lbkfwh hyahaf fsh& 26:?

fjyf`b`f, cxkybs vhyfyf+ Þkch`fd`h yhj`fdhvf lþ} ðp jb`db ixvx}bcbd

bvik`b}k hydfsfw jb`h lhìf}fàhsf lh}hdfve}ix+ Mxkxk fìfk 29?= ke`x

vbsb f`h, jfìmf} fyf}bw jbdd eàbibk, jfìmf} lh}hdìh lþsyh}fàhihk, mf}ìeddffkfk Vðdshd Þ}hyfa dx}xa`b}kibk byàbs sb`bki+ Mþv`hch

dekxbk dhsfa xwbd`by}ì4 lh}f db`bk`b}b ib lþwib ~h}f`h}hd

sf`fd`hyf}fàhsf sb`bki+ Lh}fvh, fmf}`fdìf, dhkif ìdb}`b}k ð`dh

ìdb}`b}kibk þkih lþ}hk, sf`fd, de}dbd, nfd}fkf sþv`hahdyhk bcfw, ìexk`xd

ìb i mf} l}xmb ahksxp mf} þ}hyfa ðvhsf dbi}esx vb}byì+

Vfkh ih lhkhyfd vbps lh}hf, mbk ifd yxybmf`hchd, bvik mf}

dhsfafk e}ybvb ìdabs dbìkàbwi+ Mxk`b} kbs` ifwlfk`hvhmf`hchdyfd+

Mxkx ib vfkh VÞD¾h ih~}hyahdyh vb}b} ~b}i+ `d e`b}bd, ybabahk

vbmbkc ifìhk hfyfa vbpbk, dhkif dð`yð} ðaðw`h ihf` vbmbkc mf} dð`yð}

e}ybakib hfyf`hk4 sbihch pb}bsk Yð}d`h}fk db}`bi mbw dx}x`x`b}k

mx ff deyb}abs lh}hdfve}ix+ Ìb}h dsbcb mx`xkix7 Vbmbkc if``h hfyfa

vbpbk ~bdn ðkf~h}sfyh`h}f+ Ih~`hy hk lðwh` vh}`h}f ek`b}b ybjsfs hyyf,

mf}ìexkb, þ}hyyff þ}hkcf mbkb, ih~`hy ðkf~h}sfyh`h}fkih edxvbkþ}hkcf mbkb þihiffkfk dby`b}kcb vb}iaib mx`xkixx, hk mbb}`

mf}dbì mfk þ}hkcfvh mx}s ~h}f`hk, ahwxk eìxxkib ib vbmbkc ð`dhihdf

ff lb}bkyf hif`hk Yð}dfvh¾kfk mhvkfkf sþað}hk, sek wbabk`b}ib mhvfk

lþìð e`b}bd mf`fkhk sfsyha ib mbb}` mf} hdfìh sfsyhafafwh aekyh



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hifìf+ Mby fksbk vhyfyf}ahd fìfk bìdìb ìed pb}b jb}cbabdybk dbìkve}4

mxkx hkf fvf sy}byhgfd iesy`b}kb vbpy}bmf`f}if4 þv`h ih vbpve}+ If`f Yð}dìh

e`bk mf} af``hyfk h~`by`b}, jecbs Yð}d e`bk, jfwahy hyahsf lh}hdhk dfy`h

Yð}d e`bk mf} ð`dhih, if`f vbmbkc e`bk dð`yð} ð vbmbkc e`bk mf} hfyfa

b`ve}ix+ Ieb` e`b}bd mx hfyfa`f b`bk`b} hfyfìff dð`yð} ðk vbvlk eìxx

vh}`h}ih dhkif`h}fkf }bjby jfsshihchd`h}f fìfk, ahwxk e`x} eàbw, vbmbkc

ð`dhvh lfyahkfk ve`xkx b}ve}`b}i+ Mx khihk`h, þ}khfk Mf`dhky, Sbmbkc,

Deì, Mebwfìf *hsdf af}bsv`b ]emh}y De`hg& ðkf~h}sfyh`h}fkihk ahwxk

e`bk mf} dffvh Dbvsh}f f`fkihk, jbyyb Bkdb}b¾ibk *Bkdb}b¾ib mx`xkab`b}

lh}hd`f e`bmf`fve}4 ìðkdð mf}f`h}fkh wbabk wbabk dþp} ðmb eàb`b}, ibjb

sek}b ahksxp eìxd`b} dð`yð} ðk ih~`hy`h}fk ìdb}`b}k de``bvbmfàh`h}f

fìfk lh}hdfve}& ibjb iexib }bsy`bvbabwskw+ Mxk`b} mfwf *Mfy`fs`f`h}f,

B}``b}, Sff}y`f`h}f, Ax`x`b} ~i+kf& mbyib lx}x}`b yhasf` hifve}`b}a"""

Mþv`hch klf`fwch ypybk kh}hihvsh klf`fwch Yð}dìh mþ`ða`h}fkh dbib}

yða m}bk`b} bìì+

Lh}f db`bk`b} ib Bah}fdbk jbv}bk vb ib ybd`fyìfsf e`b}bd

vhyfyf}fàhsf lh}hdfve}ix+ Dþv Hksyfyð`h}f ~h Vðdshd Þ}hyfa edx``b} lfmf

af``f aeih``h} ved hifàfyf+ Vh}fkh kh dekbcbdy5 Mxkxk fìfk ìex

Bah}fdb¾ib hfyfàf, !dhkifkf af``fvhyìf jfsshysh mf`h! Bah}fdbk aeih`f mf}

hfyfa dx}xax e`bk ~h lfw`f lfw`f Bah}fdbk jbv}bk` f`h hfyf`hchd, babc

mf} Bah}fdb` lfmf eàbd e`bk lhkì`h}fk vhyfyf}f`hchf mf} dx}xa eàb`vi+

Ìed lhìahihk dx}xìx+ Mf} wbabk`b}k Yð}d ð`dðsð f`h ve}xàx Bkdb}b

Lbwf Hfyfa Hksyfyðsð ~h sybkmx` Ìbpb Hksyfyðsð lfmf af``f ixvlx`b} þk

p`bkb bà hksyfyð`h}fk vh}fkh Hfyfa Nbdð`yh`h}f dx}xìx+ Yð}dfvh

hfyfafkfk d}àbs ib mx nbdð`yh`h} f`h mb`bi+ Dfash se}axve}5

Bah}fdb¾ib 8? af`vek fksbk sð}hd`f hs}b} fìfve}, mxkxk ðwh}fkh <? af`vek

fksbk hk bw mf} ihnb xvxyx}xcx dx``bka, 3 h~`fihk fdfsf hfkf bìbyve},

3 h~`f`fdyhk fdf mebkab f`h sek`bkve}4 =8 af`vek fksbk mhk ìbàve}xa



>

ifvh ihd`h}h hyaf4 =+8 af`vek fksbk dþp} ð b`ykib vbyve}4 2: vbk

lhìaf lhkì`h}fk (>?¾ bf`hsfkf shkhih mf} ihnb yh`hnek`b mf`h b}bave}4

jb`dkk sb`d lfih}`h}fkfk vðwih h``fsfkihk nbw`bs psfdeègfd

}bjbysw`d`b}k lfih}fàhsfkh lfifve}+ Mx aeih`f dfa lhyf}if, kfìfk lhyf}if5

Lh}fvh db`bk e`bkbd`b} eàbvbk`b}, ìexk`xd yb}fdbyì`b}k,

mþ`ðcð`h}fk, ìb i l}xp`b}k h`fkh iðh}hd mf}ìex Cxajx}fvhy

iðabk eìx`b}+ Ahwxk hyyffafw þ}hkcf`h}fk mðvðd mf} dsakk

cxajx}fvhy iðabk eìxxkx lþ}ahd mbdb yð}`ð bìd`bkbabw+

Bybyð}d¾ðk mx ð`dhvf ihaf} b`b}`b þ}iðd sèlbkv`b mb`byy

ihaf}ve`x p}egh`h}f ih 269>¾ibk sek}b }bnb dbì}ì ~h e lðkihk mx

vbkb, mby` iesy`b}awk mf`fkì`f vb ib mf`fkìsfw sbyà fmf}`fdìf`h}f kh

byy}`bk ³ihaf}ve``b} deaðkfsy sfsyhafk ybab b}bci}¹ sèlbkv`b fjab`

hifìf+ Jí`mxdf mby ybabc`k (68 ihaf}ve``b} f`h vbpb}dhk,

Yð}dfvh¾ih mx e}bk (28¾`h}f lhìhahif+ 269> v``b}kib Bah}fdb

Yhasf`cf`h} Ahc`fsfkih lþ} ðð`hk Jhss ]bpe}xkib, lh`fahdyh e`bk

ð`dh`h}f ³Bah}fdbk sbkbvfsf f`h }hdbmhyh lf}ahsfk ifvh¹ e`bmfìffkch

ihaf}ve``b} vbpakibk xwbd yxyxk ihkfve}ix+ Db}bve`x vbpakb ihsyhd

~h}if4 b}bì jfmh hyyf4 bkcbd vhihd pb}ìb`b}k nbjf nfvby`b}`b sbyb}bd mx

jfmhkfk db}`k dby mh dby lh}f bì+

Yð}dfvh kh wbabk deax`b} f`h yfcb}f f`fdfvh lf}ahvh db`d}sb,

sþwða ekb sy}byhgfd e}ybaw Bah}fdb Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}f *BMI& ih~}hvh

lf}h}hd, mx fmf}`ffkfk jð} iðkvb fìfk yhj`fdh`f sekxì`b} ie}x`bmf`hchfkf

~h bs`b mx f`fdf̀ h}f ybs~fp hyahiffkf mhvbk hih}+ Xwbd yb}fj`h}ih ihf`

sek =?!3? v`b mf} mbdbà" }bk, phy}e` b}babs ~h mxàbs jb`fkih

f`hyhmfàhsf fìfk, Yð}dfvh¾vh mf} phy}e` b`bk ybjsfs hyahvf lðkihah

lhyf}fkch, BMI¾`f iesy`b}aw jhahk ih~}hvh lf}h}hd, mx fmf}`ffkfk KBYE

~h þwlð} mby fìfk yhj`fdh`h} iex}bmf`hchfkf, mþv`h mf} fmf}`ffkf



<

ekbv`babik ð`yfabyea mfìfafkih iðkvbvb ixvx}ix+ Sh}y mf} db}bsb`

fd`fah sbjfp Yð}dfvh¾kfk iex dhsfafkf sybmfàhd fìfk *ìðkdð

vbdbcbaw e}abk ib b}yd dbàbi& }bk f`h ieb` lbw me}x jbyy

vbpak lh}ìhd`hyf}ahd ~h lh`fyf}ahd babcv`b }bk¾`b fmf}`ffkh

lf}fkch, vfkh iesyxaxw sh}y yhpdfsfkf lþsyh}if+ E}yb Bsvb ð`dh`h}fkh

xwbkbcbd phy}e` ~h ieb` lbw me}x jbyb`b}kb ðsyð dbpb` e`b}bd ~fwh

~h}ahif+ Bwh}mbvcbk Vxax}yb`d me}x jbyykib, Yð}dfvh¾kfk pbvkk

(3¾ðk ðwh}fkh ìdabskb fwfk ~h}ahif+ Dfah ~h}if5 Mfk`h}ch dfèahy}h

xwbdyb vh} b`bk, lh}ìhd sy}byhgfd iesy`b}kb+

Iðkvbib hk ìed }hwh}~ mfwih ~b}4 sy}byhgfd abihkfafw ifvh jh} lðklbwhyh`h}ih ~h yh`h~fwvek`b}ib þ~ðkð`hk me} abihkfafwfk fj}bcbykb,

?>+22+=??: yb}fjfkih B~}xpb Mf}`ff fj}bcby dsy`babs lhyf}if+ Kh faf5

Yedsfd abiih e`b}bd ð}hahvf e`xasxw hydf`fve}ax+ Sbkdf Yð}dfvh mx

abihkf lib abiihsf e`b}bd fj}bì hifve}ax lfmf+ Iðkvbib fj}bcby

sk}`bkbk vb ib vbsbd`bkbk yhd h`hahky vb ib abihk mþv`hch mfwfa

me}xaxw eìx+ _f``h}ih mf`h vbvlk e`b}bd dx``bk`bk `fyvxa, dbiafvxa4

dhwb jh} vh}ih dx``bk`bk dx}xk, c~b ~h mf}ìed mhkwh} h`hahkyh vb ib

abihkh khihk dsy`bab lhyf}fàfve}5 vf ih ek`b} Yð}dfvh¾ihk

ìdb}àve} df4 ìdb}`sb ib iðkvb pfvbsbsk vþk`hkif}hchd whklfk`fdyh

ihf` ih ekibk+ Lb`fmb M}hwf`vb ifwfsf ³Dþ`h we}b¹v fw`hvh fw`hvh fvfch

mhkfashifd¤

Se~vhy Sesvb`fsy Cxajx}fvhy`h}f f`h e`bk f`fdf`h}fafwh 26=3¾ihk mx

vbkb jhp sexd mbdy+ Jí`mxdf lhkì Yð}dfvh Cxajx}fvhyf¾kfk dx}x`xjb}ckb hk mðvðd pbv mx ð`dhihk lhàfyf+ ]xsvb¾kk whklfk ieb`

lbwkk mf} me}x jbyyv`b *Ab~f Jby& Yð}dfvh¾vh bdyàbs, bkcbd

]xsvb¾kk ibvbyabs f`h lh}ìhd`hhmfìf+ Bkcbd, BMI, ìed ibjb sy}byhgfd

mf} abiih e`bk phy}e` jbyykk Yð}dfvh ðwh}fkihk Vxax}yb`b



:

mb`bkabsk sbmeyh hyyf ~h sekxìyb ]xsvb mx me}x jbyyk, Mx`lb}fsybk

~h Vxkbkfsybk ðwh}fkihk Hlh¾vh vbkf Bdihkfw¾h mb`bvbcbd bk`bab`b}

vbpb}bd, Yð}dfvh¾vf mf} ìhfy i`bi+ Bkcbd, Yð}dfvh sbkdf phy}e`

dbvkbk lb}bkyfvh bà lfmf, Sbasxk!Chvjbk jbyyk jb}` jb}`

vbpabvb ih~ba hifve}+ Mbdbà þkðaðwihdf lðk`h}, Yð}dfvh, mx me}x

jbyykibk, ab`fvhyfkf dx}yb}bcbd afdyb}ib sh~d hihchd phy}e` mx`bmf`hchd

af5

Yð}dfvh, mfk mf} ib`b~h}h f`h mþ`lhvh vh}`hyf}f`hk Axsh~f`h}fk

dx}ixx s}bf` Ih~`hyfkf f`d ybkvbk ð`dh eìx+ s}bf` Ih~`hyfkfk

dx}xàbskk ib hydfsfv`h, @ðmkbk¾ib 23 Kfsbk 26<8ihk fyfmb}hk 266?v``b}kb dbib} ih~ba hihk Aðs`ðabk! J}fsyfvbk bv}a ~h aðcbih`hsf,

fì sb~bb iþkðyð+ Yð}dfvh BMI¾`h}fkfk vþk`hkif}ahsf f`h yða

Aðs`ðabk`b} db}skb bàbvb lþwh b`b}bd, @ðmkbk¾ibdf fì sb~byb

J}fsyfvbk`b}b lfw`fch 38 xìbd ie`xsx *nfè deaxybk mf} vb}mbvk mbskibdf

fyf}bnkb lþ}h& sf`bj sh~dfkh b}bc eìx vb ib ihsyhd sb`bi+ Jð} iðkvbvb

dbyd mbjbkhsfv`h4 þwðkih, Bah}fdbk ìdb}`b}k de}xabd fìfk De}h¾kfk

fdfvh mþ`ðkahsfkh bsdh}f ihsyhd sb`bi+ Esabk` iþkhafkih sxmbv`b}k

lfih}hd mbw iðwhk`hah`h} vbpy jbyyb aðibjb`h`h}ih mx`xkixx

Seab`f¾vh, sy}byhgfd e}ybaw BMI¾`h}fkfk we}xv`b >?? dff`fd mf} mf}`fd ~h

mb`b}kb ib mf} Yð}d deaxybk lþkih}ifd *E}lhkh}b` Ìh~fdmf}&4

ihaed}bsfvf de}xvbcbw mbjbkhsfv`h Bah}fdbk ìdb}`b}k Bn}fdb¾ib

de}xabd fìfk abb lþ}h~f vbpyd+ Jfì mf}fkfw se}ixkxw ax5 Mx mf}`fd lfyyf

~h lh}f lhìf4 kh eìx ifvh5

Vhyahif" Haph}vb`fsy ð`dh`h}h db} ~h}af eìxxaxw yb}fjfk f`d

Dx}yx`x Sb~bkib, h``h}fkihdf vðwðd`h}f, dbik`b}kk dðph`h}fkf,

mevxk`b}kibdf b`yk`b} ìdb}b}bd mfwh ihsyhd sb`bvbk Bnlbkfsybk

jb`dkb dbk dxsyx}bk sh~lf`f e}ybaw BMI¾`h}fkh ihsyhd ~h}ahd fìfk



6

kh}hihvsh 2? vì} deaxybkaw, bsdh}fafw, jb~b b`bk`b}aw f`h

shnh}mh} eàxxw+

F}bd¾yb sek 28 vì} BMI¾`h}fkh vbpyaw vb}ia`b} fsh mbmbkk

e`xkb vbpbcbd vb}ia`b} mf`h lþ`lhih m}bd}+ Bkcbd F}bd phy}e``h}fkfk

pbv`bakb lh`fkch, =: Kfsbk =??: yb}fjfkih b`kbk mf} db}b}`b 93 ð`dhvh

F}bd¾yb phy}e` b}bab ~h f`hyah jbdd ybkk}dhk, Yð}dfvh `fsyhvh mf`h

b`kabi+

ksbk`b} ìexk`xd ìdb}`b}kb wb}b} ~h}hk dx}y`b}b sbvl ixvb}4 mx

sbvlibk ie`bv ìecxd`b}kb dx}y bi devb}, sevbi e`b}bd b`} ~h mf}

fksbk ekx}`bki}abd fìfk dx}y snbyk dx``bk}+ Bkcbd dþphd sevbik

b`bk, ìecxxkb mx bi devbk jfì dfash lþ} ðàhafyf}+ Jbyyb mf}fkh dþphd

ifvh jfybp hyah vbsb` e`b}bd sxì ib sbvày}+ _hdí`í, jfìmf} db}`d

mhd`hahihk jfwahyyh dxsx} hyahvhk mx jbv~bk`b} khihk bb`byc mf}

snbyk sfalhsf eàxyx}5

Bàbibk ~h}hk`h}h, mf`fkìsfwch fybby hihk`h}h dþphd axbah`hsf

vbp`} ~h yep`xaib je lþ} ðàhw+ Ìðkdð mf} cbk` þyhdfkfk ìdb}k dhkifìdb}kibk ibjb ðsyðk yxyabw4 mx iebvb bvd}i}4 dhkifkf fsyfsab}

hihkihk e`bmfìffkch xwbd dbàbvb ìb`}+

Bkcbd mf} ihnb mfby *se}lxsxw sxb`sfw sþv`hkhkf dbmx`& hyahvf mf}

b`dbk`d jb`fkh lhyf}afshkfw, sfwfk bkb`fsyfd iððkah vhyfkfw sk}`bka

ihahdyf}4 b}yd lðiða`hkahvh, vþkhyfàhvh jbw}skw ihahdyf}+ Yb}fjh

mf} mbdbà" Mfby lh`hkhf e`bk yep`xa`b}ib fksbk`b} jhp mf`fkìsfw e`b}bd

vþk`hkif}fàf, lðiða`hkafyf}+ Dfybp` ifk`h}fk mf}fkcf dx}b` ³sþv`hkhkf

bvkhk iððkahihk dbmx` hihchdsfk *fabk hihchdsfk&, db`mfk`h ybs~fp

hihchdsfk, if`fk`h fd}b} hihchdsfk¹ *yhvfy hihchdsfk&+ Dxdx ixvbkk

fabk wbvny}+ Lhìafyh B~}xpb¾vb mbdve}sxkxw, _bpbkk mf} `bnv`b

B~}xpb Dxiðs¾h ie}x ve`b ifwfàf4 df`fshkfk mf} yb~}v`b bnhy`h}fk



2?

se}xa`xsx e`b}bd 2??+???`h}ch ìex dbik, cbi, hvybk, dþyð }xj

sxì`babsv`b fdhkch lþ}að ~h vbdày}+ Mf} ðkf~h}sfyhkfk }hdyþ} ð7 ³Mx

dbib} biba vbdyd bnhy`h}ih jfìmf} bwbàb eàbi, vhkfihk iððkh`fa,

mh`df ih khihkf cbi ihiffafw dbik`b} ihfìf}¹ ihiff fìfk e ib

^byfdbk¾k jakb x}bvb}bd vbdì+ Lhìafh bfy mfk`h}ch þ}khd ~h}ahd

aðadðkið}+ _hdí`í, lðkðaðwih ix}xa khif}5 Mfby dð`yð} ð f`h vhyfaf

2??+???`h}ch fksbkk mf`fkìsfw mf} hdfìh vþk`hkif}fìff, yh}þ}fwah fyfìff

mf} iðkvbib vbve}xw+ ksbk`b}k bdba sbmbj ~ðcxixkb meamb

mb`bvb}bd sxìsxw fksbk`b} þìð}ahvh lfiffkf mbdb yð}`ð kbs`

bìd`bvbmf`f}sfkfw5 Mh`df, mx fksbk`b} cbjf`, e khihk`h lðiða`hkhmf`fve}`b}

ifvh iððkhmf`f}sfkfw+ Bkcbd mxkxk edxax`xd`b ìed ib mb`bky`

eàbik ìhfy`f þ}khd`h}`h lþ}hmf`f}sfkfw+ Þ}khfk7

Jh} vh}ih Aðs`ðabk dbk bdybk BMI mbdbk Mxsj, Aðs`ðabk

ð`dh`h}ih xìbd`b}k dbp`b}kib hk lþ}dha`f yþ}hk`h}`h db}`bkve}4

fkbkàbw vðch`yfcf ahsbg`b} ~h}f`fve}+ Mh`df ih Mxsj fsyhsh ¤+`b}k mf`h

fd}ba hihchd dbib} b`ìb`ve}`b}+ Mx Mxsj ibjb sek}b, =??6 v`

mb`b}dhk s}bf`¾fk Lbwwh¾vh sbì}b}bd hk bw 8?? dffvf *ìe`xd ìecxd`b}&

þìð}hk, =??? dffvf vb}b`bvbk s}bf`¾f ihf`, þìð} ð`hk Jbabs¾

sxì`bvbcbd, Jbabs¾ dkbabd fìfk iðkvbvb ìb}ib mx`xkbcbd+ Mbykk

ihsyhfv`h bvbdyb db`bk mx sbyà fib}h`h}fk jhahk jhpsf kh v bwd df

s`baf dx}b``b} dhkif`h}fkh }hjmh} vbpa ð`dh`h}if}+ Yð}dfvh¾kfk à`

s`ba ð`dhsf eàbs fìfk lh}hd`f whafkf jbw}`bvbk ~h mx mbdyb e`bk

pe`fyfdb`b}b bìdybk vb ib lfw`f e`b}bd ihsyhd sb`bvbk, mx veìb

bìd`bab`b} vbpbk faba`b} mb}kib mb}ki}bk, de}xvbk Bah}fdb¾kk

evxkx bìdy}7 Ifh} Aðs`ðabk ð`dh`h}h Dhab`fwa¾`h ²ek`b} dff`fd`f

ih~`hy`h}h iþkðyð}ahsf khihkfv`h! dþyð þ}khd e`bk Dhab`fsy mbd`

Yð}dfvh Cxajx}fvhyfkf hydfsfw jb`h lhyf}ahd¤ Mxkx dfafk`h vbpbcbd

sþv`haf ifk e`bk pb}yf`h}`h¤



22

Lhìafyh mf} hvb`hyfafwfk *Sxxif B}bmfsybk& klf`fw evxk`b} f`h

shìfàf d}b`kk jb`hnf, yfpfd mf} haph}vb`fsy xb, vbdk wbabkib

ð`dhafwf wfvb}hy hyyf+ Lh}ìhdyhk d}b``b} lfmf db}`bki4 }hsaf yhabs`b}k

mf`h, wbjahy hifp Yð}d }hsaf abdba`b}kib vbpabi4 mfwfadf`h}fkf eyh`fkh

ìb}b}bd4 }hsaf lþ} ðahvf eyh`fkfk eibskib, ibjb vðdshd mf}

sbkib`vhvh eyx}b}bd, cxajx}mbdbkaw mf} vbkkb, mbmbdbkaw

ifh} vbkkb b`b}bd, b}dbskb ib Sxxif mbv}bk bsy}b}bd vbpy}i+ Dfa

mf`f} mh`df ih mx fdf ðsy iðwhv vþkhyfcfafw, iððkiððaðwihk ibjb

aðyh~bw fksbk`b}i} ib ekibk""" vf df Bybyð}d þìð ih mx lðk`h}f

lþ}ahif4 vedsb þ`ða khihkf db}bcfh} vhyahw`ff ihf`, dbj}ibk e`x}ix+

Mfby dð`yð} ð e`bk`b}k mf} yð}`ð dx}yx`babid`b} mf} jb`hyf }xjfvh *vbkf

}xj ix}xa`b} vb ib ibjb mf`fash` mf} bk`bya`b ib~}bk hdf``h}f& ~b}i}+

Wbvn eìxd`b} vh}ih dþphd`hhk, lðì`ð eìxd`b} vh}`h}ih bs`bk`bbk,

mbwhk cbkb~b}`bbk mf} yb~}+ Bdba sbmbj B~}xpb mf}`ffkfk vhydf`f`h}f,

fksbkk ìecxxkb mf`h jfybp hyahdyhk jfcbp ixvbcb yb}wib, ð`dhafwfk

fib}hcf`h}fkf, vþkhyfcf`h}fkf, jxdxdxkx, jxdxdìx`b}k, bsdh}`h}fkf bb`ve}

ib bb`ve}+ Mfw kh vbpve}xw5 Mx biba`b}k db}skib ybd`b byve}xw+

Bkcbd, Sx}fvh, Bwh}mbvcbk, Lð}cfsybk, Dxwhv Dm}s Cxajx}fvhyf

ð`dh`h}fkfk vhydf`f`h}fkh db} mbdbk Mxsj }e`ðkð evkbabvb ìb`ve}xw

*jh}jbìh ME_ h mbdbk` ib mxkx sfalh`fve}&+ Wbvn hwahd ab}fnhy

ihfìf}4 dx~~hy`fkfk db}skib ifd ix}abd ab}fnhyyf}+ Lh}ìhd Yð}d

lh`hkhf ih mxkx ha}hih}+ Mx ekx}`x ib~}bk vbdk yb}fjfafwih lb`fmb

sbihch Bybyð}d mbb}i+

Hkh}gf d}fwf ~h sx d}fwf iðkvbib b}yabvb mb`bvkcb, mx abkyd

fìh}fsfkih, Yð}dfvh¾kfk vhkf lþ}h~`h}fkh ~h mby iðkvbs bìskibk vhkf

mbb}`b}kb ybkd e`bcbdskw+ Bkcbd mx mbb}`b}aw iðkvbkk abw`xa

af``hy`h}f jhp khn}hy`h bkbcbd`b}i}4 mxkx faifihk mfàf e`xk+



2=

Yð}dfvh¾ih jxdxd!vb}l sfsyhafkih mf} ybsb} jbw}`bkve}4 vðdshd

vb}l e}lbk`b}, mb}e`b} ~h jxdxd sfsyhafkih sþw sbjfmf e`bk`b}ibk þkch

B~}xpb Deafsvekxkxk ðvh`h}fkfk lþ} ð`h}fkh sxkx`xve}+ Mxkxk ie}x

eàbik mhvbk hihk mx dekxibdf vhydf`f dx}xa`b}, sfvbsf`h} yb}bnkibk

yepb yxyx`xve}+ Vbkf B~}xpb¾ibdf mf} ahax} mfwfa jxdxd iðwhkf

dekxsxkib vþk`hkif}fcf vb ib mh`f}`hvfcf mhvbk`b}ib mx`xkbmf`hchd4 bkcbd

mx vbsb`b} xvlx`bvbcbd dx}xa`b}awk vhydf`f dff`h}f nfdf}`h}fkf

sþv`hvhahvhchd+ Hsdfihk Nfìff sbjf``h}fkihdf ð`dh`h}h lfyahd ~h e}bibdf

fib}f vbpv þ}hkahd fsyh}ifa4 bkcbd b}yd lfyahah lh}hd dbàbi ifvh

iððkðve}xa+ Mx mf} jbybibk a dbvkbd`bkve} ifvh iððkahd fsyfve}

fksbk+ Bkcbd, ibjb þkch ih bkbvbsbib vbp`babs iððkð`hk

ihffd`fd`h}, Yð}d dbaxevxkb ~h mx dekxib vhydf`f sbv`bcbd dx}xa`b}b

sxkxàbibk BMI¾kfk mf} dx}xaxkib lþ} ðh sxkxàbs, ix}xaxk

iððkiððaðwihk ibjb ~bjfa eìxxkx lþsyh}fve}+

Mfw, lhìafyh, kh vbpb}sbd mbb}` e`x}xw ifvh ìed vðdshd

ðc}hy`h}`h ìed sbvib ³lðvb¹ xwabkb ibkyd vb ib lhyf}yyfd+ Mxk`b}k mf}

dsa, þwh``fd`h 26>? v``b}k sekxkib mðvðd mhd`hkyf`h} f`h lhyf}yfàf e`bk,

I_Y¾kfk lb`fmb mf}fkcf 8 v``d p`bkkb *vbkf fh mb`bab ve` jb}fybskk

ìfwfìff p`bkb& hdf` ~h}ahsf fsyhkhk, ìed hydf`f ~h vhydf`f Je``bkib` mf}

xwabk *lb`fmb Yfkmh}lhk e`bcbd&7 ³Yð}dfvh¾kfk sbkbvfvh jfì vby}a

vbpababsk ~h yb}ab b}`d ~h}ahsfkf¹ þkh}h}hd lfyyf+ Mf} ðkf~h}sfyh

þ}hkcfsf fdhk, þwðkih, mfwh ìfnyìf!ìembk dbàbaw þkh}hk mx xwabkk

þkðkih ih~`hy biba`b}awk kbs` h` phkìh ix}ixd`b}k mxlðk jb`b bc

f`h bkasve}xa+

Mf}f`h}fkfk fwfkh mbsb}bd vð} ðahvh mb`basbkw, lþ} ðkð}ih de`bv

ve`x mxàxsxkxw ihahdyf}4 bkcbd mx veìb mf}f`h}f jhp þkðkðwih e`bcbd

~h sfw ekxk fw`hiff veìb db`bcbdskw ihahdyf}+ Yð}dfvh¾kfk mx ve`b



23

iðyðð yb}fj 269>¾i}+ Wbabk`b mx mba``d ibjb ib ih}fk`haf fsh,

hdekeafafwf FAN, lð~hk`fd sfsyhafafwf BMI4 jxdxdxaxwx, yfcb}hyfafwf,

vþkhyfa mfìfafafwf, yep`xasb` e}lbkfwbsvekxaxwx BM vþkhyahvh

mb`ba fsh mfwh bkcbd mx veìb }bjahy`f Íd ^hvsh`¾fk ³kch xwxk mf}

veìbva, lfifve}xa lhch lðkiðw¹ yð}dðsðkð sþv`hahdyhk mbdb mf}

lþ}h~ dbàba ihahdyf}+

Mðyðk mxk`b}k, vbkf vþk`hkif}ah`h}fk ~h mba``k mbb}` mf}

hdfìh sð}ið} ðàhsf fìfk mfby dð`yð} ðkðk sð}ið} ðàhsf lh}hdf}+ Mx

khihk`h jh} hvfafwh aðibjb`h hihk mby` iesy`b}aw, jh} khihksh mfby

dð`yð} ðkih vbp`bcbd ihffd`fd`h}f, dffkfk fkbkckb aðibjb`h e`b}bdybka`bvb}bd, yhpdf lþsyh}ahdyhif}`h}+ Jí`mxdf mx fkbkì sfsyhaf

dhkif`h}fkfk fkbkì sfsyhaf f`h yb}fjyh mðvðd ìbyab`b} vbbay+ Jb`b ib

vbbabdybi}+ Bkcbd, mby, mxlðkdð jb`fv`h mfby dð`yð} ðkðk dhkif

ìdb}`b} bìskibk hk þkha`f mf} b}bì eìxxkx bk`bay}+ Mfw, mbykk

mf} wbabk`b} vbpy, ielab`b}aw bwb`ybcbd, vbkf mfby dð`yð} ðkð

ihfyf}hchd }hne}a`b} vbpabvb db`dsbd mf`h, lþ}hchdsfkfw, xvlb} mby,

ihaed}bsf vbvlb}bs f`h mx lf}ffafafwf þk`hvhchdyf}+

Mf} wbabk`b} Jfkifsybk¾ib mf} vþkhyfcf, p}eyhfk dy`kibk d}`bk

jb`db, s} hyfkf ih vfvhmf`hchd`h}fkf þðy`hahvh mb`bvkcb, Jfkifsybk¾k

klf`fw ^b`fsf ìed sh}y yhpdf lþsyh}h}hd, ³jb`dk fkbkì`b} f`h evkbkabskb

fwfk ~h}aha¹ sþv`haf f`h bibak shsfkf jhahk dhsafyf+ Ibjb sek}b mx

~b`f vbwa eìxx jby}b`b}kib, ³hh} jb`dk s} hyf vhahsfkf

ihsyhd`hshvifa, p}eyhfk`h mhs`hkhk jb`d ibjb sb`d`!mf`fkì`f e`bcbdy ~hielab`b}kk d}ìkib mhd`hkhk nh`bdhy`h}fk e}ybvb ìdabvbcbk

lþ} ðkch ih, klf`fw ìdb}`b} Jfkifsybk¾ib yhj`fdhvh lf}hmf`f}if¹ ifvh

vbwve}+



29

E}bibdf`h}fk fkbkckb mx ihk`f sbvl` eìxxkx mhvbk hihk

klf`yh}h apb}bye}`xx, xwxk v``b} klf`fw Dxab e`b}bd mf`fkhk ~h yh}cfj

hif`hk yhdsyf` ð} ðk`h}fkfk Jfkifsybk¾ib ìed ibjb xcxwb ð}hyfìffkf lþ} ðkch

~h ìdb}`b} yhj`fdhvh iððkch, Jfkifsybk¾ibdf yhdsyf` fìf`h}fkfk *mf}

}bdbab lþ}h 8+??? dffkfk& sb de`xkx, yhwlíj`b}ib b}yd ìb`babsk`b}

ifvh Mhyje~hk¾fk shknekfsfkf ifk`hyh}hd dhsyf}af mf} ð`dhif}+

Xwxk wbabk *Abe¾vb dbib}& vþkhyfafkih yxyxx Ìfk¾f, yðccb}`b}kk

b}bc`v`b bnvek!hs}b} mba`s vbpbk ~h xvxybk klf`yh}h, ve``b}ib sh}

shnf` vbybk hs}b}dh`h}f lþ}ahahw`fdyhk lhàf ~h fapb}bye}`xxkxk

whklfk`ffkf mx chshy`h}fk ðwh}fkh dx}axyx}+ Mf} vþkhyfcfkfk ìdp ibÌfk¾ih hs}b} fìfàhsfkf vbsbd`babsv`b, dw`cb dvbahy depax4 klf`fw

apb}bye}`xx vbkib`b} f`h mf}`fdyh yða lðcðv`h Ìfk¾h sbì}a ~h

_hdfk, bklbv¾ yepb yxyaxyx}+ Mx sb~bk bi, yb}fjyh ³Bnvek Sb~b¹

e`b}bd lhìh}+ Sekxìyb vhkf`hk Ìfk, klf`fw yðccb}`b}k }bjbysw hyyff fìfk,

þwð} if`hahvh ahcmx} hifàf ~h ³mxkibk mþv`h klf`fw yðccb}`b}, yðyðk,

hs}b} ~h bnvekx jfìmf} dsy`bab ~h hklh``hahvh ybmf eàbibk

sbybmf`hchdyf}¹ fmb}hsfkf ybvbk bk`babv vxydxkb}bd fawb`babd

we}xkib dbày}+ Vhyahif, chwb e`b}bd ib, klf`fw B}abibsk ~h

yðccb}`b}k }bjbysw hyyff fìfk, Jekl!Dekl¾x 2?? v``kb klf`fw`h}h

~h}afyf}+ Vbdk wbabk`b}b dbib} Jekl!Dekl¾xk mf} klf`fw hj}f

eàbskk khihkf mx f}hkì bk`babi}+

Mðyðk mxk`b}ibk dx}yx`bmf`f} afvfw5 Dx}yx`x}xw+ Bkcbd

haph}vb`fsy`h}f de~abv`b vb ib ek`b} dsy`babv`b mx ahklhkhihkdx}yx`babvw4 dx}yxìxxaxwx wbkkhyshd ih mxkx bkcbd sk}` mf}

wbabk fìfk vbpbmf`f}fw+ Yð}dfvh mx byb 26=?¾ih vbpy4 bkcbd sekxìyb x

vb ib mx hdfìh yhd}b} mf}f`h}fkfk fwfkh iðyð+ Kfvh5 Ìðkdð mf} sð} ð

}hne}a lh`fyf}hk Yð}dfvh, kh vbwd df iððksh` iðkvbskib þwlð}`ðh,



28

mbasw iððkahvh, bkb`fsyfd iððkahvh x`bbabi4 ìðkdð mfby

dð`yð} ð ³ifkf fkbkì`b}b sbvlsw`d¹ lh}hdìhsfv`h mf} yð}`ð dbì}`babi,

ihfyf}f`hahif, mþv`hch jb`d hvj`h}fk, að}fy`h}fk, bb`b}k *mxkb mf}

ihnb pb}yfvf h`h lhìf}fp ih`hlh`h}f abkxpf`h hyahd sx}hyfv`h þ`ðkchvh

dbib} mbdbk db`bk pb}yf bb`b} ib iíjfìf}&, ihih`h}fk h`fkihk vx`b}

dx}yb}babi+ Mþv`hch fìyh dhkifkh þwlð e`flb}fd *vbkf mbw dff`h}h mb`&

ihaed}bsf, iyb ib jh} wbabk lðì`ðvh mevxk hhk mf} vþkhyfa bk`bv

e}ybvb ìda eìx+

Yð}dfvh¾kfk lh`hchfkih þkha`f mf} byà e`bcbd Db}bihkfw Ð`dh`h}f

Hdekeafd mf}`ff lf}ffafkh mf} lþw bybà+ nbih ìed bìd, Db}bihkfw¾hdvs e`bk ð`dh`h}fk fmf}`ff+ Hkh}gfkfk ihkhy`hkhmf`hchf mf} mþ`lh+

Hdekeafd peybksfvh`f vðdshd+ Mf}ìed mbdaibk mfwh ~h mx ð`dh`h}h mðvðd

vb}b} sb`bvbcbd mf} lf}ffa e`bcbdy+ Vbp`bk f`d lf}ffa`h}ihk sek}b, ìed

hafk ihf`fa bab, Yð}dfvh¾kfk yhd`fnf f`h Vxkbkfsybk¾k ~h H}ahkfsybk¾k

ib mx mf}`fh b`kabs fsyhkif ~h b`ki+ B`kab f`h ih dbàbi, mx mf}`ffk

ab`f mbdhkyf Vxkbkfsybk¾k Sh`bkfd hj}f eàbs dbmx` hifìf+ Vxkbkfsybk

kh}h, Db}bihkfw kh}h4 ðsyh`fd Vxkbkfsybk B~}xpb Mf}`ffkfk yhyfdìfsf,

Vxkbkfsybk d}ekfd Yð}d iðabk4 H}ahkfsybk ihshk jb dhwb¤ Kh eìx5

Jfìmf} hv eàbi, dx}xìxxkibk dsb mf} sð}h sek}b f`h~sfw jb`h lhìyf+

Ìðkdð mby` sy}byhgfd iesy`b}aw dhkif`h}fkfk eàbi mf} mf}`fd fìh}fsfkih

mfwfa lðì`hkahafwf jfìmf} wbabk dbmx` hihahw`h}if+ Þv`h ih

eìx¤Mðyðk mxk`b} lþ}hchd ih~`hy biba`b} kh}hih5 Lþ} ð}shkfw mbkb

ib jbmh} ~h}fk¤

Yð}dfvh¾kfk 2? Dbsa 263:¾ihk, þwh``fd`h 269>¾ibk mx vbkb dhkif

f}bihsf f`h db}b} ~h}iff yhd ~h hk þkha`f db}b}, 26<9¾ihdf Dm}s Mb}

Jb}hdhyf¾if}+ `d ihnb sþwih mby` iesy`b}awk ekbv`babi mf} jb}hdhy

vbpyd+ ^bv shk afsfk mfwfa xs`x ìecxd, dff`fd`f ib~}bkabvb vh`yhkahd"



2>

Lþ} ð}sðk shk ihkif+ Mðyðk mx e`bk`b} bk`bvbmfàhd fìfk Dm}s

Jb}hdhyfkf mbybk mf} ibjb lþwihk lhìf}h}hd ve}xa`babd lh}hdhmf`f}+

Yð}dfvh mþv`h mf} ekx}`x jb}hdhyh mf} ihnb ibjb vh`yhkafyf+ 268?

v``b}kib Dm}s¾yb mb`bvbk mbasw`d jb}hdhyf fdf yep`xa`x mf} e}ybd

ih~`hyfk dx}xàbs f`h sekxì`bkay+ ]xa`b} sekxìyb, Dm}s¾k yða

vþkhyfafkh dhkif`h}f h` devab ve`xkb lfyyf`h}4 bk`bab`b}, x`xs`b}b}bs

bk`bab`b} ìfkhvh}hd, bkbvbsbv ìfkhvh}hd ~h Yð}d`h}f dby`hih}hd,

26>3 v`kib E}ybd Ih~`hy¾f vdy`b}+ Bk`babvb lþ}h aðibjb`h jbddaw

eìxx fìfk, wbabkk mbmbdbk sahy kþkð *26>3 v`& Dm}s¾b mf}dbì

xìbd lþkih}h}hd ²sbkdf ìdb}ab vbpbcbaw fw`hkfaf vb}byb}bd! bibðwh}fkih xìx}ix4 bvk bkib Bah}fdb Mbdbk Gejksek¾ibk Yð}dfvh¾vh

whjf} whamh}hd mf} ahdyxp lhìf+

³Gejksek Ahdyxmx¹

³\bsjfklyek7 8 Jbwf}bk 26>9

Sbvk Mbv Mbmbdbk *kþkð&

Yð}dfvh Jðdðahyfkfk, Dm}s¾k mf} dsakk bsdh}f dx~~hy`h flb` hyahd

ðwh}h aðibjb`hih mx`xkabvb db}b} ~h}ahvf ybsb}`bikw jbddkib

Mðvðdh`ìf Jb}h ~bsybsv`b sfwihk ~h If`h}f Mbdbkkwibk bìa

jbmh} mhkf cfiif sx}hyyh hkifhvh sh~d hyahdyhif}+ Hk iesybkh ~h bìd

hdfìh mh`f}yahd fsyh}fa df lhkf ìbpyb khyfch`h} yh~`fy hihmf`hchd mþv`h

mf} jb}hdhyfk Yð}dfvh yb}bnkibk ybdfp hifàhsfkf, Jðdðahyfkfwfk mfwfa`h

h~~hìhk yba mf} fsyfb}hih mx`xkabd jxsxsxkibdf ybbjjðið f`h dbmf`f

yh`fn biihyafve}xa+ Mðvðdh`ìf Jb}h, lþ}ð`h}faf þ}hkahd ðwh}h mf}dbì

sbby yhjf} hyaf eìxxkxwx mbkb mfìf}if+



2<

V``b} mevx Yð}dfvh¾vf hk sb`ba hdfìh ihsyhd`hiffkf fspby hyaf e`bk

Bah}fdb lfmf mf} aðyyhnfdfk, mx hdfìh khyfch`h}h e`bk yhd yb}bn` mf}

db}b}`b db} db}vb m}bdàbskk, Jðdðahyfkfw mbdakibk ie}x

eìxxkb jbdfdbyhk fkbkp fkbkabikw sfwihk se}b}ia+ Mfkbhkb`hvj,

mþv`h mf} jb}hdhyh yh~hssð` hyahihk þkch Mf}`hfd Bah}fdb

Ih~`hy`h}f f`h yba fsyfb}hih mx`xkabd ahsx`fvhyfkf dbmx` hyahkfwf

jbssbyhk }fcb hyahd ahcmx}fvhyfkihvfa+

¤+

Bvk wbabkib, Mbv Mbdbk, bsdh}f vb}ia sbjbskib Yð}dfvh ~h Mf}`hfd

ih~`hy`h}b}bskib ah~cxy fdf yb}bn` Bk`babvb ifddbyfkfwf ìhdahd fsyh}fa+

Yð}dfvh f`h b}bawib ah~cxy Yhaaxw 269< Bk`babskk F^¾ ðkcð

abiihsf axcfmfkch, bsdh}f vb}iak Jðdðahyfkfwfk, Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}fk

ax~bnbdbyfkf bàbs fcbp hyahdyhif}+ Jðdðahyfkfw, mx b}y ybabahk

bk`ba mx`xkixxkx axjyh`fn ~hsf`h`h}`h Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}h mfìf}afyf}+

¤+

Mx hdfìh sfwh xkx mfìf}ahd fsyh}fa df, mfwfa`h vhkfihk ~h hk lhkf

þ`ìðih fsyfb}h hyahdsfwfk mþv`h mf} jb}hdhyh yh~hssð`

hyahvhchfkfwh ibf} mbkb yhafkby ~h}ahiffkfw ybdif}ih,¤¹

*ahdyxmxk yba ahykf vbwkk b`ykib&

Ìdb}sbkw mbkwb lh`hchd`h}f mhk sfwh sþv`hvhvfa ahb`fkih¤

Yð}d jðdðahyf mx ahdyxmx vxyyx+ Wbyhk bsdh}`h}fafwfk bibvb ìdbcbd

ix}xaib ib eàbi ibjb sek}b bk`bì+ Ìðkdð xìbd`b}k `bsyff ~hmhkwfkf Bah}fdb¾ibk lh`fve}ax+ Yð}d`h} bibibk dþs dþs lh}f iþkið`h}+

Yð}dfvh mx dbifa iesyxkb fkbkabkk kh mðvðd mf} jbyb eìxxkx mf}

ibjb lþ}aðyð4 bk`bi a ih}shkfw, dxdx`x, mxlðk ibjf bvk yð}dðv`h

ve`b ih~ba hifve}xw¤ Mf}bw dff`fd`f ib~}bksbkw, jh} v`k =9 kfsbkkib,



2:

mbdk jb ³H}ahkf Sevd}ak pb}`bahkyeaib dbmx` hih}fa¹ ifvh}hd

bkybgb ih~ba hifve}+ Jh} v` mxkx þk`hahd fìfk mðyìhafwihk mh`f}`f

Bah}fdbk èmf`h}fkh pb}b bdyb}`ve}+ Mf} dff`fd`f vþkhyfcf ìdp ib ³hih}shk

hy, mxkxk mhih`fkf mf}`fdyh þih}fw¹ ifvhafve}¤

Mìbd fvfch dhafh ibvbkay+ Dm}s¾yb 26<9¾ih ]xa`b} bvbb

db`da, Abdb}fes¾x bibibk sð}að, Yð}d`h}f þìð}ahvh mb`ba`b}i+

Yð}dfvh sekxìyb =? Yhaaxw 26<9 yb}fjfkih, Yð}dfvh Cxajx}fvhyf Ih~`hyf

Yð}d Sf`bj` Dx~~hy`h}fkfk Lb}bkyf Bk`babskk FFF nd}bskb ibvbkb}bd

aðibjb`h hyyf+ Bkcbd mx sð}hcf ie}x bk`b}sbd, x bkibdf Yð}d i

pe`fyfdbsk ibjb fvf bk`bvbmf`f}fw+

Sekxìyb Yð}dfvh bibvb ìdy, dþp} ðmb`b}k yxyyx+ Yð}dfvh¾kfk

ih}jb` byhf dhsahsf ~h lh}f ìhdfàhsf ha}hifìf+ Yð}dfvh ix}ix4 bkcbd

lh}f ìhdfàhif4 bsdh}f bìibk dhkifkf lb}bkyfvh bàbd fìfk, mx haf}`h}h

db} lh`h}hd fdfkcf jb}hdhyf vbpy ~h mh`f}`f mf} b`bk ibjb h`h lhìf}if+ Mby,

Yð}dfvh¾kfk mx fybbysfw`ffkf jfì xkxyabi+ `d e`b}bd BMI, Yð}dfvh¾vh

26<9¾ihk fyfmb}hk vbd`bd 9 v` sð}hchd sf`bj bamb}lesx xvlx`babvb ~h

xvlx`byy}abvb mb`bi+ E}ixsxkx Bah}fdbk sf`bj`b}kb lþ}h iekbybk

Yð}dfvh ìed we} ix}xaib dbì+ Sy}byhgfd e}ybaw hdekeafd lðì`ðd`h}

ìdb}i ~h jh} sfvbsf p`byne}aib Yð}dfvh¾vf lh}f ìhdfàhvh we}`bi *jí`mxdf

hsbs sy}byhgfd e}yb e`bk s}bf`, Nf`fsyfk`f`h}h mfwfa vbpyawk mfk dbyk

vbpabskb db}k d`k mf`h dp}ibyave}4 jbyyb sð}hd`f mx ih~`hyf

vð}hd`hkif}fve}&+ Sekxkib mf} ìdb} ve` mx`babvbk Yð}dfvh, mf} ekx}`x

ib~}bk ibjb lþsyh}h}hd, Dxwhv Dm}s Yð}d Ih~`hyf¾kfk dx}x`xxkb vhf`d vbdy+ ^bv shk afsfk vhkf mf} ih~`hy f`bk hyahvh fwfk ~h}hk" Mbdk

kh`h} eìx kh`h}¤

Jh} wbabk db}`dsw iesy h`fkf xwbybk _bdfsybk, mx ihnb ib

vbkawib vh} bì ~h e lðk, Dxwhv Dm}s Ih~`hyf¾kf ybki+ Shk afsfk



26

ybkvbk, shk afsfk mbykk xs`x ìecxxkxk ab}abskb ihsyhd

sb`bvbk" Bvk lðk sy}byhgfd e}ybaw BMI, dfa df Dm}s Dxwhv

Ih~`hyf¾kf ybk}sb mfwihk *mbyibk& hdekeafd ~h bsdh}f vb}ia

bàbvbcbd4 lh}hdf}sh hdekeafd bamb}le xvlx`bkbcbdy} ahb`fkih sh}y

mf} ð`yfabyea vbvk`bi+ Yð}d vhydf`f`h} b`h`bch`h _bdfsybk¾b xìb}bd,

ek`b}k iesy`xxkb yhhddð} hifp, db}b}`b}k lh}f ìhdah`h}f fìfk }fcb`b}ib

mx`xkix`b}+ _bdfsybk ybkab db}b}k lh}f bì+

Mbykk fìf sexabi, j}s jfìmf} wbabk ifkahif+ Yð}dfvh kh

wbabkdf f`lf`f vb ib f`lfsfw mf} dekxvx dekxabd fìfk absbvb eyx}ix fsh,

mby` iesy`b}aw Dm}s ib~bsk syp þkðaðwh devix`b}4 fwwhyf khnsfafwfd}bcbd mfk mf} þkh}fih mx`xkix`b}4 sekxkib <? af`vek`xd Yð}dfvh¾vf

mf}dbì vðw mfk ]xa¾xk þkðkih ifw ìþdahvh we}`bi`b}+ Ybmff Lðkhv

Dm}s¾k B~}xpb Mf}`ffkh lf}ahsfkh ~h mfwfa fìfk ev dx``bkab jbddk

dbwbkabskb vhf` d vbdbk ib vfkh Yð}dfvh¾kfk lh`hchf lþ}hk *"& ib}

lþ} ð`ð, ¤ sfvbsf`h}f eìx+ Jí`mxdf lhìafyhdf bky`bab`b}awb lþ}h,

Dm}s Ih~`hyfkfk jh}jbklf mf} mf}`fh dbyàbs bkcbd Yð}dfvh¾kfk ekbv` f`h

e`bmf`f}if ~h Yð}dfvh¾kfk ðvh eàbi mf} mf}`fh Dm}s ðvh e`babwi+

Yð}dfvh jh} wbabkdf lfmf sy}byhgfd e}ybd`b}kb fkbki ~h lh`hchfkh mðvðd

jbcfw devix}ix+ faif mf}dbì Dm}s` ]xa¾xk þkðkih ifw ìþdðk¤

Jí`mxdf mx dff`fd`f db}b} mf} yð}`ð fìfkh sfkif}hahvhk bvk mby *BM

~h BMI&, B~}xpb¾kk lþmhfkih, bvk sevibk lh`hk, bvk if`f dekxbk,

bvk ifkh ahksxp fksbk`b} bv} ih~`hy`h} jb`fkih pb}ìb`babib jfìmf}

sbdkcb lþ}ahif ~h jh} yð}`ð e`bkbv`b ihsyhd`hif4 jbyyb lðì ih dx``bki+Vxles`b~vb¾kk pb}ìb`bkab sð}hcfkf fvf mfàhd lh}hdfve}+ Bvk mby, kh

jfdahysh bv} }dybk, bv} ifìhk, bv} ifkihk 39 vì} bv} vbbvbk Dm}s

fksbk`b}k mf} b}bvb lhyf}ahd fìfk mfk mf} ve`x ~h mbsdv ihkfve}+ Bcbmb

mfwf ìed ax sh~fve}`b} ih}sfkfw5 Bkcbd mfby dð`yð} ð f`h vhyfaf e`bk`b}



=?

mðyðk mxk`b} yba e`b}bd db~}babdyb we}`bkve}`b}+ Mbdk mby

axjfmmbkàw *dþ} ð dþ} ðkh mb`àw& sek lðk`h}ih mf`h kh}h`h}h

dbib} x`by+ klf`yh}h, Dh}dðd, Axsx`, Dxwhv F}bd ~h Dm}s se}xkxkx

mbawb mh`b hihk mf} ð`dhif} ~h d}b`fìh`h}f ih mx ð`dhkfk sfvbsf

evxk`b}kk lhìafyhk lðkðaðwh xwbkbk sfalhsfif}+

Mx e}yb evxkxkxk sek mf} ph}ihsfkf ih mhk bìd`bvbva, mbdbà mx

vbwv edxvbk`b} mx vbwid`b}a ibjb þkch mf} vh}`h}ih edxax vb ib

ffyaf`h} afif}5 Hh} þwh` ah}bdkw ved fsh, sy}byhgfd iesy`b}awk vbdk

ìbàb b}dbib e`bk jðdðahy`h}fafw, Sfw¾h mx mf`lf`h}f mðvðd mf}

e`bs`d`b x`by}ababd fìfk mðvðd ìbmb lþsyh}af eàbì}`b}+ Yb}fjdhkifkf ie}x edxvbabvbk fib}h`h}fk *mbwhk ih fib}hcf`h}fk& bfy eìxd`b}

yep`xa`b}k jbwfk bdmhy`h}f f`h ie`xix}+ Bybyð}d, yb 2?? v` þkch, hh}

Dh}dðd ~h Axsx`¾x ~h}f}shd, h} vb ib lhì Dð}y`h} f`h H}ahkf`h} Yð}d`h}f

b}dbibk ~x}bcbdy} ifve}+ faif ahc`fsyh sy}byhgfd iesy`b}awk

sdy}abs ~h cxajx}fvhy`h db~lb` mf} dhsfafk b}bc`v`b, Bybyð}d¾h

jbdb}hy sh}mhsy eàbì} vbsbs ekbv`bkabvb ìb``ve} ~h }hsfa`h}fkfk

}hsaf ibf}h`h}ihk fkif}fàhsf fìfk BM mbsd dx}xve}+ Mb}wbkf f`h vbp`bk

}þpe}ybgib, Dð}y Ih~`hyf dx}xìxdybk sek}b Sx}fvh, }bk ~h Yð}dfvh¾ihk

yep}bd yb`hmfkfw e`bcbd ai} ifvh se}xìxxkib, jbv} kh aðkbshmhy

ifve}4 wbyhk e}b`b} Dð}y yep}bi} ifvh vbky ~h}fve}+

Yh`hnb}, Sx}fvh f`h F}bd Dð}y`h}f b}bskib ybapek lþ}h~f vbpbk

ybabahk Yð}d e`bk mf} mþ`lhif}4 2686 v`kib mx}bib ìed mðvðd mf}

dby`fba vbpì4 jðdðahy mx dby`fba Yð}dfvh¾ih ixvxàbsk ifvh mbskbsbksð} xvlx`bi *sb dhsfafk sfalhsh` f`bj Ahkih}hs Jðdðahyf&4 26<9

v`kib yhd}b} dby`fba xvlx`bki4 jðdðahy vfkh jbmh}`h}f sbksð} hyyf

*af``fvhyìf!axdbiihsbyì jðdðahy yb}bnkibk&+ Sy}byhgfd iesy`b}awk

babc, Dxwhv F}bd f`h Sx}fvh Dð}y`h}fkf mf}`hyf}ahd ~h Dxwhv F}bd



=2

Ih~`hyfkf Bdihkfw¾h mb`babd+ dfkcf F}bd Jb}hdíykib, jh} Yð}dahk

h~fkh þkchihk L_S cfjbw *xwbvibk vh} yhspfy hihk cfjbw& vh}`hyf}f`fve}

~h ibjb sek}b ib mx cfjbw`b}k vþk`hkif}ahsfkh lþ}h dby`fba mb`ve}+

Mx e`bv jfìmf} Yð}d lbwhyhsf vbwabi, jfìmf} lbwhyhcf mx}bvb lf}ahif *vb

ib sedxàbi&+ Yð}dfvh mx dby`fba yhd mf} sþwcðd f`h mf`h lðkihah

lhyf}ahif, dkbabi+ Mðyðk mxk`b}b db}k >??+??? phah}lh bsdh}fkf

lhyf}fp = v` mhs`hvhk vfkh sb dhsfafk f`bj sbv`bk axjbnbwbdí}!

Axdbiihsbyì Þwb` jðdðahyf eìx+ Mx phah}lh`h}fk mf} dsa ib

Yð}dfvh¾kfk mbkb sek}bibk mh`b eìx+

2668 v`kib mðvðd ih~`hy bibaaw ifvh sxkx`bk ~h ibjb sek}bCxajx}mbdbkaw e`bk Yx}lxy Þwb`, 2668 v`kib Ahsxy Mb}wbkf ~h

Yb`bmbkf f`h bk`babvb eyx}b}bd, _DD¾v sð}ah`h}f fìfk ek`b}b sf`bj

~h}hchfkf sþv`haf *lðvb mx fdfsf _DD¾v sk} mþ`lhsfkihk sð}h}hd

e}bvb Dxwhv F}bd` dþv`ð`h}f vh}`hyf}hchdaf& ~h mðvðd afdyb}`b}ib sf`bj

~h}afyf} *mfwwby Sb} Whvmhd e`b}bd mf`fkhk Esabk B`mbv ybkd eàx& +

Mf}dbì lðk sek}b f`d e`b}bd Yb`bmbkf, ibjb sek}b Mb}wbkf _DD f`h

bk`babvb eyx}b}bd, mx sf`bj`b}k vb}sk _DD¾vb ~h}af ~h mfk`h}ch

Yð}d lhkcfkfk mx sf`bj`b}`b, vbkf ~h}lf`h}fafw`h bìaw sf`bj`b}`b

þìð} ðàhsfkh whafk jbw}`bay}+ Mðvðd ih~`hy biba, mf}dbì lðk

sek}bsk mf`h lþ}hahvhk`h}ihk ihf`, Bybyð}d lfmf vðwv` sek}bsk lþ}hk

fksbk`b}b ~h}fàhsf lh}hdhk mf} snbyy}+

Sbc mbskk jh} n}sbyyb mðvðd ih~`hy biba e`b}bd sxkixx

Mbmbdbk!Cxajx}mbdbk Yx}lxy Þwb`, mbdb mf} bk`babvb ibjb fawbbyay} *dfafk we}xv`b4 ybmff df mðvðd sy}byhgfd e}ybaw BMI¾kfk

lf}ffafv`h&7 Mx bk`bab, ixvixxaxwib lx}x}`bkiaw *ibjb sek}b

þndhvh iþkhk&, Dxwhv F}bdyb dekbì`bkabskb fwfk ~h}f`hk Yð}d mf}`ffif}

*mf} }bdbab lþ}h 8+??? mfk, mf} }bdbab lþ}h 28+???4 mf} }bdbab lþ}h



==

3?+??? ph}sekhìhk e`xax&+ Bkcbd dð`bj iððkch dh``fd lþ} ðkið+

Ahh} abs}bn mx nbdf} af``hy yb}bnkibk þihkhk mx mf}`fd, ìexaxwxk

wbkkhyyff lfmf e}bibdf Yð}dahk`h}f ihf`, Sbiiba¾k e`bs mf} bybkibk

Dð}y`h}f de}xabd fìfk lfyaf+ Bah}fdb e}bvb dekbì`bkkcb, Dð}y`h}fk

de}xkabd fìfk mbdb mf} ibvvb fjyfvbì`b} dbàbi+ Kh af eìx5

Mf}`fd`h}fafwfk lðwfih bsdh} ~h deaxybk`b}kk mbkb ìx~b` lhìf}fìf¤

Dhkifkh sbvls eàbvbk`b}k mbdb`b}kibk sbvl mhd`hahsf vh}sfw

eìxx fìfk vxyyxd¤ Bkcbd jb`dk xvxyx`bmfàhsf vb ib

sbdfk`hyf}f`hmfàhsf fìfk _e`by` mf} nfà f`h þcðaðwð sbkb` e`b}bd bìd¤

Dbndbs`b}ib ib bvk mfby dð`yð} ð sð}ið} ðàhdyh4 vb}k mbawbkh`h} bìbcbk lþ}hchfw+ Lð}cfsybk¾ib =??3 v`kib vbp`bk Lð`

Ih~}fafkihk sek}b fdyfib}b lh`hk Afjbf` Sbbdb~f`f¾kfk Lð}cfsybk jb`dkb

~h}iff f`d sþw yep}bd mðyðk`ððkð sb`bvbcb vþkðkihvif+ Lð}cfsybk

SSCM¾ihk mbasw`k dbwbkikib bvk ce}bnvbib vh} b`bk bv}cb

3 cxajx}fvhy þwh}d`ffkf de}xaxyx+ Mxk`b}ibk fdfsf, Bmjbwvb ~h Lðkhv

Eshyvb sb~bb}bd mbasw`k dbwbki+ Sbbdb~f`f f`d e`b}bd

bsfaf`bsvekb hk wbvn jb`db e`bk Bcb}fsybk¾ibk mb`bi+ Ìðkdð

Yð}dfvh¾kfk b}db ìdabvbcbk mbyibdf bbmhv`h}fkihk mf`fve}ix+

Bcb}fsybk sb~babi+ Mx}bib Yð}dfvh¾kfk hydfsf mðvðd eìx+ Mx þwh}d

cxajx}fvhyf ps}d`b fyhk Yð}dfvh eìx+ Yð}dfvh¾kfk bs`kib Bcb}fsybk

ðwh}fkih lb}bkyþ}`ðd jbdd ib ~b}i+ Bab Yð}dfvh jfìmf} wbabk mxkx

lðkihah lhyf}ahif *sy}byhgfd bbmhv`h}fafw fwfk ~h}ahaf eàbab``b}4

dbì df Dm}s¾ybdf lb}bkyþ}`ððaðwð wbyhk vðwðaðwh lþwðaðwh

mx`by}id&+ Lð}cfsybk, Bcb}fsybk Ih~`hy Mbdbk Bs`bk Bmbfiwh¾vf

Aesde~b¾vb de~ixdybk sek}b mx þwh}d mþ`lhkfk þwh}d`fd sybyðsðkð

e}ybibk dbì}i+ Kðnxsxkxk mðvðd ìexk`xx Aðs`ðabk e`bk ~h afsbd!

af``f sk}`b}aw fìh}fsfkih vh} b`bk Bcb}fsybk jb`d yep`x e`b}bd dsa

dsa J}fsyfvbk`b lhìf}fàhvh mb`bki ~h Bcb}fsybk mbv}bkb jbì



=3

fb}hyf f`b~h hifìf+ Mx þwh}d cxajx}fvhyfk vxyxàbskb lþw vxaixd4

mbv}bd`b}kb jbì ybdàbsk b`d`bid+ *mf`lf`h}fk mf} dsa Sfkbk EBK

YÐ]DSBA Mbdbk, fkyh}khyyhk, ?:+?:+=??:&+

?:+?:+=??: yb}fjfkih Lð}cfsybk Lðkhv Eshyvb¾vb sbì}i ~h

hjf}`h}fkfk mðvðd mf} dsak flb` hyyf4 =???¾h vbdk biba þìð}ið

ihkif+ Yð}dfvh¾ihk, BMI¾ihk, BM¾ihk ysss ved+ Dfa af yða mxk`b}b lþw

vxaix ih}sfkfw4 vbky sfwf b}ybmf`f}7 Ifk`h vbyp ifk`h db`dbk`b} f`h

af``fvhyìf`ff jfì dfashvh m}bdabvbk`b}¤ Xvxvxk¤ *Eshy jb`d Dbndbs`b}ib

vbbvbk ~h dþd`h}f Sbdb *sdfy& jb`dkb dbib} xwbkbk hsdf mf} jb`dy}+ Sbdb`b}, A+Þ+

<?? ie`bv`b}kib Db}bihkfwfk dxwhvfkih hlhahk eàx Yð}d jb`d`b}kibk mf}fsfif}+

sdfy`h}ihk sek}b mþ`lhih Sb}aby, B`bk lfmf Yð}d dþdhk`f jb`d`b} hlhahk eàx`b}i}+

Ibjb sek}b Mby Jxk`b} mþ`lhvf h`h lhìf}af`h}if}+ Vbkf, mxlðk Lð}cfsybkk hwahvh

db`dy Eshy`h}, yb}fjsh` db}ihfafw e`bk mf} jb`dy}+ Syb`fkfk dbsy` e`b}bd fdf

pb}ìbvb mþìðð mx ð`dhihk Dxwhv Eshyvb, ]xsvb Nhih}bsvekx fìfkihif}+ Mx}bib

6?? mfk Eshy vbbabdybi}+

266= v`kib Se~vhy`h} ibìdybk sek}b Lðkhv Eshyvb ihkf`hk mþ`lhih

vbbvbk 2?? mfk dbib} Eshy, mbasw`k f`bk hyafyf}4 ?: +=9+= ??: ,Bdba

Lbwhyhsf&+

Mx dbib} ~bjf`fh ~h ph}~bsw`b lþw vxaabkk, dhkif lh`hchf

bìskibk ib mðvðd yhj`fdh e`xyx}bcbkb lþ}hk ]xsvb, ibjb þkch

sþw`hah`h}fk dhkifkh ~h}iff jbd`b}b ibvbkb}bd, mþ`lhvh bsdh}f

aðibjb`hih mx`xkix ~h lh`hk mf`lf`h}h mbd`}sb jha mbyvb jha ih

Lð}cfsybk¾b lh}hd`f ih}sf ~h}if+ Mx ð`dh`h}fk *Eshyvb ~h Bmbwvb& yba

mbasw`k ybkvb}bd mþ`lhihk ìhdfìf+ Lhìafyh mfk mf} wx`ða

lþ}iðð fìfk Yð}dfvh¾vh skbk mx ð`dh`h}fk, þwh``fd`h Bmbwvb¾kk jb`d,

Yð}dfvh¾ih Bmbwb`b} e`b}bd þkha`f mf} yep`x`xd e`xyx}ix+ Mx fksbk`b}

dhkifkh þwlð lh`hkhd ~h lþ}hkhd`h}fkf ih de}xvb}bd ð`dhafwfk hk sbid

~bybkib`b} eìx`b}+ Dbndbs`b}`b Yð}dfvh¾kfk f`fdf`h}fkih hk lðì`ð



=9

dþp} ð`h}f e`xyx}ix`b}+ Lhìfd`h}f ð`dhkfk yba mbasw`kb db~xyxxkx

ixvxkcb sybkmx`¾ib mðvðd dxy`bab`b} vbpy`b}+ Yð}d sevxkibk sbv`bk ~h

Aðs`ðabk e`bk mf} ð`dh ibjb af``hy`h} yep`x`xxkb dby`ve}ix+ Yð}dfvh

lðì dbwbkve}ix+ Sbihch lðì dbwbkab f`h dbàve}, ]xsvb¾kk mx

db}b}v`b, Dm}s ib~bskibdf h`fafw ìed ibjb lðì`hkfve}, þ}khd

lþsyh}hchfafw mf} ix}xa e}ybvb ìdve}ix+ Yð}d af``hyf yðaðv`h mbv}ba

vbpab`vi+

Kh af eìx5 `d e`b}bd Yð}d Af``hyf¾kf yhasf` hyyff ~b}sbv`bk

Cxajx}mbdbk`kib eyx}bk dff, vbkf vbsb` sybyðsð jb`b yb}yab` e`bk

Bmix``bj Lð`, mx dxy`bab`b} ~h cedxvx, bv}`dìb, mþ`ðcð ~h jxwx}xmewxcx jb}hdhy`h} e`b}bd ybka`bi+ Yð}dfvh mbykk lþwð ievabw

haph}vb`fsy`h}fkh vb}bkabs mx}bib mfyahif4 sbihch sþw`ð vb}bkab f`h

vhyfkahif+ Dbndbs`b}ib jhp lþwð e`bk ð`dh`h}, mx}bib, bvbd`b}kk

b`ykibdf yep}bk dbvik lþ} ðkch fiihy`f dkbab`b}k vbk s}b, KBYE

ybymfdby ~h fksbkf vb}ia b`ykib jh} yð}`ð sf`bj`b}`b yba iekbka` jh}

mf}f <?+??? yek`xd fdf nf}dbyhvkfk Db}bihkfw¾h lf}ahsf lðkihah lhìf+ Bab

x`xs`b}b}bs Aeky}þ Bky`babs, mx mðvðd lhaf`h}fk Mebw`b}ibk

lhìahsfkh fwfk ~h}afve}ix+ Yð}dfvhkfk mxlðkh dbib} ffkh lh`hk

bky`bab mbyibdf iesy`b}awk we}`babs f`h ih`fkif4 lhaf`h} lhìyf4 jbyyb

]xsvb¾kk mx}kxkxk ifmfkh lþkih}if+ ]xsvb¾kk x`xs`b} b}bs jxdxdb

bvd} jb}hdhy hyyffkf sb~xkbk fì fmf}`fdìf`h}fafw, ð`dhkfk jbd`b}kk

sb~xkabsk lb}bkyf`hvhk Aeky}þ bk`babskk ih`fkahsfkh lþw lþ}h

lþ}h sxsdxk dbì`b}+ Mþv`hch 263> v`kib sb`biaw mebw`b}ibk

lhìff deky}e` jbddaw, lðì`ð mf} ih~`hyfk *BMI¾kfk& mbsy}absv`b

ih`fkif+ Yð}dfvh lh`hchdyh mx vb}bkabkk bcsk ìed ìhdhchdyf}+ Vb}k

þmð} lðk ]xsvb ib bvk lh}hdìh`h}`h mbsy}}sb kh e`bcbd5 Vðw`h}ch

vì} pe`fyfdbawk yhah`fkf e`xyx}bk Mebw`b} Se}xkx, mxlðkh dbib}

Mebw`b}b hlhahk e`bk Yð}dfvh Cxajx}fvhyfkfk, fmf}`fdìf fdyfib}v`b



=8

vb}bya eìxx vhkf mf} se}xk e`b}bd mfwwby Yð}dfvhkfk db}skb

ìdabvbcbd a5 *sþw`hahvh lþ}h7 Db}bihkfw ð`dh`h}f jb}fcfkihdf

ð`dh`h}fk jbnfn sx ðsyð lhaf`h}f, dðìðd sb~b lhaf`h}f ~h vb}iac

lhaf`h}f, yep`ba yekbg`b} 28 mfk yekx ~h sbv`b} 6x lhìahahd b}yv`b

Mebw`b}ibk lhìhmf`f}`h} &+ Jí`mxdf lhìhk yhd mf} sb~b lhafsfkfk mf`h

yekbg <?+???+ Yð}dfvh mf} ih dhkifkf jbd` ìdb}bmfàhd fìfk, jh}dhsf

lðìð}hchd mf} sbpybabv iðkvb dbaxevxkb ixvx}ix+ Nðwh ~h ifh} yða

sf`bj`b}`b yba iekbka` mx lhaf`h} Lð}cfsybk¾b ìecxd ababs ~h fksbkf

vb}ia ab`whahsf ybve}ax+ Iðkvbib f`d ihnb abab ybvbk mf} sb~b

lhafsf e`lxsx, Yð}d fib}hcf`h}fk sbpybabs f`h iðkvb sfvbsf yb}fjfkh lf}af

eìx¤ Mfby dð`yð} ð ihahd df fksbk`b} bpyb``by}ve}¤ B~}xpb Mf}`ff f`h

Yð}dfvh b}bskib aðwbdh}h`h} mb`bsk a mb`babsk a se}xkx

lðkihah lhìffkih ~h B~}xpb¾kk vbk ìfwiff lðk`h}ih, ]xsvb

mbmbdbk _xyfk Yð}dfvh¾vh lh`h}hd *mfwfa sy}byhgfd e}ybaw ifvh}hd&

b}db ìdy Yð}dfvh, ]xsvb¾v b}dbibk ~x}xve}ix+ ]xsvb lhcfdahif,

bnnhyahif4 kh}hihvsh =??: v`kib 3: af`vb} ie`b}b *Yð}dfvh bìskibk

mf}fkcf vb ib fdfkcf s}bib yfcb}hy e}yb e`bk mf} ð

`dh& x`bbk yfcb}hyfafwhdeyb devix, Yð}d dþdhk`f ab``b}k Yð}dfvh ~h B~}xpb ðwh}fkihk ]xsvb¾vb

lf}ffkh sd ihkhyfa lhyf}if+ Yð}dfvh¾kfk hkh}gf mbdakibk mh` mb`bi

~h hk ìed lh}hdsfkahsf e`bk ieb lbw ix}xax ib yb}yabvb bìì+

Sy}byhgfd e}ybd`b}aw xwbdybk ds ds lð`h}dhk, db}b db}b iððkah s}bs

Yð}dfvh¾vh lhìf¤

Mðyðk mxk`b} vhyafve}ax lfmf, bkbvbsbskib Yð}dfvh¾kfk iex

dhsfafkihdf yep}bd`b}k H}ahkf yep}bk eìxxkx ~h Yð}dfvh¾ihk mx

vþkih yb`hp`h}f e`bcbk abiih e`b}bd devax4 B} Ib¾k mbv}bkib

sfalh e`b}bd bà4 iðkvbkk yða ð`dh`h}fkih vbpy lf}ffa`h}`h

Yð}d`h}fk sevd}a vbpykb f`fdfk vbsb ìdb}yy}bk vb ib ìdb}àbskb

we}`bvbk, mfwh hk we} lðk`h}fafwih jh} yð}`ð ihsyhf sb`bvbk



=>

Bwh}mbvcbk Ih~`hyfkfk Db}bmb mþ`lhsfkf flb` hih}hd ek mfk`h}ch

Bwh}fvh þìð} ðp, mf} af`vekxkb vbdkk lþìh we}`bvbk mf} ih~`hyf,

lhìafyh, mx ih~`hyf wfvb}hy hihk`h}f vb ib mx ih~`hyyhk lh`hchd

wfvb}hyìf`h}f *Cxajx} Mbdbk Yx}lxy Þwb`¾k þ`ðað khihkfv`h Yð}dfvh¾vh

lh`hk H}ahkfsybk Ih~`hy Mbdbkkk wfvb}hyf khihkfv`h ahc`fsyh vbpy

dekxabib& dbmx` hyahkfk mf} ìhfy ~bybkb fjbkhy hihk e wbabkk

pb}`bahkyh}f, mx lðkðk Cxajx}mbdbk Bmix``bj Lð`, kh eìx ib yða mx

iððkch`h}fkihk ~bwlhìyf5 H}ahkfsybk a fsyhd`h}fkihk ~bwlhìyf5

Lþ} ðkð}ih mþv`h mf} lh`fah ved+ Vedsb lhìhk mx sð}h wb}nkib

cxajx}mbdbkkk nxyme`b ah}bd þkðkh lhìf`hahw mf} jb` a bì5

Mxkx dfash bk`ba ihf`" Mh`df, Yð}dfvh¾kfk ìdb}`b}k de}xabd`b

vðdða`ð cxajx}mbdbkawk ²jb`dk yða axjb`hnhyfkh db}k! mx 2:?

ih}hch`fd iþkððkð, mx wfvb}hyf cbk lþkðìhk ihsyhd`hvhk *we}`bvbk ib

e`bmf`f}& BMI ~h BM ð`dh`h}fkfk if`h}fkihk lh`hk bìd`bab`b} þkha`f

fpxì`b} ~h}hmf`f}5 Yð}dfvh¾kfk mbkb fvfch ìe}bp þ}hmfàhd fìfk

Bwh}mbvcbk¾k ib Yð}dfvh¾kfk vbkkibk ìhdfàhsf lh}hdf}if, þv`h ih

e`bcbb mhkwh}+Cxajx}fvhy Yð}dfvh¾sfkfk ahc`fs`h}fkfk *pb}`bahkye`b}kk& v``d

bì` yþ}hk`h}fkih mxlðkh dbib} mhkfashvh`fa vb ib mhkfashahvh`fa

Cxajx}mbdbk`b}aw dekxab`b}k vbpb}dhk bì` lh`hkhf e`b}bd

*mh`df ih mf} vþkh}lhv`h hsbsb ib mb`bka e`bmf`f}& n}bkd vb ib saedfk

lfvaf`h}if+ Bmix``bj Lð`, dhkifkf e}bvb x`by}bk mf} dhsfah mhk

sfwihkfa ~h mby ihh}`h}fkf hsbskib mhkfashafve}xa ahb`fkihk lþw

d}pabd fìfk e`bcbd Yð}d pb}`bahkye yb}fjfkih chdhy`h dekxab vbpbk f`d

cxajx}mbdbk eìx+ Dfash mf} hv ifvhahif, ihahif+ Bkcbd 2=

Kfsbk¾ib *=??:& mb`bvbk klf`yh}h D}b`fìhsf FFF+ H`fwbmhy¾fk wfvb}hyf

khihkfv`h, klf`yh}h sb}bvkk mf} p}eyede` ahax}x, d}b`fìhafwf n}bkd`b vb

ib saedfk`h db}`babd we}xkibskw mxv}xxkx ifddbyh b`bk



=<

cxajx}mbdbkaw Bmix``bj Lð`, n}bkd`b}k lfvh}hd klf`yh}h D}b`fìhsfkf

db}`bi+ Ie}xsxkx fsyh}shkfw, Bybyð}d¾ðk ekx}`x Yð}dfvh¾sfkfk mf}

ahksxmx e`b}bd, mþv`h mf} n}bkd` ybmèvx fìfah sfkif}hahifa+

fk hk f`lfkì vbk Bmix``bj Lð`¾ðk hf sbvk ³nf}sy @biv¹ Nbj}fkfsb

jbkak ~h Bmix``bj Lð`¾ðk, jbvif faif dbihj`h}fafwf dbì}bà ifvhk

FFF+ H`fwbmhyf¾fk if`hfv`h, fìfkih kh e`x}sb e`sxk *fsyh} fìdf e`sxk fsyh}

eàbsk, dbihj fìhchd dbm ihf` fìdf dbmi} ~h fìdfkfk sfalhsfif}&,

mxlðkh dbib} fìdfvf lðkbj sbva mf} bdak yhasf`cfsf eìxxkx lþw b}i

hih}hd, jb`dk lþwðkðk fìfkh mbdb mbdb dbì}ab`b} ~h ³yd`byab`b}¹,

b}yd mxkxk mf} if`hd ihf` mf} mxv}xd eìxx fw`hkfafkf iex}axyx}+Lþ} ðve}sxkxw mfby dð`yð} ð fksbkb n}bkd ib lfvif}fve}, dbihj ih

dbì}yve}+ Mx mbykk hlhahk`ffkf, Yð}dfvh¾kfk ih yhs`fafvhyìf`ffkf yhscf`

hihk bc mf} ybmèix}+

Ifvhmf`f}sfkfw df mf} ð`dhkfk sfalhsf e`bk mf} dff , mbdb mf} ð`dhvf

wfvb}hy hifve}sb, ekx ahakxk hyahd fìfk dhkif xsx``h}fkf ~h

b`dbk`d`b}k xvlx`bab afsbnf}ph}~h}`ffk mf} lh}hfif}+ _hdí`í, }bk¾

wfvb}hy hihk mbmbdbkawb, vh}h sen}b mhwf sh}f`h}hd, ekxk ðwh}fkih

vhahd fd}ba hifàhsfkf ~h mfwfadf`h}fkfk ih mbib dx}b}bd mx sen}bvb

vbkbab`b}kb kh ifvhchdsfkfw5

BMI mbyb eàbd ðwh}h, mby, dhkif ikibdf dff`fd`f ih~`hy`h}h ~h

vþkhyfcf`h}h jfìmf} wbabk jelþ} ð`ð eàbi4 eàbvbcbdy} ib+ Jí`mxdf

Dm}s Jb}hdhyfkf mbjbkh hih}hd, KBYE¾ibk ìhdf`hk Vxkbkfsybk¾k yhd}b}

lh}fvh iþkahsfkf ~hye hihk Yð}dfvh¾vh ~hyesxkx lh}f ìhdahd fìfk mbsd

ðwh}fkh mbsd vbpì4 mf}ìed ~bby`h}ih mx`xkxìx4 sekxkib 26:?

ib}mhsfkf n}sby mf`h}hd *mh`df ih mx khihk`h ib}mh ih vbpà e`bmf`f}&4

vfkh mf}ìed ~bby`h}`h Yð}dfvh¾ihdf cxkybv dbki}p Vxkbkfsybk¾ yhd}b}

KBYE¾vb bì}i`b}+ ^bby`h}h kh eìx ih}shkfw, lhìhk =: v` fìh}fsfkih jfì



=:

mf}fkf vh}fkh lhyf}ahif`h}4 ðsyðkh ðsy`ðd Yð}dfvh¾vh vhkf vbpy}a`b}

lhyf}if`h}+

Hsbskib Dm}s Mb} Jb}hdhyfkih Yð}dfvh¾ihdf vþkhyfafk mbasw

jb}hdhy hyyffkh f`fdfk ih þkha`f dxdx`b} ah~cxyyx}+ Mx jb}hdhyfk

vbp`bmfàhsf fìfk Dm}s¾yb v``b}cb af`fs jb}hdhyfkf *Dm}s Aðcbjfy`h}fkf&

jbw}`bvbk Yð}d Sf`bj` Dx~~hy`h}fkfk mf} ahksxmxkibk þ}hkiffa x

mf`lf`h}fk yhvfy hifàhsf, vbdk yb}fjfafw dekxsxkib þkha`f d yxybcbdy}+

Sf`bj` Dx~~hy`h}fafw mhd`hkahvhk mf} ix}xa db}skib lh}hd`f

jbw}`d`b} vbpab lþ}h~fkf e lðk`h}ih dekyx} lh}f``b e`b}bd ìed yb}y`bk

mf} þwh` mf}`fd b}bc`v`b vbpve}ax+ Deky} *vb ib Dekyx}& Lh}f``b e`b}bdmf`fkhk vbsb` ix}xax mf`fkahvhk mx iðwhk`hah, 26<?¾`h}fk sfvbsf`h}fkfk

hk ìed dekxyxd`b} dekxvix ~h jb`dk mðvðd mf} dsa ib mxkx mf} yð}`ð

db~}bvbabay+ Mþv`h mf} dx}x`xxk e`xxkxk ie}x e`xp eàbik

faif`fd sfvbsf yb}fjìf`h}h m}bdbà+ Bkcbd, mx Dekyx} Lh}f``bv ib hk ìed

yhkdfy hihk Mð`hky Hch~fy¾yf+ Jb}hdhyyhk þkch Dekyx} Lh}f``b Dm}s¾yb ìed

sbvib af`fs hfyyf *sbv`b}kk 28+??? eìxx sþv`hkfve}ix&4 bcf`

ix}xa`b}ib dþh mb`b}k kbs` yxybmf`hchd`h}f þ}hyfìf+ Mx jb}hdhyfk

fìfkih e`bk vbdk ybkia mf} sxmbv e lðk`h}ihdf lh`fahv`h f`lf`f xk`b}

bk`byy7

Mbmbdbk Mð`hky Hch~fy, klf`yh}h¾vh lfifp jb}hdhy fìfk fcbwhy

b}bikib, Yð}d E}ixsx bibvb ìdabd fìfk jb}hdhyf mb`byay+ Mð`hky

Hch~fy e`xasxw ch~bp b`b}bd Yð}dfvh¾vh iþkðp lhìffkih, deaxybk`b}

eibskb ìb}b}bd, faif kh vbpbcbw ifvh se}ixxkib, deaxybk`b} ³Mbmbdbka x bkib yða jbw}`d`b} ybaba`bkay}¹¹ vbkyk bày}+

Mð`hky Hch~fy bdk`k lfw`hvhahvh}hd kbs` vbkf, e}bib dþp} ðmbk

e`xyx}abibk a aðibjb`hvh db`dve}xw ifvh se}ixxkib, vhydf`f

sxmbv, ³Sbvk Mbmbdbka, v``b}cb yhkdfy hyyffkfw Dekyx} Lh}f``b mx



=6

dþp} ðmb`b}k mfwfa fìfk jbw}`bay vbkyk ~h}fve} *yhvfy fìfk dhdh e

lðkðk vhydf`f deaxybk`b}kk mf`lfsfkh mb~x}x`bmf`sh&+ Mx sek pb}bl}bnyb

~h}f`hk mf`lfkfk axjbddbd yhvfy hifàhsf lh}hdf}+ Ìðkdð kh}hihvsh sek 3

ìhv}hd bs}i} ~h}hmfìffafw mbasw, dff`fd`f yhd db}b}k ib mf} yep

vhdôk xw`bab sb`bkbk mf} jðdðahy db}b} eàbab e`bs`k þ}hkah

ih mx yep`xab ìed hv dbwbki}bmf`f} ifvh iððkðve}xa+

Yð}dfvh db}kk ievx}abd fìfk mðvðd ðafy`h} mb`bi LB_ *Lðkhv

Bkbie`x _}eghsf&¾ib Bybyð}d Mb}bgkk vbpakb BMI ~h BM fiihy`h db}

ìdy ~h BMI, ³dfa d}hif ~h}f}sh e ih~`hyh vbpy}a xvlx`bvbcba¹ ifvh

yða iðkvbv yhjify hyyf ~h Yð}dfvh¾vf ab`f e`b}bd sdy}i+ Yð}dfvh dhkife`bkbd`b} f`h mb}bg mfyf}if4 bkcbd iðkvbib sbihch mf}dbì vbmbkc

nf}abkk vbpbmfìff :?? yek`xd sb~bd dbpbk fyjb` hyahvh vh`yhkfkch,

sy}byhgfd iesyxaxw *"&, yhd}b} ih~}hvh lf}h}hd, ³dfa df mx dbpbd`b}

Yð}dfvh¾vh fab` hih}hd lþkih}f}sh ekb hdekeafd bamb}le xvlx`b}a¹

ifvh yhjify hyyf+ Mx dbpbd`b} sekxkib Lbwfbkyhp`f xsyb`b}aw yb}bnkibk

fab` hifìf ~h vh}`h}fkh ybdì4 hk bw mx ð} ðk mbdakibk mbykk

aekepe`ð ih d}à eìx+

BM ~h þwh``fd`h BMI, Yð}dfvh¾vf sevbk fmf}`fdìf mð}ed}by`b}b,

Yð}dfvh¾vf sfksf sfksf h}fby ih~`hyfkh ìh~f}ahvf babì`bvbk bda`b}b ~h

dff`h}h jha ihsyhd ~h}if jha ih de``b}k bìy4 ek`b} de}xix ~h

ihahd`hsfk d`c lfmf ðsyðaðwih yxyxàbskb ihsyhd sb`bi+ Vhyahif,

Yð}dfvh¾ih mfk mf} hahd`h edxyyxxaxw hk vhyhkhd`f lhkì`h}f

se}lx`babibk ð`dhsfkh ìb}b}bd Yð}dfvh¾kfk mf`fash` peybksfvh`fkf *dhwbmf}ìed mbdb ð`dhkfk ih& wbvn`byy4 mhvfk lþìðkh lh}hd`f jh} yð}`ð ihsyhf

~h}if ~h ~h}ahdyh+

Yð}dfvh¾kfk mbkb mh`b e`bk _DD yh}þ}fsy`h}fkfk h`fkihdf aeih}k

sf`bj`b}k 2?+???`h}chsfkfk Bah}fdbk sf`bj eìxx yhspfy hifìf4 ibibdf



3?

yh}þ}fsy`h}h jh`fdepyh}`h vb}ia pbdhy`h}f byb}dhk neye}bn`b} ìhdfìf+ faif

Yð}dfvh¾vh ihsyhd ~h}fve} lfmf lþ} ðkðve}sb axjbddbd mf} jhsbp ~b}i}4

jh`h x }bk ahsh`hsfkf mf} lþ}h`fa¤ Hsbskib mfw lþ}hchd`h}fafwf

lþ}iðd4 bab bk`babid4 ìed xwbdyb ihf` fdf v` þkch vbp`bk mbw

wfvb}hy`h}ihk ìed þkha`f sekxì`b} ìdb}abd aðadðk4 ybmff mx sekxì`b}

ìdb}bmfàhd fìfk f`d e`b}bd mfby dð`yð} ðkihk dx}yxàx eàbd4

lþw`h}fafwfk þkðkihdf ph}ihvf dbì}a eàbaw lh}hdfve}+ Mx,

bk`bvbk`b} fìfk lþw bìbk e`bv khvif5 Mbdbà"

Bah}fdb Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}f Mbdbk Lhe}lh \+ Mxsj, KBYE Wf}~hsf

fìfk Yð}dfvh¾vh lhìff yb}fj *=:!=6 Jbwf}bk =??9¾ih&, Yð}dfvh¾kfk B~}xpbMf}`ffkh lf}fp lf}hahvhchf jhkðw mh``f eàbvbk ~h B~}xpb¾kk þkih

lh`hk ð`dh`h}fkfk mbdbk`b}kk, Yð}dfvh¾vf ifk, mðvðd`ðd ~h sesvb` lh}f`fd

khihkfv`h fì`h}fkh b`babvbcb4 sbihch þwh` sybyð ~h}hmf`hchd`h}fkf bìd

bìd if`h lhyf}ifd`h}f mf} yb}fjyf+ Mx wfvb}hyfk Yð}dfvh¾vh ihsyhd fìfk

eàbi, E}yb Iex se}xk`b} f`h f`lf`f eìxx sek}b bk`bì+ Mx wfvb}hy`h

mb`bvbk e`bv`b} vbdk yb}fjfafwh d yxybcbd kfyh`fdyh lþ} ðkahdyhif}+

Lh}ìf Yð}dfvh mx yfp fdfkcf skn axbah`hvh b`dy+ Mðvðd

nhibdí}`d`b}`b, ìed mðvðd mf} mbb}va lfmf lþsyh}f`hk KBYE¾vb

lf}ffafw ih þwðkih ekx} d}ci}+ KBYE þwðkih deaðkfwah, ibjb

ie}xsx Se~vhy`h} Mf}`ffkh db} dx}xàx mf} fyyfnbdy+ Mf}`ffk yhah`

bk`babskib þv`h mf} key iððàðyð+ Mf} KBYE ð`dhsfkh vbp`bk

sbì} ifh}`h}fkh vbpà sbv`}+ Bkcbd, Yð}dfvh lf}ifdyhk sek}b ³dbkby

ð`dh`h}f¹ ifvh ybka`bab ìdy+ Mxkxk bìà xvix, hh} Se~vhy`h} Mf}`ffbkf mf} sbì}vb lhìh}sh, h`fy KBYE ð`dh`h}fkh wbabk dbwbki}ab fìfk, mx

sbì}v f`d þk`hvhchd ð`dh`h} dbkby ð`dh`h}f e`bcbdy}+ Ìðkdð Dw` E}ix

jb}hdhyh lhìyffkih, mx jb}hdhyfk f`d ix}ix}x`bmf`hchf vh}fk ]hk Khj}f

*N}bksb¾vb mf}dbì 2? dfèahy}h vbdkib& e`bcb iððkð`ðve}ix+ Vbkf



32

Bàbkvb¾kk vðwih 6?¾ mf`h mx f`d sbì}ib flb` hif`fve}ix+ Ke}~hì,

Yð}dfvh lfmf ð`dh`h} dbkby ð`dh`h} e`b}bd ybka`bkay+ Khihkf ih mf}fa

b`bk mbkb iðhk biba sbv`b} mx ð`dh`h}ih bw eìxx fìfk, wbvfby ibjb

bw e`sxk ifvh mþv`h mf} p`bk vbpà+ Sekxkib bk`bì df, mx

bk`babkk yhah`fkih, dbkby ð`dh`h}h vbp`bcbd sbì}`b} yepvhdôk mf}

db} devabkk khihkf ih sbvàve}ax+ Mx ð`dh`h}h sbì}`b}ib jfìmf}

sx}hy`h byea mb`d` meamb`b}`b sb~xkab vbpàbvbcbda+ Vbkf

Yð}dfvh mbykk gbkib}abs e`b}bd mx bk`babvb b`ka+ Jha ih kbs`5

Yða e}ix`b}k KBYE ha}fkh ~h}h}hd+ Ibjb sek}b Hlh se}xkx ìdkcb,

Yð}dfvh mbasw jb}hdhy hihchd 9+ E}ixvx *Hlh E}ixsxkx& dx}abd

we}xkib dbì+ Gbkib}ab`d lþ}h~fkf vbpy a5 Vbpy ifvhmf`f}fw+ E

iþkhaih deax`b}awibk jfìmf} cfiif yhjify eàbabskb db}k,

iðkvbkk hk mðvðd mf}dbì e}ixsxkibk mf}fkf mhs`hifd *mxlðk jb`b þv`h&,

mþv`hch sh~lf`f iesyxaxw Bah}fdb ~h mby ð`dh`h}fkh lhch`h}f }bjby

xvxab n}sbyk vb}byyd+ Ibjb sek}b ib Bnlbkfsybk¾ibk Sxibk¾b kh}hih

mf} ìdb} ìbyabs eìxvsb, mbykk gbkib}abs e`b}bd e}bib eìxd+

Yð

}dìhihdf x þwihvf, jh} kh dbib} ð

`dhafwihdf mf} l}xp fksbk fìfksþv`hkafsh ih, mx þwihvff mfwfa jhpfafw fìfk lhìh}`f e`bcbb mhkwfve}7

³ B`h~h}h ib`b~h}h, Dð}y Ahjahy Kþmhyh¹+ Dhkifsfkh sbvls eàbvbk

mbdbskibk kfvh sbvl mhd`h}5

Mxsj, mðvðy ybkybkb`b}`b ~h hk ðsy iðwhv de}xabv`b sybkmx`¾b fkif,

bkcbd f`d wfvb}hyf jh}jbklf mf} Yð}d dx}x`xx eàbi+ Dhkifsf Db`~fkfsy

eàbskb db}k, mhk f`d e`b}bd E}yeieds _by}fdjbkhsfkf wfvb}hy hihchfa

ihif ~h þv`h ih vbpy+ _by}fdjbkhkfk mf} hdðahky`fd e`bcbk bìd bìd

að gih`hif+ Vbkf ibjb Yð}d abdba`b} f`h yhabsb lhìahihk, Yð}dfvh¾kfk

lþmhfkih, Yð}d vbsb`b}kibk mbasw e`bcbd, dhkif jxdxdxkb sbjfp,

vbkf vhkf mf} ^byfdbk¾k dx}x`xxkx J}fsyfvbk iðkvbskb að gih`hif+

Yð}dfvh¾ihk ~h ifh} s`ba ð`dh`h}fkihk ³ysss¹ ved+ Mxkxk`b vhyfkahif,



3=

Jhvmh`fbib }xjmbk edx`xkxk ih}jb` bìàbsk yb`hp hyyf4 mxkxk`b ib

vhyfkahif Dxwhv F}bd vþkhyfa`f f`h sfvbsf yhabs dx}abaw þkh}if+ _DD

f`h aðcbih`hih bìd bìd ihsyhd sþwð ih ~h}ahif+ Mxsj, lþwðaðwðk

fìfkh mbdb mbdb Yð}dfvh¾kfk mbkb mh`b sb}ve}ix4 bkcbd mfby

dð`yð} ðkihk lh`hk`h} jð}ahyyh dxsx} hyahah`fvif4 hyahif`h} ih+

Mx}bvb dbib} e`bk`b} Yð}dfvh fìfk b``blhàf dbwd`bkab`b}i4

ie`bvsv`b nbw`b b}abid+ Bkcbd mx wfvb}hyf fw`hvhk mf}dbì lðk

fìh}fsfkih, yba ib B~}xpb``b}k Yð}dfvh¾vf i`babd fìfk bìd`bab`b}

vbpy lðk`h}h ihkd lh`hk mf} yb}fjyh, ]xsvb Mbdbk ^`bifaf} _xyfk

ìdblhìf *9 B}b`d =??9&+ Vhf`dþv Jb~bb`bkkb fkh} fkahw, lbwhyhcf`h} x se}xvx se}ix`b}7 _by}fdjbkhvf wfvb}hy hihchd afsfkfw5 Dhkifsf ih mf}

E}yeieds e`bk _xyfk, e}bs kh}hsf, mhk þv`h mf} vh} ybkave}xa ifvh,

sybkmx` Nhkh} _by}fdjbkhsfkf lþ}ahahw`fdyhk lhìf, ibjb ie}xsx

hdðahky`fd } ðvbskb mðvðd mf} ib}mh ~x}ix4 mx Yð}dfvh¾vh ~h}fàf þkha`f

mf} ihsyhdyf+ _xyfk, mxkxk`b ib vhyfkahif, Bkdb}b¾ib h`fkf

Cxajx}mbdbkaw Bjahy Khcihy Shwh}¾fk eawxkb byb}bd, yða iðkvb

mbsk þkðkih x sþw`h}f bìd bìd mhvbk hyyf7 Yð}dfvh mfwfa sy}byhgfd

iesyxaxwix} ~h jhp þv`h ih db`bcbdy}+ Mfw jh} wbabk Yð}dfvh f`h vbdk

f`fdf`h}fk eàbsk b}wx hifve}xw+ Mx mbyvb ~h}fàf hk þkha`f vbky ~h

Yð}dfvh¾vh ~h}fàf hk mðvðd ihsyhdyf+ B~}xpb¾kk db}b} ~h}ahsfkh ðì lðk

db`b, ih~ ]xsvb¾kk Yð}dfvh¾vh bìd bìd ihsyhf lþw b}i hif`hahwif+

B~}xpb jhahk ìb}d hyyf ~h Yð}dfvh f`h aðwbdh}h`h}h lf}fàhsfkh db}b}

~h}if+ Mfwfa sfvbshyìf`h}fafw ih ²n}sby dbì}abibk! mx ìb}d hyahvf dhkif

mbb}`b}va lfmf sxkix`b}+ Dx}yx`x sb~bkibk sek}b ~h}fàf hk

mðvðd ihsyhdyf+ Bkcbd mxkibk sek}b e`bk`b} Yð}dfvh¾kfk ahivbsk ib

ybkab bìskibk sek ih}hch þkha`fif}+



33

_xyfk¾fk Bkdb}b¾v wfvb}hy hyyff lðk, Yð}dfvh¾ihdf yh`h~fwvek`b}k

vbvk`b}k mf} fkch`hahvh b`bà+ Mf} ð`dhkfk mbdbk ifh} mf} ð`dhvf

wfvb}hy hyyffkih, fdf ð`dhkfk lhìafyhdf fvf f`fdf`h}f if`h lhyf}f`f}4 lh`hchdyhdf

f`fdf`h}fkfk vb}b}`b} bk`by`}4 vhahd`h}fkihk, ne`dè}xkibk, aðwffkihk

mbjshif`f}, vbkf dx}b` e`b}bd jhp fvf hv`h}ihk mbjshif`f}+ Bkcbd, e lðk

yh`h~fwvek`b} shv}hihk ~h shv}hyyffkf bk`bvbk`b} ed eàb`+ Vbmbkc

bi`b Yð}dìh vbvk vbpbk yh`h~fwvekxk mf}f, Xd}bvkb¾v bk`byve} ~h vhkf

shìf`hk mbdbkkk kbs` ]xs vbk` ihf` ih mby vbk`s mf}f e`b}bd

shìfìffkf mb``bki}b mb``bki}b bk`byve} ~h sbkdf mx aðibjb`hvf Yð}dfvh

vbpa lfmf mf} lþ} ðkyð ~h}fve}ix+ Cbk sd`bk mf}f, vfkh vbmbkc bi`

Yð}dìh vbvk vbpbk mbdb mf} dbkb`b lhìyffkih, ]xsvb¾kk Sfmf}vb¾ib

Bàbk`b} ~h Yð}d`h}f kbs` þìð}iððkð hk ~bjf hdfìh lþ} ðkyð`h}`h

shvf}cfvh x`by}ikb ybkd e`xve}ix4 mx fjbkhyh ibjb nbw`b ybjbaað`

hihahvhk mf}f mbdb mf} dbkb`b lhìyffkih ih Lð}cfsybk¾ib shìf`hk

]xsvb vbk`s mbdbkk, Bah}fdb¾kk we}`babsv`b kbs` b`bb

hifìffkf, ]xsvb vbk`s =?+??? pe`fsfk kbs` hydf sfw jb`h lhyf}fìffkf ~h

Bah}fdbk vbk`s vhkf mbdbkk kbs` mbb lhìf}fìffkf mb``bki}bmb``bki}b bk`byyk lþ}hchdyf+ Dbì df, vhkf mbdbk lh`f} lhàhw,

Lð}cfsybk mbv}bkb mf} jbì sfalhsf vh}`hyf}if ~h Lð}cfsybk¾k dxwhvfkh

vbkf lðkhv Eshyvb¾vb mf} Bah}fdbk mf}`ffkfk vh}`hahsf fìfk fwfk ~h}if+ Mx

vh}`hyf}f`hk mf}`fd þwðkih Yð}dfvh¾kfk sy}byhgfd þkhafkh mðvðd mf}

ib}mhvif+ Mx yh`h~fwvek dbkb` khihk mbv}ba vbpve}ix bk`bvbk mh}f

lh`sfk5 Mðyðk mx vbvk e}lbk`b}k fmf}`fdìf ~h sbyà e`b}bd iððkhk

mf}f, ieb` e`b}bd af``f dbkb``b}awb vþkh`hchdyf+ Mhk ih þv`h vbpya+Dxabkibv Y]Y¾vh wfp`hifa+ Y]Y, x bkib yba jby}`bave}xa, bkcbd

Dekvb Spe}!Ìe}xa Spe} lfmf, fdfkcf ih}hchihk ybda`b}k db}`babsk

~h}fve}ix4 ibjb sek}b ib mf} ìecxd p}el}ba devix+ E wbabk bk`bia df



39

Yð}dfvh¾kfk ff ìed we}+ Bybyð}d¾ðk lhkì`fh jfybmhyfkih vbw` eìxx lfmf

yh}sbkh`h}f flb` hifàf+

Mðyðk mx bk`byyd`b}aw þwðkih vhkf mf} hv ihfìf, Yð}dfvh mxlðk

ìed dffkfk bv}kysk mfàhiff ìed ibjb ekx} d}c ib~}bk`b}b

axjbybp eàxyx+ Þwðkih ph}hamhkfk lh`ff ìb}bambibk mh``fvif4

bkcbd bk`bvbk`b} fìfk+ 26>?¾`b}k iðkvb ~h þwh``fd`h Yð}dfvh yb}fjfkf

mh`f}`hvhk fdf e`bv ib bk`byabd ~h bk`babd lh}hdfve}+

]hgfafkf mhkfashshd ih mhkfashahshd ih jh} wbabk mf}`fdyh

vbbvbcbaw deaxaxw Se~vhy Sesvb`fsy Cxajx}fvhy`h}fkfk ðwh}fkih,

pb}`bahkyeaxwxk ~h jbyyb mðvðd mf} e`bs`d`b mbdbk`b}awk mf`h jbmh}f

eàbibk, Yð}dfvh ðwh}fkihk db`dbk Bah}fdb¾kk X!= e`b}bd mf`fkhk

xìbd`b} ìed vðdshd`h}ihk xìb}bd cbsxs`xd vbpy`b}+ Sekxkib SSCM,

mf}fkf *2 Abvs 26>?¾yb& mf} n ðwh f`h vh}h fkif}fkch Yð}dfvh¾kfk ibjb

ie}xsx Yð}dfvh¾vf fib}h hyyff ~b}sbv`bk fksbk`b}k afsvekx iðkvbvb

ihfn}h eìx+

Vhyahif" Se~vhy Sesvb`fsy Cxajx}fvhyf Bah}fdb¾vblð~hkfàhvhchfkf bk`bi fìfk Dðmb f`h sy}byhgfd fmf}`ff ìh}ìh~hsfkih,

Bah}fdb¾kk Dðmb¾vb sbì}i *ibjb ie}xsx 2686 v`kib Ieaxw`b}

Dþ}nhwf e`b}bd mf`fkhk mbb}sw ìdb}abs& lh}ìhfkf ih lþw þkðkh

b`b}bd, n ðwh }bapb`b} dx}abvb mb`bi *26>= v`&4 ìed lh}lfk mf} e}yba

e`xyx4 Se~vhy`h} mbdbk Kfdfyb Sh}lhvh~fì D}xìh~ bvbddbmsk

ìdb}b}bd Mf}`haf Af``hy`h}fk dð}sðsðkh ~x}ix+ Bah}fdb == Hdfa 26>=

yb}fjfkih Dðmb¾v bm`xdbvb bàbvb mb`bi+ Se~vhy bsdh}f lhaf`h}f

Dðmb¾vb ie}x bamb}levx ihàhd fìfk ve` bàbvb mb`bi4 Bah}fdb

ihkfw dx~~hy`h}f Se~vhy`h}fk bsdh}f lhaf`h}fkfk þkðkð dhsahvh db`dy4

sekxkib iðkvb kðd`hh} mf} sb~bk hffkh lhìf+ Mf}ihk mf}h mx

bbabib mf} bk`bab eìx4 Se~vhy lhaf`h}f lh}f ìhdfìf+ Dsb mf} wbabk



38

sek}b ix}xa bk`bì+ D}xch~, =< Hdfa 26>=¾ih Dhkkhiv¾h lþkih}iff

ahdyxpyb, ³BMI¾kfk Yð}dfvh¾ihdf mhkwh} n ðwh`h}f sþdahsf jb`fkih *BMI

26>? v`kib Yð}dfvh¾vh Gðpfyh} n ðwh`h}f vh}`hyf}afyf& SSCM¾kfk ih

Dðmb¾ibdf`h}f sþdhchfkf¹, mh`f}yfve}ix+

Ahh} Bah}fdb, fmf}`fdìf Yð}d vþkhyfcf`h}f jb}fì, jfì dfashkfk jbyyb

ahc`fsfk mf`h jbmh}f eàbibk, xwbk wbabkibk mh}f, deaxaxw Se~vhy`h}f

~x}bcbd byea meamb`b}k Yð}dfvh¾kfk mf}ìed vh}fkh vh}`hyf}af+ Bah}fdb

mx n ðwh`h}f, Dðmb¾vb kðd`hh} sf`bj sh~dfkf ix}ix}x}sb, lh}fvh ìhdhchfkf

ybbjjðy hifve}+ Yð}dfvh jb`dkk mxk`b}k jfì mf}fkihk jbmh}f ved ybmff¤

Sekxkib mby lbwhyh`h}fkfk mf}fkih ix}xa vbvk`bkkcb,Yð

}d jb`d ibþ}hkaf e`xve} *bkcbd mxlðk jb`b mxkxk kh bk`bab lh`fp lhàhiffkf

bk`bvp bk`babi ib yb}yab`&+ Sek ih}hch ekx} d}c mf} ix}xa

e}ybvb ìdve}+ E lðk`h}ih lþwih afwbj ih}lfsf e`bk *lb`fmb& Bdmbmb

Ih}lfsf mf} db}fdbyð} vbvk`ve}+ Ðwh}`h}fkih BMI ~h SSCM vbwbk fdf

yðccb} h``h}fkf xwbya sd mf} hdfìh pbwb}`d vbpve}`b}4 b}b`b}kib

Yð}dfvh vbw`bk mf} devxk ib ah` ah` mbdve}¤

V``b}cb þwlð} iðkvbkk d`c!db`dbk ~h ihaed}bsfkfk

vhyfyf}fàhdyh e`bk kbifih ìfìhf e`b}bd iðkvbvb ybdifa hif`hk Yð}dfvh,

B~}xpb ~h mby dbp`b}kk þkðkih if`hkcf lfmf mhd`hyf`fp, jh} n}sbyyb

bb`bk}dhk4 BMI¾kfk iesy`b} eàbi fìfk mf} wbabk`b}k dðìðd

lþ} ðkhk, dðìðashkhk @hyekvb, @fy~bkvb, Hsyekvb, _e`bkvb, Ìhd

Cxajx}fvhy`h}f, Sè~bdvb, ]eabkvb ~h Mx`lb}fsybk, Se~vhy`h} Mf}`ff

vd`} vdàbw mf} db`haih BM fìfkh b`kp ekx}h hif`f}dhk, v``b}cb mbyiðkvbskk d`ck sb~x}ax Yð}dfvh, mx ð`dh`h}fk ev`b}kb axjybì jb`h

lhyf}fìf+ Sh~lf`f sy}byhgfd iesyxaxw BMI ~h B~}xpb ð`dh`h}f, KBYE¾vb lf}f

yb}fjfafw e`bk 268? v`kibk mx vbkb, mf} vh}`h}h sbì}abd fìfk dþp} ðmb

e`xyx}bcbd e}lbkfwbsvek`b} jb}fì, mbykk jfìmf} xvlb}`d p}eghsfkh vb ib

mf}`ffkh dby`bmf`hchd yb}wib mx ihh}`f e}ybk jbw}`ba ~h



3>

mhkfashaf ihf`+ Mx lhkh` abkyd bìskibk Yð}dfvh¾kfk mf} dbvmi}4

bkcbd mbykk ib mf} bvmi}+ Bkcbd, mby, db}skib xybkbcbd vb ib

dhkifkf xybki}bcbd mf} vþkhyfa *ihaed}bsfv`h fib}h hifìffafwh lþ}h

mxk`b} ihh}`hkif}hchd mf} yep`xa"& lþ}hahiff fìfk, b}sw b}sw s}yabvb

ih~ba hifve}¤

³Hhd hk nbw`b ðì ihnb ìbax}b mbyb}¹ bybsþwðaðw bcbmb kfvh

sþv`hkaf5

_}en+ I}+ B`f Ihaf}sev

Jbchyyhph Ðkf~h}sfyhsf

$$$

Gejksek Ahdyxmx *yba&

³\bsjfklyek7 8 Jbwf}bk 26>9

Sbvk Mbv Mbmbdbk *kþkð&,

Yð}dfvh Jðdðahyfkfk, Dm}s¾k mf} dsakk bsdh}f dx~~hy`h flb`

hyahd ðwh}h aðibjb`hih mx`xkabvb db}b} ~h}ahvf ybsb}`bikw

jbddkib Mðvðdh`ìf Jb}h ~bsybsv`b sfwihk ~h If`h}f Mbdbkkwibk

bìa jbmh} mhkf cfiif sx}hyyh hkifhvh sh~d hyahdyhif}+ Hk iesybkh

~h bìd hdfìh mh`f}yahd fsyh}fa df lhkf ìbpyb khyfch`h} yh~`fy hihmf`hchd

mþv`h mf} jb}hdhyfk Yð}dfvh yb}bnkibk ybdfp hifàhsfkf, Jðdðahyfkfwfk

mfwfa`h h~~hìhk yba mf} fsyfb}hih mx`xkabd jxsxsxkibdf ybbjjðið f`h



3<

dbmf`f yh`fn biihyafve}xa+ Mðvðdh`ìf Jb}h, lþ} ð`h}faf þ}hkahd ðwh}h

mf}dbì sbby yhjf} hyaf eìxxkxwx mbkb mfìf}if+

V``b} mevx Yð}dfvh¾vf hk sb`ba hdfìh ihsyhd`hiffkf fspby hyaf

e`bk Bah}fdb lfmf mf} aðyyhnfdfk, mx hdfìh khyfch`h}h e`bk yhd yb}bn` mf}

db}b}`b db} db}vb m}bdàbskk, Jðdðahyfkfw mbdakibk ie}x

eìxxkb jbdfdbyhk fkbkp fkbkabikw sfwihk se}b}ia+ Mfkbhkb`hvj,

mþv`h mf} jb}hdhyh yh~hssð` hyahihk þkch Mf}`hfd Bah}fdb

Ih~`hy`h}f f`h yba fsyfb}hih mx`xkabd ahsx`fvhyfkf dbmx` hyahkfwf

jbssbyhk }fcb hyahd ahcmx}fvhyfkihvfa+

26>? yb}fj`f Lb}bkyf Bky`babs bjdía lh}hfkch mþv`h mf}

aðibjb`hkfk cbfw eìxx dbkbbyfkih mx`xkixxkxw fkyfmbkibva+

Mxkxk`b mh}bmh} Yð}dfvh¾kfk axybsb~~h} aðibjb`hsfkfk, Lb}bkyf

Bky`babs yb}bnkibk sb}bjbyhk ahk hif`hk mf} jb` sx}hyf e`bk ybd~faf

lh}ìhd`hyf}ah lbvhsfkh abyxn e`bcb ve`xkibdf bk`bvawb ifddbyfkfwf

ìhdahd we}xkibva+ Bv}cb, sþw dekxsx Bky`bab yhafkbyì

ih~`hy`h}b}bskib fsyfb}hvf lh}hdyf}ahdyhif}+ Mf}`hfd Bah}fdb mx

ix}xaib, yhd yb}bn` jb}hdhyh lhìah jbddkk jhkð

w dbmf`f yh`fn eàbidbkbbyfkihif}+ Ifh} yb}bnybk, Mbv Mbmbdbk, KBYE ~hcfmh`h}fkh ih

ifddby kbwb}kw ch`p hyahd ahcmx}fvhyfkihvfa+ Dm}s¾b ~bdf mf} Yð}d

aðibjb`hsfkfk Yð}d!Vxkbk dx~~hy`h}f b}bskib bsdh}f mf} ìbyabvb

aðkch} e`bcb jxsxsxkib wfjkfkfwih hk xnbd mf} yh}hiiðy eàbabì}+

If`h}f Mbdbk *Ihbk& ]xsd @bjhv¾ih vbp`bk sek KBYE Mbdbk`b}

Dekshvf yep`bkyskib, Yð}dfvh f`h Vxkbkfsybk b}bskib mf} jb}mfk

³dh`fahkfk yba abkbsv`b iððkð`hahw¹ e`b}bd yh`bddf hifàhsflh}hdyffkf mhvbk hyafyf+ KBYE¾vb f`yfjbd, hsbs fcbm e`b}bd, KBYE

aha`hdhy`h}fkfk mf}mf}`h}fv`h jb}p hyahvhchd`h}fk dbmx` hyahd ihahdyf}+

Bàbkvb ~h N}bksb KBYE¾ib aðyyhnfd eàbd`b vðwv``d jxsxahy ~h

iðabk`d`b}k lþaað`h}if}4 bvk hvfk Vxkbkfsybk ~h Yð}dfvh¾ihk ih



3:

mhd`hkahsf lh}hdf}+ Bv}cb, Yð}dfvh yb}bnkibk Dm}s¾b vbp`bcbd bsdh}f

mf} aðibjb`h Se~vhy`h} Mf}`ffkfk ahsh`hvh ie}xibk ie}xvb

db}abskb ve` bìbmf`f}+ KBYE aðyyhnfd`h}fkfwfk yba }wb ~h ax~bnbdby`h}f

eàbibk Yð}dfvh¾kfk lf}fhchf mf} jb}hdhy khyfchsfkih e}ybv ìdbcbd mf}

Se~vhy aðibjb`hsfkh db} Yð}dfvh¾vf aðibnbb hyahd aðdh``hnfvhy`h}f

e`xp eàbik aðwbdh}h hyahd n}sbyk mxàba eìxd`b}k ybdif}

mxvx}bcbkw dbkbbyfkihvfa+

Ifh} yb}bnybk Mbv Mbmbdbk, mf} Mf}`haf Af``hy`h} ðvhsf e`b}bd

Yð}dfvh¾kfk ~hcfmh`h}f ie`bvsv`b ib hkifh ixvabdybva+ Mf}`haf

Af``hy`h} bibib sx`jx de}xabd fìfk dx~~hy yhafk hyafyf}+ Mx dx~~hy`h}fk

~bwfnhsf we} eàxyx}, nbdby lhìhk sek mf}dbì jbnyb wb}nkib, Bibibdf

fiihy jb}hdhy`h}fkfk bwb`yàbskib yhi}fcf mf} hdfìh ax~bnnbd

eàx`b}i}+ Mf}`haf Af``hy`h} B}bmx`xcxsx jhkðw ffkf mfyf}ahafyf}+ Jfì

ðpjha ved df, Mf}`haf Af``hy`h} ðvh`h}fkfk ìexk`xx, Mf}`haf

Af``hy`h} lbv}hy`h}fkf mb`yb`bvbcbd e`bk ~h mx we} ahsh`hvh Mf}`haf

af``hy`h} yb}bnkibk abdmx` ~h mb}ì mf} jb` yb}w mx`xkabskb vb}ia

hihmf`hchd jh}jbklf mf} ð

afih vdbcbd e`bkYð

}dfvh¾kfk yhd yb}bn`jb}hdhyfkh hk sh}y hdfìh yhpdf lþsyh}hchdyf}+

Bvk wbabkib, Mbv Mbdbk, bsdh}f vb}ia sbjbskib Yð}dfvh ~h

Mf}`hfd ih~`hy`h} b}bskib ah~cxy fdf yb}bn` Bk`babvb ifddbyfkfwf

ìhdahd fsyh}fa+ Yð}dfvh f`h b}bawib ah~cxy Yhaaxw 269<

Bk`babskk F^¾ ðkcð abiihsf axcfmfkch, bsdh}f vb}iak

Jðdðahyfkfwfk, Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}fk ax~bnbdbyfkf bàbs fcbp hyahdyhif}+

Jðdðahyfkfw, mx b}y ybabahk bk`ba mx`xkixxkx axjyh`fn ~hsf`h`h}`hMf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}h mfìf}afyf}+ Ah~cxy b}y`b} ybjykib Yð}dfvh¾kfk Dm}s¾b

vbpbcb mf} aðibjb`hih Bah}fdb yb}bnkibk yhafk hifàf e`bk bsdh}f

ab`whahkfk dx``bkàbskb Mf}`hfd ih~`hy`h}fk ax~bnbdby hyahvhchfkf

sbafafvhyfa`h fnbih hyahd fsyh}fa+



36

Axybsb~~h} *ybsb}`bkbk& Yð}d jb}hdhyfkfk nff`f khyfch`h}fkh lh`fkch,

mþv`h mf} jb}hdhyfk Dm}s bibs ðwh}fkih ek mfk`h}ch Dm}s` Yð}d¾ðk

dby`hifàhsfkh ve` bìbmf`hchf dhvnfvhyfkh hk iesybkh mf} hdfìh

ifddbyfkfwf ìhdahd ahcmx}fvhyfkf jfsshifve}xa+ Yb}bnkwibk mþv`h mf}

jb}hdhyh yh~hssð` hifàhsf, fknfb`f axcfp e`bcbd ~h lf}fhchfkfw bsdh}f

jb}hdhyfk jfabvh hyahvh ìb`ykw dfash`h}fk phd ìexkxk fajbsk

þk`hahvh vhyh} ih}hchih aðhssf} eàbs fadíksw e`bcbdy}+ Mfk`haf

Af``hy`h} dx~~hy`h}fkfk ah~cxifvhyf mþv`h mf} nbcfbv þk`hvhahw+ Sþw`h}faf

phd nbw`b sh}y mx`bmf`f} ~h mfwfa, Dm}s ahsh`hsfkih Yð}dfvh¾kfk f`lfsfkh

db} mflbkh eìxxaxwx iððkhmf`f}sfkfw+ Ix}xaxk mþv`h eàbik

sfwh yhafk hih}fa+ Lh}hd b`hkhk lh}hd jxsxsf e`b}bd, Dm}s Yð}d`h}fkfk

hakfvhyfkf sb`babdyb ~h Dm}s ahsh`hsfkfk kfjbf jb` yb}wkk dekxv`b

ie}xibk ie}xvb f`lf`f yb}bn`b}k }wbskb ibvbkabs jxsxsx ðwh}fkih

s}b} hyahdyh lbv}hy lþsyh}ifd+ Bah}fdb Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}fkf sfwfk `hjfkfwh

vhyh} ih}hchih nbb`fvhy sb}n hyahiff jfssfkf ybabkw aðadðkið}+

Nbdby jh}jbìh mf`f}sfkfw df pe`fyfdbaw Byfkb¾ib hk sh}y hdfìh

fknfb`h ve` bìa *mfwfa b`hvjfafwh e}bib kð

abvf`h} vbpà& ~h Bah}fdb Mf}`hfd Ih~`hy`h}f f`h Mbpfsdepes Abdb}fes b}bskib hsbs` mf}

xwbd`bab jxsx`h lhyf}fàfyf}+ Ibjb mf}dbì jbnyb þkch vbpyaw

lþ} ðah s}bskib If`h}f Mbdbkkwb ib sþv`hiffa lfmf, Yð}dfvh f`h

e`bk aðkbshmhy`h}fafwh ìed mðvðd ihh} ~h}fve}xw+ Sfwf dhkifsfv`h yhah`

ahknbby`h}fafw e`bk mðvðd mf} aðyyhnfd yh`bddf hyaffwif}+ Sfwfk lð~hk`fd

~h }hnbjkw Bah}fdb jb`d fìfk cfiif mf} b`bdb ah~wxx e`blhàf ~h mx

b`bdbaw hk p}byfd hdf``h}ih fnbihsfkf mxàxyx}+ Mfw ~h Sfw deaðkfsyiðkvbskk fjyf}bs`b}kb db} devabd ðwh}h mf}`fdyh iþ~ðyðd+ Mx yhsbkðy

mfwfa fìfk mðvðd mf} abkb fnbih hyahdyhif}+ Jðdðahyfkfw ~h jb`dkw fìfk

ih bvk ih}hchih mf} abkb ybik ðafy hih}fa+ Dm}s¾`b f`lf`f e`b}bd

Yð}d chabbyfkf yhj`fdhvh ab}xw m}bdbcbd jh}jbklf mf} jb` yb}wk



9?

ihsyhd`hahvf iððkaðve}xw+ Kfjbf ìþwða ve`x mxàbvb ax~bnnbd

e`babid, wf}b mxkxk iðkvbibdf hk lf}fny ahsh`h`h}ihk mf}f eìxx

bfdí}i}+ Nbdby Yð}dfvh ~h Dm}s` Yð}d`h}fk ahknbby`h}f dekxsxkib cfiif

hdfìh b`bdbib} eìxxaxw ~h b`bdbib} db`bcbaw jxsxsxkib sfwf

yhafk hyahd fsyh}fa+

Kfjbvhy Mbv Mbmbdbk, hk cfiif ahsh`hvf, jb}p a, sx`j ax

ahsh`hsfkf ~bwhyaf mx`xkxve}sxkxw+ Mx ahsh`h`h} Yð}dfvh ~h Mf}`hfd

Ih~`hy`h} b}skibdf fdf yb}bn` aðkbshmhy`h}fk ìed þyhsfkih lfihk

ahsh`h`h}if}+ Mxk`b}, sbihch Yð}dfvh ~h Vxkbkfsybk b}bskib mf} jb}mf

axjbddbd e`b}bd yh~`fy hyahd`h dbàbvbcbd, nbdby Dm}s¾ b yhd yb}bn` mf}

aðibjb`hkfk iex}bcb, þkchihk dhsyf}f`hahvhk khyfch`h} shmhmfv`h,

ibjb lhkf ìbpyb axjbsbabyb *ìbyabvb& ve` bìbmf`hchdyf}+ Sfwfk

Yð}dfvh Jðdðahyfkfwfk Mbmbdbk e`b}bd ahsx`fvhyfkfw ~b}, mhkfa ih

Mf}`hfd Bah}fdb Mbdbk e`b}bd ahsx`fvhyfa ah~cxyyx}+ Mx shmhp`h, hk

iesybkh hdfìh sfwh xkx mfìf}ahd fsyh}fa df, mfwfa`h vhkfihk ~h hk

lhkf þ`ìðih fsyfb}h hyahdsfwfk mþv`h mf} jb}hdhyh yh~hssð`

hyahvhchfkfwh ibf} mbkb yhafkby ~h}ahiffkfw ybdif}ih, ahsh`hkfklfw`f yxyxàbs jxsxsxkib Mðvðdh`ìf Jb}hh vbpykw yb`hmfkfwf dbmx`

hyahvhchd ~h KBYE Dekshvf f`h Mf}`haf Af``hy`h} Lð~hk`fd dekshvfkfk

bcf`hk yep`bkyvb ìb}àbsk fsyhahd ahcmx}fvhyfkih db`bcba+ Mx

ahsh`h jbddkib sfwfk`h bjshk lþ} ðhmfàhafwfk aðadðk eàbsk

fsyh}ifa+ Abbyyhhssðn, ah~cxy Bkbvbsb jðdðahyfafwfk fcbm ie`bvsv`b,

Mf}`hfd Bah}fdb¾ibk bv}`bababdybva+ Yhnh}}xby` aðwbdh}h`h} fìfk sfw

mx}bvb lh`hmf`f}shkfw mxkx ahakxkfvhy`h db}`b}a+ Lhkh` mb} h~Dm}s ahsh`hsfkfk bd`sh`fah ~h sx`j ve`xv`b jb``f jxsxsxkib sfwfk`h

mhkfa ìed b} ahsx`fvhy ybabd eìxxaxwx jfsshifve}xa+ Mx fyfmb}`b

b}bawib hk lhkf ~h hk sbafaf fsyfb}h`h}ih mx`xkxkcbvb dbib} sfwfk

~h ahs`hdyb`b}kwk ybsb}`bikw db}b} lh}f m}bdabkw }fcb hih}fa+



92

Jð}ahy`h}fa`h

@vkiek M+ Gejksek *B+M+I Mbdbk&¹

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