Bible Images_Claudioxp Group

8/3/2019 Bible Images_Claudioxp Group

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1 1000 Bible Images (from: Biblioteca Digital Sistema Libronix)
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Primera Parte


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AltarsAltar and pillar

Exod 30:1-27; 31:8; 35:15; 40:5; 1 Macc 4:49; 2 Macc 2:5; Luke 1:11

The altar (on the left) belongs to a private house in Shechem, perhaps dating back to the first halfof the 1st millennium BCE; the pillar is from Megiddo (12th-10th century BCE). Perhaps fragrant

incense was burnt on the altar, whereas a drink offering could have been poured in the dish on top

of the pillar (on the left).



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Altar at Megiddo

Josh 12:21; 17:11; Judg 1:27; 5:19; 1 Kings 4:12; 9:15; 2 Kings 9:27; 23:29; Rev 16:16

Megiddo was the most important city of the Jezreel Valley, which can rightly be called the

granary of Israel. Already in the 3rd millennium BCE, there was an important settlement with

large temples. The picture shows the altar of burned offering of that time, as well as the wall of

one of the two other temples.

Megiddo was the most important city of the Jezreel Valley, which can rightly be called the granary

of Israel. Already in the 3rd millennium BCE, there was an important settlement with large temples.

The picture shows the altar of burned offering of that time, as well as the wall of one of the two other

temples.



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Altar near Zorah

Judg 13:19-20

Near Zora in the Shephelah, a peculiar stone was discovered that had on top a structure like a ladder.It was quickly connected to the altar of Manoah (Judg 13:19-20). However, a new analysis of the

stone made clear that it probably was only cut in such way in the Byzantine period, and was

presumably used for pressing fresh olive oil.



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Altar of burned offering

Exod 30:1-10

Whereas in the Pre-Exilic Period, the fatty portions of the sacrificial animals were burnt on

the altar, in the Postexilic Period this was more and more replaced by incense from the south of

Saudi-Arabia, like frankincense, myrrh, or stacte.



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Altar of burned offering

Exod 30:1-27; 31:8; 35:15; 37:25; 40:5; Lev 4:7; 1 Macc 4:49; 2 Macc 2:5; Luke 1:11

On a large monolithic altar of burned offering (picture on the left) the fatty portions of the sacrifice

were burned first. According to the Semitic notion, those portions were the best parts of thesacrificial animal, which thus were offered to God in appreciation. The altars of burned offering

often had a bezel around it, so that the blood of the sacrifice could be thrown against the base of the

altar underneath the bezel. Frankincense was only burned on altars like that in the Postexilic Period.

But besides those types, there also were small, cubic altars of incense all over the Near East. They

were normally 10 by 10 by 10 cm and were used in private homes.



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Altar of Ezekiel

Eze 43:13

The new design of a temple is accompanied by a new design of the altar of burned

offering that was supposed to be constructed in front of the temple. It is not clear whether this

altar is the same as the one that stood already there in the Pre-Exilic Period. The altar has steps

leading up to it. The four corners of each altar has "horns" that were also used earlier on other

altars.

Reconstruction according to Galling. A groove runs around the stone-cut altar with two steps that

hold the four-horned altar of burned offering. It is probably modeled on Mesopotamian altars; cf.

the accompanying depiction of an altar excavated in Dura Europos (2nd/3rd century BCE).



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Altar of incense

Rev 8:3

An Altar of incense is shown in the center of the picture. Such thin, high reaching

altars were customary for burning incense since the Persian period. In the upper dish, shown from

the top (at the right), incense was burnt over charcoal. These fragrances came mainly via a long

trade route from Saudi-Arabia. They were stored in a small box depicted at the left.



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Altar

Acts 17:23

The altar (base 0.5 meter) was discovered in the holy complex of Demeter in Pergamon

(2nd century CE). The dedicatory inscription reads, "To the unknown gods Kapiton torch-bearer

"(name of a priestly torch-bearer during the mysteries)



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Horns of the altars

Exod 27:2; 29:12; 30:2-10; Lev 4:7; 1 Kings 1:50-51; 2:28; Ps 118:27; Ezek 43:20; Amos 3:14

Monolithic stone altars with the characteristic horns at the corners developed in the Kings

period. Part of the blood of the sacrifice was thrown on those horns. The collected blood thenwas poured on the base of the altar underneath the bezel. Whoever had committed a capital crime

could flee to an altar, hold on to the horns of the altar, and thus be free of the punishment until

the case was tried in court.



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Nabatean step-altar at Petra

Exod 20:25-26

In Exodus 20:25-26, the steps leading up to an altar probably do not yet refer to an altar as

depicted here, but was a kind of podium with steps of mud bricks where people could place

offerings on these steps. But even the steps of that platform were so sacred that nobody was

allowed to step on it. The Nabataeans, who in their capital Petra had a variety of elaborate and

impressive tomb facades cut out of stone, built a series of sacrificial altars on high mounds

around Petra. These altars were also cut out of stone.



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Animals

Animal husbandry

Gen 1:24-26; 6:19; 1 Kings 5:13; Ps 80:14; Ezek 29:11; Dan 4:9

The picture shows, in four rows, livestock that was most important to the people in

antiquity. Cattle are depicted in the row at the top. They were raised for meat and milk, but also

as draft animals for puling simple carts or the plow. The row below shows donkeys, the typical

pack animal of the Near East. Goats and sheep are pictured in the last two rows. They were the

most common livestock; less difficult to raise and providers of milk and meat; they were actually

part of every household.



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Basalt stele of Beth-Shean

Ps 22:17-21; Eccles 9:4; Isa 13:22; Jdth 11:13

The stele of Beth-Shean presumably dates back to the 9th century BCE. It shows a lion

and a dog fighting with each other. The lion possibly represents majestic power. In contrast, thedog - at that time dogs were normally roaming animals - represents chaotic danger, but one that

cannot do the lion any harm.



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Basilisc

Isa 11:8; 59:5; Jer 8:17; Prov 23:32

In some translations, the snake mentioned in Isa 11:8, 59:5, Jer 8:17, and Prov

23:32 is redered as basilisc or basiliskos. However, this translation is incorrect, since that snake

only occurs in Africa. Therefore newer translations refer to the adder, since the text obviously

talks about a venomous viper that s prevalent in that region.



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Battling dragons

Ps 74:13; 91:13; Isa 14:29; 51:9; Wisd of Sol 16:10; Rev 12:3; 13:2-14:11; 16:13

Since ancient times, the dragon (this cylinder seal shows a dragon with seven heads)

represents the chaos that threatens the divine order of the world. It is the task of the gods - and

the king's as the surrogate of the gods on earth) to rein in the chaos. The cylinder seal found in

Larsa at the Euphrates comes dates back to the late 3rd millennium BCE.



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Bear

Dan 7:5

Gravure on a bronze stele from the palace of Ashurnasirpal II in Nimrud Kalach (9thcentury BCE).



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Bells of the horses

Zech 14:20

This relief shows a horse with a bell around his neck, as is described in Zechariah 14:20.



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Bull on a pedestal

Exod 32; Deut 9:16; 1 Kings 12:28-29;Neh 9:18; Ps 106:19; Acts 7:41

The Hittite stone relief from Alaa Hyk (15th century BCE) pictures a bull on a pedestal

or altar. The royal couple that offers up to the bull is not shown here. The Golden Calf might

have looked similar. However, according to similar finds, the bronze plastic of the Golden Calf

might not have been higher than about 15 cm.



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Camel decoration

Judg 8:26

According to biblical reports, the Midianites embellished their camels with ribbons and

other finery.



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Camel rider (Tell Halaf)

Gen 12:16; 24:10-64; 30:43; Judg 8:21; 1 Sam 30:17; 1 Kings 10:2; 2 Kings 8:9

This orthostat from the west-palace of the North-Syrian city Tell Halaf was made in the first halfof the 9th century BCE. This picture is the oldest illustration known thus far that shows a cushion

saddle used for riding camels. In contrast to the older saddle construction, the cushion saddle

made the shooting with a bow from a camel possible. Due to this innovation, Bedouins could

now invade the cultivated land on camel and plunder its inhabitants.



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Carvings of ivory

1 Kings 10:18-22; 22:39; Ps 45:9; Ezek 27:6; Amos 3:15; 6:4

The carving on the top shows a suckling calf, a motif common in the Near East. This motif

illustrates the importance of offspring. The lower carving picks up an Egyptian motif. The pillar(in the middle) is protected by two winged goddesses. Ivory plates of this kind, mainly produced

by Phoenician artists, often were attached to furniture as decoration. Had a building several such

decorations, it was called an "ivory house."



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Chameleon and Gecko

Lev 11:30

In the Hebrew Scriptures, both animals belong to the unclean animals that are not allowed

to be eaten.



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Cormorant

Lev 11:17

It is difficult to identify the unclean birds ofLeviticus 11, since some names are onlymentioned at this place in the Hebrew Scripture. Sometimes the Cormorant is seen as one of the

animals mentioned in this list.



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Crocodile

The Egyptian relief shows scenery typical for the Nile. Crocodiles and fish are seen

beneath a papyrus boat. The crocodile always presents a big threat to humans either at the Nile or

at other rivers of Palestine flowing into the Mediterranean Sea.



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Decorated horse

Zech 10:3; 14:20; 2 Macc 3:25

The Assyrians decorated the horses for their chariots with elaborate snaffles. The picture

also shows little bells as horse decoration.



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Deer (Tell Halaf)

Gen 49:21; Deut 12:15; 2 Sam 22:34; 1 Kings 5:3; Ps 22:1; 42:2; Prov 7:22; Song 2:9-17; 8:14;

Isa 35:6; 51:20; Lam 1:6

The deer belongs to the game animals. It is pictured here on an orthostat from the North-

Syrian Tell Halaf, dating back to the 9th century BCE.



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Dog

1 Kings 14:11; Ps 22:17-21; 68:24; Isa 13:22; 56:11; Jdth 11:13

The Assyrian relief shows a hunting dog used for hunting deer, etc. However, in antiquitydogs were domesticated only in a minimal way. A number of dogs were roaming around and thus

quite dangerous, because sometimes they also attacked humans.



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Donkey and Camel

Gen 37:25; 2 Kings 8:9; 1 Chron 12:41; Isa 21:7; 30:6

Vehicles are a relatively impractical means of transportation in the Near East, since they require

good streets and a not too steep terrain. Therefore donkeys were the most common animal used

for transporting goods even over long distances already in the 3rd millennium BCE. Toward the

end of the 2nd millennium BCE, the camel was also used as a pack animal. In comparison to a

donkey, the camel had the advantage of not needing to drink water for days, and it could move

more easily in sandy terrain (e.g. on the Arabian Peninsula).



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Donkey as pack animal

Gen 42:26-27; 43:18-24; Josh 9:4; 1 Sam 25:18; 2 Sam 17:23; 1 Chron 12:41;Neh 13:15; Isa

21:7; 30:6; Sirach 33:25

For transporting materials, one used donkeys as beasts of burden, though they also could

be used for riding. However, in earlier times donkeys were also employed in interregional trade.

Even today one can find donkeys with heavy loads, piled up high, which they carry through the

small streets of the Near-Eastern cities.



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Eagle owl

Lev 11:17; Deut 14:16; Isa 34:11

The names of the animals mentioned in the Bible often are hard to identify. The bird

named in Leviticus 11:17; Deuteronomy 14:16; and Isaiah 34:11 is an unclean animal. It

probably is one of the many types of owls; some identify it with the Abyssinian long-eared owl,

to which also the eagle owl belongs.



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Fallow deer

Deut 14:5; Hab 3:19

This section of a larger relief shows a fallow deer in a hilly landscape (represented by the scales)

with trees.



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Fat-tailed sheep

Gen 12:16; 29:6-10; 30:31; Exod 2:17; 13:13; 20:24; Deut 7:13; 8:13; 14:4; Isa 22:13; 53:6-7;

Jer 12:3; Matt 9:36; 12:11-12; 18:12; 25:32; John 2:14

One of the oldest domestic animals besides the goat is the sheep. In Palestine, people have

mainly Fat-tailed sheep (Karakul sheep), since their fat is considered a delicacy.



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Fighting wild beasts

Gen 31:39; Exod 23:29; Lev 26:6-22; Job 5:22; Ps 8:8; 104:20; Hos 13:8; Sirach 39:36; Mark

1:13; Acts 11:6; 1 Cor 15:32; Rev 6:8

Fighting wild beasts was a symbolic struggle against evil and chaos all along. Already the

Assyrians had lions, leopards, and other wild cats, so that they could be wrestled down in animal

fights. Whoever overcame them was proven to be a hero who could master everything evil. Wild

beasts were deployed in the arena in Rome; only true heroes could fend them off.



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Fish in the Sea of Galilee

Matt 4:18; 7:10; 13:47-48; 14:17-19; 15:34-36; Mark 1:16; 6:38-43; 8:7; Luke 5:2-6; 9:13-16;

11:11; 24:42; John 6:9-11; 21:3-13

Fishing in the Sea of Galilee played an important role at the time of Jesus. There was a

fishery in Magdala, where the fisherman living alongside the seashore pickled the fish. Eighteen

types of fish are home in the Sea of Galilee; ten of them are important for commercialization. At

the top: The biggest and most important fish is the tilapia, also called "St. Peter's fish" (tilapia

galilaea) that can reach a length of 40 cm, and a weight of 1.5 kg. It belongs to the species of

cichlid fishes. Bottom right: The long-headed barb (barbus longiceps) belongs to the species of

carp. It can reach a length of 80 cm, and a weight of 6 to 7 kg. Bottom left: The Kishri (barbus

canis) also belongs to the species of carps. It has bigger scales then the long-headed barb, and it

does not get as large (about 50 cm length and 3 to 4 kg weight). Both fish are fish of pray that eat

other fish, mainly small sardines. They were also appreciated as food fish.



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Fish in the Sea of Galilee

Lev 11:9; Deut 14:9; Matt 4:18; 7:10; 13:47-48; 14:17-19; 15:34-36; Mark 1:16; 6:38-43; 8:7;

Luke 5:2-6; 9:13-16; 11:11; 24:42; John 6:9-11; 21:3-13

Fishing in the Sea of Galilee played an important role at the time of Jesus. There was a fishery in

Magdala, where the fisherman living alongside the seashore pickled the fish. Eighteen types of

fish are home in the Sea of Galilee; ten of them are important for commercialization. At the top:

The catfish (clarias lazera) is the biggest fish in Palestine. It can reach a length of 1.25 m, and a

weight of 10 kg. Since it does not have scales, Jews are not allowed to eat that fish (Leviticus11:9; Deuteronomy 14:9). Therefore its value was limited for commercial use. Perhaps the term

"bad fish" in Matt 13:48 refers to the catfish. Bottom left: The Hafafi (varicorhinus damascinus)

also belongs to the barbs. Since it originated in the region of the springs of the Jordan River, it

swims up-stream for spawning there in the winter. Bottom right: The barb.



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Flocks

Gen 30:36-40; Job 24:2; 30:1; Ps 77:21; 78:52; 107:41; Song 4:1-2; 6:5-6; Isa 40:11; 60:7; Jer

31:24; 33:12; 49:29; Ezek 34:2; Sirach 18:13; Baruch 4:26; Luke 2:8

Flocks of sheep and goats were an important source of income in the countryside. Almost

every family owned some sheep and goats. Often a shepherd herded the flocks of several

families. Sometimes also children of the family were responsible for the herding. To prevent the

animals from eating up the growing grain in the winter month, they were moved up to the slopes

of the mountains. However, flocks were mainly reared in the step and the desert. In the Song of

Solomon, the hair of the beloved is compared to a flock of goats moving back down from the

mountains, thus alluding to her wild and unkempt head of hair. (Song of Songs 4:1-2).



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Flocks

Gen 30:39; Isa 40:11; Ezek 34:2; Amos 7:15; Sirach 18:13

The painting shows different aspects of flocks. On top at the left, a tree is visible on which

an animal raises up to be able to eat the young shoots. On the right, the shepherd is carrying a skin

container (with water?) and another sack (with grain or other food?) on a stick over his shoulder. In

the lower fries, branches of the tree are being chopped off.



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Flying bird

Isa 31:5; 40:31; Jer 4:25; Ezek 39:17; Hos 9:11

The New-Hittite relief shows a bird flying up. Stones like this were used for decorating walls inside

palaces.



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Game animals

Gen 27:3-30; Lev 17:13; 1 Sam 16:20; Job 10:16; 18:2; Ps 22:1

The Egyptian picture shows a number of different game animals that live in the desert as well as in

the cultivated land: ibexes and antelopes, cattle and deer, rabbits, hitch hogs, wolfs, hyenas, and

leopards. All of those are depicted here.



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Gazelle

1 Kings 5:3; Prov 5:19; Song 2:7-17; 3:5; 4:5; 7:4; 8:14

Due to their fine meat, gazelles were popular animals to be hunted. Their fur was used for

manufacturing parchment. The speed and grace of the gazelle was highly praised in antiquity. In

the Song of Songs, the gazelle is frequently compared to the beloved partner.



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Golden Calf

Exod 32; 1 Kings 7:25; 12:28

Many small bronze figurines are known in the Near East, which are at most about 15 cm high,

and were worshiped as idols or symbols of deities. Occasionally plastics had a coating of gold or

silver. The bull symbolized fertility as well as power. In the Hebrew Scriptures it was the symbol

for Baal as well as Yahweh.



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Golden Calf

Exod 32; 1 Kings 12:28-32

Stone figurines are widely known since the 2nd millennium BCE. They are worshipped asrepresenting the weather god. The drawing at the top shows studs on the feet of the bull; hence the

figurine was earlier attached to a wooden plate. The golden calf may mentioned in the Bible may

have looked similarly.



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Heron

Lev 11:19; Deut 14:18; Ps 104:17; Jer 8:7; Zech 5:9

Some scholars identify the bird mentioned, for instance, in Jer 8:7 as heron, some as stork.

This animal is considered unclean; therefore it is not allowed to be eaten.



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Hoopoe

Lev 11:19; Deut 14:18

The hoopoe is regarded as one of the unclean animals in the Hebrew Bible.



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Ibex

Deut 14:5; Ps 104:18

The ibex can often be found in the rocky areas of the Judean mountains.



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Jackal

Job 30:29; Ps 44:20; 63:11; Isa 13:22; 34:13; 35:7; 43:20; Jer 9:10; 10:22; 14:6; 49:33; 51:37;

Lam 4:3; Micah 1:8; Mal 1:3

The Jackal lives in barren and forsaken regions; thus in the Hebrew Scriptures, it is a symbol for the

God-forsaken world.



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Leopard or panther

Song 4:8; Isa 11:6; Jer 5:6; 13:23; Dan 7:6; Hos 13:7; Hab 1:8; Sirach 28:27;Rev 13:2

In antiquity, leopards lived in the desert - one can find them again in the present-day nature reserve.

These solitary animals were praised but also feared for their velocity. The picture shows a spotted

panther on a north-Syrian plinth relief (9th century BCE).



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Lion and bull battling 1 Kings 7:29

The ivory carving (4 cm high and 11 cm wide) was found during excavations in Samaria. It shows

a lion attacking a bull at his throat. The lion probably represents a god who prevails over thebellicose and powerful bull. Perhaps a similar scene was depicted on the bronze stand in the temple

in Jerusalem; at least according to 1 Kings 7:29, there were lions and bulls in the temple.



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Lioness

Gen 49:9; Job 4:11; 38:39; Isa 30:6; Ezek 19:2; John 1:6;Nah 2:12-13

The Assyrian relief shows a lioness in a garden. Due to its strength, the lion represents power and

bravery in the Hebrew Scriptures, but also threatening danger. In Assyria the king annually defeated

lions. This show-off battle was supposed to illustrate the lordship of the king over the danger of the

chaos.



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Locusts on a wall

Nah 3:17

In Palestine, locusts usually appear in swarms that can eat up the entire vegetation in large areas.

However, during the cold of the night, they like to rest on a wall.



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Locusts

Exod 10:4-19; Deut 28:38; Judg 6:5; 7:12; Job 39:20; Ps 78:46; 105:34; 109:23; Isa 33:4; John 1:4;

2:25; Amos 7:1; Jdth 2:11; Wisd of Sol 16:9; Sirach 43:19; Matt 3:4; Mark 1:6; Rev 9:3-7

Locusts usually appear in swarms that can eat up the entire vegetation in large areas; hence in

antiquity they were regarded as a great danger to the food supply for humans. Therefore they could

be understood as God's punishment.



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Mouse

Lev 11:29; 1 Sam 6:4; Isa 66:17; Jdth 14:11

The mouse belonged to the unclean animals. Yet in the Mediterranean, the mouse was venerated as

a holy animal. Especially on the islands of the coast of Anatolia, mice were revered as symbol of

Smintheus, the "lord of mice," who was worshipped to stave off diseases and mice plagues.



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Muzzle for oxen

Deut 25:4; 1 Cor 9:9; 1 Tim 5:18

To prevent animals from eating during work, they were muzzled. However, the Bible unequivocallyforbids such a method. Israelite law said that the animal doing the work of pulling the threshing

sledge all day should not wear a muzzle, so that it would be able to eat grain and straw from the

threshing floor.



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Ostrich

Lev 11:16; Deut 14:15; Job 30:29; 39:13; Isa 13:21; 34:13; 43:20; Jer 50:39; Lam 4:3; Micah 1:8

In antiquity, this large flightless bird (up to almost 3 m high) could frequently be encountered in

the steppes of the Near East. The ostrich has the ability to run at speeds of more than 50 km/h (46

mph); hence he is the symbol for the inhospitable world of the desert. Perhaps this is the reason

why he belongs to the unclean animals.



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Owl

Isa 34:15

The zoological identification of the eggs-laying animal mentioned in Isaiah 34:15 is still disputed.Some scholars believe it to be snakes (vipers?), others think of birds, for instance the owl, or the

sand partridge.



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Oxen pike

Judg 3:31; Sirach 38:26; Acts 26:14; 1 Cor 15:55-561

An oxen pike was a long wooden pole with a pointed top. Farmer used it to goad the oxen on to

plow.



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Quail

Exod 16:13;Num 11:31-32; Ps 105:40; Wisd of Sol 16:2; 19:12

The quail (Coturnix coturnix) is a small migratory bird. Great flights of quail pass the area of

Palestine and the Sinai on their way south about end of August, and again in mid-March on their way

back north. Since the quail flies near the ground, it is easily hunted as game.



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Relief with Lion-griffin in Susa

Ezra 4:9;Neh 1:1; 2:3-5:8; 3:15; 4:8-16; 8:14-15; 9:6; Dan 8:2; Add Esth 5:12; 6:1

1

Susa was expanded and upgraded by the Persians as one of their cities of residence. The walls of the

Palace of Darius were decorated with glazed and painted relief-tiles that depict a lion-griffin with

ram's horns.



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Rider

Acts 23:23-32

Horseback riding played an important role in the Roman army. Due to speed and mobility,

horsemen often could be quite decisive in the war. But they were also essential for the postal

system in antiquity. Relay stations at intervals made it possible to carry government dispatches

and other mail relatively fast over long distances.



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The Persians, for the first time, had developed a functioning postal delivery system in the Near

East. Riding messengers on horseback could transport messages over long distances in quite

short a time.

Riding messenger

Esther 8:10-14



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Rock Hyrax

Lev 11:5; Deut 14:7The Rock Hyrax or Cape Hyrax (Heterohyrax syriacus) resembles a rat or a beaver, though

zoologically it is not related to them, but is nearer to elephants. In the Hebrew Scriptures, it rates

among the unclean animals. In addition, it is wrongly counted to the ruminants because of its

intensive chewing movement.



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Scorpion

Deut 8:15; 1 Kings 12:11-14; Ezek 2:6; Sirach 26:10; 39:36; Luke 10:19; 11:12; Rev 9:3-10

A scorpion has a long tail with a sting. Depending on the type of scorpion, the poison of the sting

could cause painful swellings, and could even be fatal for kids.



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Scorpion

Deut 8:15; 1 Kings 12:11-14; Ezek 2:6; Sirach 26:10; 39:36; Luke 10:19; 11:12; Rev 9:3-10

A scorpion has a long tail with a sting. Depending on the type of scorpion, the poison of the sting

could cause painful swellings, and could even be fatal for kids



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Screech owl

Lev 11:17; Deut 14:16; Ps 102:7; Zeph 2:14

Just as the owl and

the eagle owl, thescreech owl belongs

to the "unclean

animals" that were

not allowed to be

eaten.



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Slaughter

Gen 43:16; Exod 12:6-21; 29:11; Lev 1:5-11; 3:2-8:13; 4:4-15; Deut 16:2-6; Prov 7:22; 24:11;

Isa 14:21; 53:7; Jer 11:19; 50:27; 51:40

In Israel, animals were slaughtered by cutting the carotid artery; the blood was caught in a bowl.

After the animal was bloodless, it could be cooked or burned on the altar as sacrifice. Blood as

bearer of life was splashed against the base of the altar

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