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291© The Author(s) 2019A. Mirakhor, H. Askari, Conceptions of Justice from Earliest History to Islam, Political Economy of Islam, https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54303-5

Index1

1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.

AAbraham, 97–107, 169, 243Abu al-’Ala al-Mu’arry, 221Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya

al-Razi, 221Abu Sai’d al-Hassan al-Basri, 216, 217Ahmad ibn al-Tayyib al-Sarakhsi, 221Ahura Mazda, 20–23, 42n13Akkadians, 54, 59n7, 60n10, 72, 81,

83, 87n23, 87–88n24, 89n31, 107n3

Al-‘Aql, 182, 191, 192, 194, 222, 225, 226, 232

Allawi, Ali, ixAquinas, Thomas, 3, 5, 7, 175–176,

178n21, 238n35, 252Arete, 138, 155n39Aristotle, 3, 5–7, 11, 20, 42n10, 140,

143–148, 157n64, 165, 176, 230, 246–250, 252

Artha, 119, 121, 123, 127, 153n15

Aryas, 54Ash’aris, 218Al-Ashtar, Malik (Malik Bin al-Harith

al-Nakha’ee), 198–204Asuras, 53, 54, 59n4, 59n6, 61n14,

61n16, 66Atharva Veda, 49Axial, 17, 18, 20, 40n3, 97–107,

107n2, 115–151, 241, 243–250

BBani Israel, 99–107, 108n3, 110n12,

110n14, 110n15, 110–111n17, 112n21, 112n23, 112n24, 112n25

Bentham, Jeremy, 5, 9Brahmins, 121Buddha, 5, 18Butler, Joseph, 5

292 INDEX

CCalvin, John, 5Canaan, 99–101, 107China, 18, 86n12, 97, 115–151Christian Gospels, 5Cicero, Marcus Tullius, 1, 5, 143–145,

148–151, 158n72, 158n75, 158n76, 158n79, 158n80, 165, 168, 174, 175, 249–252

Clark, John Bates, 6, 175, 177n11Cohen, Gerald, 6, 10, 109n9, 109n12Comte, Auguste, 5Confucius (K’ung Tzu), 5, 18,

129–136, 141, 154n26, 154n28, 155n31, 244, 245

Covenant, 99–101, 103, 105, 106, 109n10, 110–111n17, 112n25, 183, 187–191, 195, 198, 199, 205, 206, 220, 252, 253, 255

DDao, 132, 135, 244D’Azeglio, Luigi Taparelli, 3Deuteronomy, 97, 101, 104, 106,

109n10, 110n15, 112n25, 112n26

Dharma, 51–53, 117–127, 152n4, 243, 244

Dworkin, Ronald, 6, 10

EEgypt, 18, 24–31, 43n22, 86n12,

100, 101, 103, 104, 107, 108n3, 198, 199, 219

Engels, Friedrich, 5, 8Epicurus, 5, 143–148, 157n68,

248, 250Erasmus, Desiderius, 5Euphrates, 64, 65, 68Exodus, 105, 109n10

FAl-Farabi, 175, 178n21, 222–225,

227, 228, 232, 236n21Fitrah, 182, 191, 220, 255

GGathas, 19–24, 40n1, 41n6, 42n8,

42n13, 42n14, 42n17, 43n19, 49, 51, 57, 58n4, 63, 64, 75, 83–85, 127, 241, 242, 244

Gathic, 23George, Henry, 6al-Ghazali, 228, 238n35Gong, 135, 171, 244Greece, 18, 20, 97, 115–151, 155n40,

156n44, 245, 249Greek philosophers, 6, 11, 14, 141,

145, 148, 165, 166, 174, 175, 220, 246, 248, 250, 251

Grotius, Hugo, 5

HHalaf, 65, 67, 68Al-Haqq, 183, 198, 201Hassunah, 65, 67Hayek, Friedrich, 3, 6Hebrew Bible, 5, 101–103,

108n3, 108n5, 109n9, 109n10, 109n12, 110n14, 111n17, 155n40, 173

Hebrews, 98, 99, 101, 107–108n3, 109n10

Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 5Heraclitus, 5, 18, 156n50Hobbes, Thomas, 3, 5, 7Homer, 5, 18, 136–140, 155n36,

155n40, 155n41, 156n43, 156n46, 245, 246

Hume, David, 3, 5, 7, 11, 12, 152n2Hutcheson, Frances, 5, 7

293 INDEX

IIbn al-Rawandi, 221Ibn Sina, 145, 157n64, 175,

178n20, 178n21, 225–233, 237–238n34, 238n37, 248

Imam ‘Ali (as), 181, 183, 191, 192, 197–204, 207, 209n13, 220, 222

India, 18, 40n1, 41n7, 49–58, 97, 115–151, 243, 244

Indus/Harappan civilization, 20, 54, 57, 59n4, 59n6

Interest rate, 76–83, 89n35, 89n36, 89n38, 99, 104, 140, 246

Iran, 6, 18–20, 40n1, 42n10, 59n4, 59n6, 65–67, 85n5, 86n7, 87n24, 90n42, 90n47, 97, 219, 225

Islam, xiii, 2, 5, 10–14, 17, 40n2, 181–208, 219, 220, 222, 225, 233, 241, 252–255

Israelite, 99, 104–106, 107–108n3

JJaspers, Karl, 18, 97, 107n1, 115,

128, 136Jesus, 165–170, 172–174, 176,

178n17, 250, 251

KKama, 119, 121, 123, 127, 152n7Kant, Immanuel, 5, 7Karamah, 192, 207Karma, 49, 117–122, 124, 126, 243Karmic, 118, 119, 124Kautilya, 122, 153n15Khalifa, 195Khalifal, 196Al-Kindi, 175, 178n21, 222–225,

230, 235n16, 236n21

King Hammurabi, 5, 6, 64, 70, 74–76, 83, 84, 89n31, 89n32, 90n45, 90–91n47, 153n14

Kshatriya, 121, 127, 152n11

LLagash, 73, 74, 81, 82, 90n44Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm, 5Li, C., 130, 133Locke, John, 5Luke, 165, 172, 251Luther, Martin, 5

MMaat, 24–39, 43n23, 51, 53, 64,

181, 242Malthus, Thomas Robert, 5Manu, 119, 122, 124, 125, 127, 153n14Marshall, Alfred, 6Marx, Karl, 5, 8Maskuyah, 225–233Mathew, 166, 167, 169, 172Meethaq, 99, 182, 183, 188, 252Mesopotamia, 18, 54, 59n4, 59n6,

59n7, 63–85, 97–103, 107–108n3, 127, 153n14, 242–244

Mill, John Stuart, 5Ming, 130, 132Misharum, 76, 80, 81, 84Misharum edicts, 76Mishpat, 104Mohammad (sawa), Prophet, 2, 11,

183, 187, 215, 252, 254Moksha, 119–124, 127Moses (Musa), 97–107, 166, 169Mu’awiah, 216, 233n1Mu’tazilah, 217Mu’tazili, 219, 235n13Mu’tazilite(s), 218, 219

294 INDEX

NNahj al-Balaghah, 209n13Nasirian Ethics, 232Nebuchadnezzar, 102Nietzsche, Friedrich, 6Nineveh, 67, 68, 72Noah, 97–107, 243Nozick, Robert, 6Nussbaum, Martha, 6, 11, 12, 151,

158n73

OOrientalists, 217, 219

PPalestine, 18, 67, 85, 97, 99–101,

106, 107, 107–108n3, 168Pareto, Vilfredo, 6Paul, 168–174, 176, 177n6, 177n13,

178n16, 178n18, 251Persian Gulf, 54, 65, 68, 85n5Plato, 5, 6, 11, 17, 18, 20, 42n9,

139–143, 145, 146, 150, 157n60, 157n61, 157n63, 157n64, 165, 175, 176, 223, 241, 245, 246, 248, 250

Pogge, Thomas, 6, 10Post-Axial, 18, 149, 165–176, 250–252Pre-Axial, 17–39, 49–58, 63–85,

97–107, 125, 241–243Pufendorf, Samuel, 5, 158n73Purusa, 53Pythagoras, 5, 156n50

QQadriyyah, 216Qardh Hasan, 189Al-qist, 183, 224Qur’an, 11, 14

RRabb, 187, 206Rawls, John, 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, 17,

154n26Al-Razi, 175, 178n21, 225–233Ren, 131, 134–136, 244, 245Renaissance, 168–173The Republic, 142, 150, 247Rig Veda, 49–58, 58n1, 58n2, 58n3,

59n4, 59n7, 60n8, 60n9, 61n11, 61n14, 63, 64, 66, 75, 83, 85, 90n46, 115, 116

Rome, 18, 148–150, 168, 249Rousseau, Jean Jacques, 5, 7Rta, 51–56, 59n7, 115–119, 125,

126, 243

SSt. Augustine, 5, 6, 149St. Simon, 5Samarran, 67, 80Sama Veda, 49Schopenhauer, Arthur, 5Semite, 107n3, 108n3Semitic people, 66, 72, 87n24,

89n32, 107n3Sen, Amartya, 5, 6, 10Seneca, 5Shang Dynasty, 128Shirk, 184Sidgwick, Henry, 5Smith, Adam, 5, 7, 8, 68, 101Socrates, 5, 11, 140–143, 157n60,

165, 246, 247, 250Solomon, 101, 102, 137, 155n40,

155n41Sophocles, 5Spencer, Herbert, 6Stoics, 150, 151, 157n69, 157n71,

165, 168, 173, 222, 249, 250Sudras, 121, 127, 152–153n11

295 INDEX

Sumer, 72, 81, 88n24Sumerian, 65–68, 70–73, 77,

78, 80, 81, 83, 87n15, 87n16, 87n22, 87n23, 87–88n24, 88n25, 88n27, 89n36, 99

Sunnah, 215, 217, 219, 220

TTale of Eloquent Peasant, 29–39Tawheed, 182–185, 187, 188, 191,

195, 217, 252Thales of Miletus, 5A Theory of Justice, 9Tigris, 64, 65, 68, 88n31Torah, 101, 103, 104, 107,

109n11, 110n16, 111n18, 111–112n20, 166

Trojan War, 20Al-Tusi, 225–233Tzedek, 104

UUbaid, 59n4, 65–68, 80, 85n5,

86n10Upanishads, 18, 116–125, 152n3,

153n11, 243, 244Uruk, 68, 69, 73, 87n15

VVaisya, 121, 152n11Vedas, 19, 49, 51, 58n4, 115, 117,

121–127, 242–244

WWalayah, 182, 183, 185–189, 191,

195, 196, 205, 209n12, 219, 252Waliy, 185–187, 191, 195

XXenophanes, 5

YYajur Veda, 49Yasna, 21–23, 43n19

ZZagros mountains, 65Zarathustra (Zoroaster), xiii, 5, 6, 11,

17–24, 40n1, 51, 59n4, 63, 241–243

Zhou Dynasty, 128Zoroastrian, 18, 19, 40n1, 41n6,

42n10, 42n17, 43n19, 58n3, 59n4, 60n8