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247© The Author(s) 2019Y. Shahibzadeh, Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6
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255© The Author(s) 2019Y. Shahibzadeh, Marxism and Left-Wing Politics in Europe and Iran, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-92522-6
Index1
1 Note: Page numbers followed by ‘n’ refer to notes.
AAbolition
of all classes, 34, 62of bourgeois social reality, 52, 217of philosophy, 50, 217of the state, 33, 50, 159, 220
Academic ideology, 175Actuality of communism, 10, 236,
237, 239Adorno, Theodor, 47Aesthetic, 198, 237Aesthetic revolution, 237Agency of the proletariat, 196Agents of democracy, 201, 244Agrarian revolution, 76Ahmadzadeh, Massoud, 142, 159Al-e Ahmad, Jalal, 152, 163Aleatory materialism, 185, 226, 227Algerian War, 172, 173, 175Alienated, 17, 88, 91, 127, 128, 131,
150, 158, 236
Alienation, 8, 14, 15, 17, 18, 54, 87, 88, 125, 127–129, 181, 182, 202, 222, 236
Althusserianism, 172–175Althusserian materialism, 172Althusser, Louis, 5, 7, 84, 125–127,
130, 132, 134–137, 172–174, 176, 177, 180–187, 202, 205, 223, 226, 227, 235
American Marxism, 150, 154American Western, 187Anarchism, 38, 135Anarchists, 31Anarcho-syndicalism, 135Anti-communist law, 78, 90Anti-humanistic, 172Anti-imperialist, 2, 7, 62, 68, 70, 72,
87, 95, 98, 99, 101, 103, 110, 126, 143, 146, 148, 150, 153, 194, 218–220, 225, 230, 245
Antithesis, 186
256 INDEX
Anti-utopianism, 205Arab communists, 5, 6Arani, Taqi, 89–94, 219, 220Arbitrary as necessity, 199Archeological knowledge, 130, 131Armed struggle, 121, 143–145, 148,
149, 151, 156, 158, 160, 162, 164, 165, 223–225
Aron, Raymond, 185The art of happiness, 199Autonomous political agents, 243Autonomy of the communist
parties, 155Avanesian, Ardeshir, 95Axelos, Juan, 83
BBabeuf, 178Badiou, Alain, 206–211Bakunin, Mikhail, 116, 204, 221Balibar, Etienne, 173, 202–206Baudelaire, Charles, 198Bebel, August, 204Benjamin, Walter, 4, 47Bentham, Jeremy, 109Bernstein, Eduard, 27, 35–37, 177Blanqui, Loius Auguste, 2, 178,
201, 243Bloch, Ernst, 133, 134Blum, Léon, 85Boissy d’ Anglas, 209, 210Bolsheviks, 9, 47, 66, 68, 73,
137, 159Bolshevism, 38, 68, 69, 85Bolshevization, 84Bonaparte, Louis, 197Bourgeois democracy, 16, 35, 38,
43, 47, 54, 62, 89, 109, 110, 216, 221
Bourgeois-democratic revolutions, 74, 76, 77
Bourgeoisie, 5, 8, 13, 14, 17, 20–23, 33–37, 48, 53, 56, 62, 63, 67, 69, 71, 75, 77, 92, 98, 117, 118, 130, 135, 137, 150–152, 154, 162, 176, 177, 196, 197, 215, 218, 219, 224, 233, 241
Bourgeois freedom, 17, 108, 109Bourgeois humanism, 173Bourgeois religion, 51Bourgeois revolutions, 13, 14, 40, 41,
48, 50, 134Bourgeois socialists, 23Bourgeois society, 13, 14, 21–23, 33,
38, 39, 41, 42, 67, 109, 215–217Bourgeois state, 2, 8, 33, 34, 51, 53,
116, 137, 162, 182, 197–199, 216, 217
Bourgeois state apparatus, 173Bourgeois system of education, 51British Empire, 68, 73, 74British imperialism, 70, 71, 75–77, 89,
99, 110, 150, 219Bruckner, Pascal, 193, 210, 230,
231, 233Bucharin, Nikolai, 90Bureaucracy, 15, 34, 42, 72, 230, 235Bureaucratic materialism, 15Burgat, Francois, 246n1
CCapitalism, 2, 8, 9, 13, 14, 17–23, 27,
28, 32–38, 40, 41, 48, 49, 54–57, 62–64, 67–71, 73, 74, 76, 77, 85, 86, 98, 107–109, 112, 114, 116, 118, 119, 126, 134, 145, 150, 156–158, 160–162, 164, 165, 179, 181, 183, 184, 198, 203–205, 216–219, 221, 225, 226, 231–233, 237, 241, 246
Capitalist democracy, 54, 217
257 INDEX
Capitalist exploitation, 37, 41, 67, 69, 216
Capitalist order, 116, 165Care of the self, 127, 179, 180Cartesian thinking subject, 125Chakrabarti, Dipesh, 240n12Chinese–Soviet conflict, 173Civil society, 15–17, 21, 55–57, 137,
203, 218Clash of two cultures, 152Class
antagonisms, 23, 33, 34, 38, 241categories, 163consciousness, 8, 29–30, 40, 47–57,
74, 78, 154, 157, 158, 160, 163, 164
domination, 28, 38, 182, 241struggles, 8, 21, 28–30, 34, 40, 41,
51, 67, 92, 116, 119, 125, 135, 137, 148, 172–177, 181, 182, 186, 188, 197, 206, 215, 216, 235, 241
Classless society, 21, 23, 157, 181Collective intelligence, 237Collective will, 57Collectivization, 176Colletti, Lucio, 136Colonial
appropriations, 71policies, 66, 96questions, 61, 62, 74, 218
Colonization, 63Colonized countries, 62–64, 68, 87,
152, 161, 218, 219, 226Colonized nations, 62Colonized people, 67–69, 210, 219Comintern, 49, 54, 66, 79Commodity, 17, 93, 179, 203,
204, 231Communism, 3, 5–10, 13–24, 28, 33,
61–79, 86–90, 94, 95, 97, 102, 113–119, 133, 149, 150,
154–156, 158, 163, 166, 176, 178, 181, 193–211, 215, 216, 219–221, 225–227, 235–239, 243
Communistconsciousness, 19, 215intellectuals, 84, 163, 173, 174, 219mode of production, 204movement, 4–6, 9, 22, 23, 28, 31,
35, 47, 49, 53–55, 61, 66, 113, 116, 143, 145–147, 151, 154, 159, 160, 166, 171, 180, 181, 195, 196, 216, 220, 221, 224, 226, 227, 229
narrative, 227politics, 207principles, 149, 224totalitarianism, 193
Communist International, 49, 61, 62, 64, 66, 74, 84, 165, 226
Communist League, 178The Communist Manifesto, 13, 14, 21,
22, 41, 86, 111, 158, 180, 217, 237, 241
Complete democracy, 33, 216Complexity of history, 172, 246Comprador bourgeoisie, 69, 71, 75,
77, 150–152, 224Conceptual knowledge, 131Conformist Communism, 114Consciousness, 8, 16, 18, 19, 29, 30,
40, 48, 52, 87, 128, 129, 144, 158, 163, 164, 181, 187, 215–217, 220, 222, 223, 232, 233
Consensual realism, 3, 199Constitutional government, 15, 68Contemporary racism, 205Contingent transcendentality, 185Contradictions, 16, 28, 32, 35–37, 49,
55, 68, 79, 120, 127–129, 137, 150, 154, 156–158, 181, 188, 198, 205, 222, 225, 242
258 INDEX
Cornu, Auguste, 84Crisis
of democracy, 243of governmentality, 222of Marxism, 5, 6, 8, 9, 47–57,
180–188, 196, 223, 226Critical subjectivity, 53Critical subjects, 52–57Criticism, 6, 49, 51, 52, 154, 155, 217Critique
of communism, 156, 225of ideology, 55
Cultural front, 55Cultural order, 234, 235Cultural provincialism, 136Cultural revolution, 156, 175–177, 207Culture
of the masses, 152of maximum consumption, 152of obedience, 152of resistance, 152
DDead labor, 22De-alienated, 88, 125, 131, 133Death of philosophy, 136Debray, Régis, 160, 177Decline of capitalism, 35Decomposed Marxism, 5, 227,
230, 231Decomposition of Marxism, 5, 231Defeated revolution, 74, 157Della Volpe, 136Democracy, 1–4, 8–10, 13–24, 28–33,
35–43, 47, 54, 62, 64, 69, 77, 89, 90, 95, 99, 101, 103, 108–110, 112–116, 141, 147, 153, 157, 183, 193–211, 215–239, 241–246
Democratic centralism, 86, 102, 103, 120, 155, 165
Democratic consensus, 202Democratic illusion, 37, 86Democratic practices, 110Democratic revolutions, 15, 71, 149Democratic socialism, 108, 110–116,
141, 220Democratic state, 14, 215Democratic way of life, 202, 243Democratization processes, 194Democritus, 127, 185Demos, 199, 238Dependent societies, 161, 226Desanti, Jean-Toussaint, 205Dialectical materialism, 48, 50, 90, 91,
93, 160, 184, 220Dialectical return, 51, 217Dialectical theory of knowledge, 93Dialectic of becoming, 87Dictatorship
of the masses, 116of the proletariat, 8, 27–43, 47, 51,
85, 86, 157, 181–183, 198, 204, 216, 217, 221
Discourseof order, 178of power, 178of subversion, 178
Discursive struggles, 177Dissensus, 237, 242Distribution of space, 172Dominant ideas, 23, 52, 217, 220Dominant ideologies, 52, 55, 93, 127,
144, 171, 172, 184, 188, 203, 218, 227, 229, 241, 242, 245
Dominated classes, 52, 55, 92, 93, 98, 217, 218, 242
EEconomic democracy, 37Economic exploitation, 27Economic relations, 38
259 INDEX
Economic struggle, 39, 216Educational process of democracy, 228Educative, 56Eftekhari, Yusef, 94, 95Egalitarian logic, 200, 201, 243Elitist ideology, 198Emami, Seyyed Baqer, 117–120Emancipation, 6, 7, 14, 16–18, 20,
23, 27, 34, 62, 91, 92, 102, 126, 128, 129, 133, 145, 156, 158, 164, 193, 198, 199, 202–205, 207, 220, 225, 227
Emancipatory politics, 127, 207, 211End of philosophy, 136, 183Engels, Friedrich, 2, 5, 13, 14, 21,
29, 32, 33, 48, 51, 52, 65, 86, 91, 135, 158, 161, 164, 178, 184, 185
English working class, 197Enlightenment, 52, 186, 217Enterprise society, 179Epicurean tradition, 127Epicurean world, 183Epicurus, 127, 183, 185Epistemological, 131, 174Epistemological arrangement,
127, 130Epistemological break, 127, 135, 136Epistemological field, 130Epistemological placeholder, 126Epistemological transformation, 179Equality of intelligence, 237Eskandari, Iraj, 64, 65, 96–101Eskandari, Soleiman Mirza, 75, 89, 95Essence, 14, 15, 18–20, 87, 88, 107,
126, 150, 156, 157, 177, 183, 201, 215, 223, 230
Eurocentric intellectuals, 161European, 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 20, 21,
47, 61, 63, 64, 66, 67, 89, 108, 113–116, 133, 137, 145, 150, 161, 202, 206, 216–219, 221, 227–231, 233–236, 244, 245
European sensitivity, 230, 233Existence, 2, 8, 14–20, 22, 23, 32,
34, 78, 87, 98, 126, 128, 130, 136, 156, 174, 179, 183, 185, 188, 196, 200, 215, 222, 236
Existentialist Marxism, 83, 107, 221Existential-Psychology, 127–129Expropriated labour-force, 184External contradictions, 156, 225
FFadaiyan-e-Khalq, 159, 165, 166,
194, 225, 226Fanon, Frantz, 126Fascism, 3, 4, 84, 113–115, 146Fascist violence, 113, 126, 222Ferqeh-ye Demokrat, 99, 100Fetishism, 87, 203, 204, 229, 230Feuerbach, Ludwig A., 14, 18, 19,
172, 176, 186, 202, 215Feuerbach’s anthropology, 129, 222Fictions of universality, 205Finkielkraut, Alain, 193Formal democracy, 14, 30, 43,
62, 109Formalization of democracy, 108Forms of domination, 133, 183, 208Foucauldian discourse, 193Foucault, Michel, 6, 125–134,
177–180, 184, 194, 222, 223, 233Frankfurt School, 107Freedom of criticism, 28Freedom of expression, 1, 8, 29, 41,
54, 75, 77, 78, 90, 92, 100, 108, 113, 114, 157, 217, 225
French colonialism, 4, 205French Communist Party (PCF), 4, 9,
83–85, 88, 173, 205, 206French Imperialism, 99French Marxist intellectuals, 83, 223French Marxists, 6, 83, 84
260 INDEX
French Revolution, 3, 4, 6, 13, 40, 52, 55, 57, 65, 130, 178, 203, 206, 207, 217, 237, 238
Freudian Marxism, 107Fukuyama, Francis, 3Furet, Francois, 3, 4, 207Futility of theory, 160Futurists, 53
GGeneral interests, 19, 20, 182, 203, 233General strike, 38, 57, 112, 162The German Ideology, 14, 18, 231Global bourgeoisie, 67Global capitalism, 62, 67–69, 76Globalizing perspectives, 206Global police order, 229Global revolution, 132–134Global revolutionary movement, 108,
149, 157, 221Glucksmann, André, 193, 230Goldman, Lucien, 47Gouges, Olympe de, 238Governmentality, 134, 178–180, 222Governmentalization, 178, 180–188Gramsci, Antonio, 5, 9, 47, 48,
52–57, 79, 101, 126, 135, 184, 185, 205, 217, 218, 234, 235
Guatemala, 99Guerrilla movement, 142Guerrilla warfare, 141, 143, 224Guevara, Che, 144Guha, Ranajit, 232, 233Guilty conscience, 231Guterman, Norbert, 84
HHakim-e Iranshahri, 92Al-Halaj, Mansur, 92Hall, Stuart, 2, 233–236, 238
Halliday, Fred, 239n5Haqiqat, 75Hegel, G.W. Friedrich, 14, 48, 50, 86,
87, 120, 136, 185, 203, 231Hegelianization, 88Hegemony, 52–57, 94, 95, 112, 152,
163, 186, 188, 196, 204, 218, 224, 232, 234, 235, 241, 242
Heidegger, Martin, 126, 185Historical knowledge, 97, 130Historical materialism, 90Historical necessity, 3, 8, 27–28, 36,
65, 204Historical time of non-
contemporaneity, 204Historic compromise, 233–235Historic necessity, 36Historiography, 180, 185, 226History of madness, 130Horkheimer, Max, 47Human capital, 2, 179, 198, 231, 235Humanist Marxism, 132, 223Humanitarian assistance, 2, 202Human labor, 179Human rights, 1, 193, 202, 210, 228,
232, 242, 243, 245ideology, 230
Hungarian uprising, 102Hussein, Saddam, 195Hyppolite, Jean, 48, 125
IIdealism, 48, 90, 183, 186Ideological and cultural hegemony, 57Ideological and political hegemony,
95, 112Ideological domination, 175, 203Ideological education, 163Ideological formation, 9, 83–103, 187Ideological inversion, 202Ideological revisionism, 165
261 INDEX
Ideological struggle, 56, 160Ideological subject, 184, 187, 188Ideology, 9, 23, 30, 47–57, 76, 93, 102,
103, 107, 108, 114, 115, 117, 119, 125–137, 144, 147, 148, 151, 152, 158, 163, 164, 173–175, 178, 184, 186–188, 194, 202, 204, 207, 217, 222, 223, 227–230, 232–234, 239, 241, 242, 246
Imaginary Marxism, 185Immanent self-education, 208Imperialism, 7, 9, 10, 27, 43, 62–64,
67–71, 75–77, 85, 89, 98, 99, 101, 103, 108–110, 112, 117, 118, 126, 143, 145, 147, 148, 150, 152, 160–162, 165, 195, 219, 222, 226–229, 244–246
Imperialist core, 234Imperialist domination, 165, 226Imperialist ideology, 160Imperialist relations, 148Inactuality of communism, 237Intellectual
accuracy, 220authority, 174commodities, 231equality, 199illumination, 42immaturity, 54maturity, 54and moral reform, 57poverty, 42racism, 236
Intellectually dependent, 241Intempestive
communism, 243communists, 239, 243
Internal contradictions, 36, 68, 156, 157, 205, 225
Internal social forces, 160Internationalism, 13, 28–29, 62,
98–100, 107, 110, 113, 116, 119, 157, 161, 205–206, 226
Interpellation, 184, 187Iranian Communism, 9, 75–76,
196, 239Iranian communists, 61, 72–74,
76, 78, 94, 95, 110, 111, 118, 146, 151, 152, 171, 195, 196, 218–221, 223, 224, 246
Iranian Marxism, 6, 8, 110, 195, 196, 227
Iranian nationalism, 110Iranian revolution, 5, 6, 8, 70, 111,
132–134, 161, 166, 194, 196, 222, 223, 230
Iranian Social-Democratic Party, 66Iran’s Communist Party, 61, 62,
64–66, 73, 76–78, 89–90, 94, 95, 97, 98, 111, 118, 119, 146, 154
Iran’s Constitutional Revolution, 64, 66, 74, 89
Iran’s Socialist Party, 75, 89, 95, 119Iskra, 31Islamist ideology, 196Islamist leftists, 166, 194, 195Islamists, 2, 4, 6, 194, 196, 242, 244,
245, 246n1
JJacobine, 209Jazani, Bizhan, 144–154, 159, 166,
171, 224, 226Juridical ideology, 186
KKautsky, Karl, 5, 29, 31, 42, 135,
174, 181Khomeini, Ayatollah, 152, 195Kianouri, Noureddin, 97, 111Know yourself, 127, 179Korsch, Karl, 5, 9, 47–52, 217, 228
262 INDEX
Koselleck, Reinhart, 6Kruzhokists, 121Kuchik Khan, Mirza, 72, 73
LLabor of criticism, 217Lacan, Jacques, 174Land reform, 71Lazarus, Sylvain, 207, 208Lefebvre, Henri, 84, 87, 88, 125–127,
173, 235Leftist intellectuals, 5, 10, 141, 236Leftist opportunism, 108, 221Lenin, V.I., 5, 6, 8, 27–35, 41–43, 47,
48, 51, 53, 65, 72–74, 84, 86, 92, 97, 100, 109, 127, 134–136, 156–159, 161, 162, 165, 176, 181, 182, 185, 206, 207, 216–218, 225, 226
Lévy, Bernard Henri, 193Liberalism, 28, 37, 109Liberal racist, 228Liebknecht, Karl, 204Lukács, Georg, 47, 48Lumpenproletariat, 197Luxemburg, Rosa, 5, 6, 8, 35–43, 47,
134, 135, 216, 222Lyotard, Francoise, 125
MMaleki, Khalil, 108, 111–116, 118,
147, 150, 155, 160, 221Man’s finitude, 131Maoism, 108Mao Tse-Tung, 115Marchais, Georges, 176Marxian materialism, 183Marxism-Leninism, 143, 147, 150,
163, 166Marxism of rupture, 185
Marxist Kruzhoks, 116, 141, 220, 221, 223
Marxist-Leninist, 87, 88, 97, 117, 120, 143, 144, 150, 154, 155, 161, 166, 194, 225
Marxist philosophy, 83, 135, 205Marxist theory, 5, 9, 28, 47, 49, 85,
100–101, 111, 117, 127, 132, 134–136, 141, 159, 181, 184, 196, 217, 221, 223, 226, 229
Marxist utopia, 3, 199Marx, Karl, 2, 3, 5, 8, 10, 13–24, 28,
29, 33, 34, 48, 49, 51, 52, 65, 84–88, 109, 116, 125, 127, 130, 131, 135–137, 156, 158, 161, 164, 172, 174, 176, 178, 179, 181–185, 197, 202–205, 207, 215, 217, 225, 227, 231, 237, 243
Marx’s theory of alienation, 129Mass strike, 38–40, 134, 216Materialism
of contingency, 183, 185, 226of encounter, 183, 185, 226in Iran, 92of necessity, 9, 183, 185, 226,
227, 237Materialist conception of history,
19, 28, 51Materialist philosopher, 187Materiality of ideology, 184Merleau-Ponty, Maurice, 48, 83, 126,
127, 172, 205, 221, 222Method of governance, 241The Middle East, 4, 98, 111, 194,
228, 229, 236, 243–245, 246n1Middle Eastern, 66, 193, 228,
232, 242Militant communist, 149Militant Marxism, 32Militant neoconservative, 229Military apparatus, 160Mill, John Stuart, 109
263 INDEX
Mobile Guards, 197Mode
of distribution, 37of domination, 184, 204, 229of production, 2, 8, 33, 37, 48, 64,
71, 74, 91, 150, 162, 183, 184, 203, 204, 216
of subjectification, 201, 208, 244Moderate neoconservatives, 229Molana Jalaudin-e (Rumi), 120Momeni, Hamid, 144, 145, 159–166,
171, 225, 226Moment
of crisis of command, 57of hegemony, 55, 218
Monopolistic foreign capital, 103Moral categories, 163Moral consciousness, 186Mosaddeq, Mohammad, 96, 97, 99,
110, 112–115, 147, 148, 150–152, 220
Mosaddeq’s ideology, 147Mounier, Emanuelle, 83Muslims, 1, 2, 95, 119, 193, 194,
201, 202, 227–229, 232, 233, 235, 236, 244
Mystical shell, 120
NNational bourgeoisie, 62, 67, 69, 71,
98, 151, 152, 154, 162National culture, 152National liberation movements, 161,
162, 165, 218, 226, 230National questions, 155National revolution, 72, 219National sovereignty, 69, 116Negative equilibrium, 99Neoconservative ideology, 9, 194,
227–229, 232, 233, 239, 242, 246
Neoliberal art of government, 179–188, 230, 232, 233, 239, 242
Neo-Marxism, 107New American Century, 194New communist international, 64, 66,
165, 226New communist movement, 143, 145,
151, 154, 160, 166, 224New Philosophers, 202, 210, 211, 233New racism, 202, 236New Right, 233, 234New theory of revolution, 154–155Non-intellectual, 57Non-people, 235, 236Non-state, 182, 185
OObjectification, 14, 17Objects of democratic education,
227, 236October Revolution, 6, 32, 33, 51,
64, 71, 76, 77, 84, 96, 97, 158, 159, 165, 195, 217
Official Marxism, 4, 126, 133, 204Oil-nationalization, 98, 99, 147, 148Old materialism, 172Opportunism, 41, 107, 143, 144, 149Opportunist, 165, 226, 232Organic intellectuals, 57, 218Oriental despotism, 39Original disorder, 183Overdetermination, 205Overexploitation, 161, 226Overney, Pierre, 176
PPahlavi regime, 68, 77Paris Commune, 35, 50, 55, 84, 85,
165, 178Parliamentarian, 39, 40, 54
264 INDEX
Particularistic, 126, 222Partisan philosophy, 174Passive activity, 57Peaceful coexistence, 156, 174, 225People’s Mojahedin, 166, 194, 195Periphery, 40, 234Permanent revolution, 161Persian Social Democracy, 61Persuasive bourgeoisie, 233Petite bourgeoisie, 21, 178Peykar, 76, 78, 166, 194, 195, 211n5Philosopher of order, 177Philosophical existence, 185Philosophical hegemony, 186Philosophical ideology, 136Philosophical imposture, 209Philosophical war, 186Pisarev, Dmitry, 31Plekhanov, Georgi, 135Poiêsis, 203Police, 30, 34, 70, 90, 110, 145, 153,
175, 176, 200, 208, 238Police logic, 200, 243Policeman state, 56Police order, 200, 201, 227, 229,
243–245Policing of concepts, 174Political agency, 24Political authority, 40, 173, 234Political backwardness, 216Political culture, 232, 233Political education, 141, 148, 171, 246Political educators, 197Political equality, 13, 91Political event, 120, 207, 210Political global forum, 206Political instrumentalization, 205Political militant, 209Political modes of enunciation, 202Political power, 8, 21–23, 33–36, 43,
53, 64, 97, 98, 113, 134, 156, 157, 162, 197, 203, 216, 221, 234, 244
Political practice, 5, 83, 117, 173, 174, 186, 209
Political reforms, 3, 5, 16, 77Political revolution, 17, 133Political spirituality, 133Political struggle, 29, 39, 41, 98, 102,
141, 143, 147, 150, 151, 153, 154, 178, 216, 223, 234
Political subject, 186, 196, 201, 232Political subordination, 27Political vanguardism, 86Politics as dissensus, 242Politzer, Georges, 84, 87Popular Front, 112, 113, 115, 151Positive sciences, 51Post-communist, 201Post-democracy, 201Post-Marxism, 193, 195, 223, 227,
230, 232, 233, 246Post-Marxist, 1, 3, 5, 10, 206,
227, 231, 232, 236, 242, 244–246, 246n1
Post-revolutionary Iran, 194Pouyan, Amir-Parviz, 142, 145Power and domination, 145, 234Pravda, 75Praxis, 48, 126, 203, 205Prescriptive conception of politics, 208Primacy of practice, 186Principle of recuperation, 171, 244, 245Private interests, 17, 19–20Privatization of politics, 10, 237Production
of consent, 218of knowledge, 87, 88, 135, 223of the proletariat, 13, 21, 184
Professional communists, 163Professional revolutionaries, 30, 120,
145, 177, 181Progressive nationalism, 110Progressive nationalist, 219Proletarian characters, 163Proletarian civilization, 53, 217
265 INDEX
Proletarian class, 18–20, 30, 40, 42, 63, 136, 201, 218
Proletarian internationalism, 62, 119, 157, 161, 226
Proletarianization, 28, 163Proletarian life, 158, 163Proletarian masses, 39, 40, 72, 74,
196, 197, 219Proletarian nations, 69, 219Proletariat, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 18–24,
27–43, 47–54, 56, 57, 62–64, 66, 67, 74, 76, 85–87, 89, 90, 97, 126, 129, 133, 141, 142, 150, 154, 157–159, 161, 163, 176, 178, 181–184, 196–198, 201–203, 207, 208, 211, 215–219, 221–223, 225, 226, 233, 234, 236, 241, 243
Property relations, 13, 18, 21, 37Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 2, 20, 21,
30, 116, 221Psychological and social
emancipation, 129Public consciousness, 207, 208Public consensus, 208Public disagreement, 238Public discourses, 1, 10, 133, 193,
201, 229, 230Public power, 32Public sphere, 227, 233Pure philosophy, 186
RRacial theories, 90, 220Racism, 1, 10, 126, 193, 199, 202,
205, 222, 227–229, 236, 245Racism from above, 236Radical education, 229Radical left, 229, 231Radical petty-bourgeoisie ideology,
151, 224Radical philosophy, 229
Rahimi, Mostafa, 163Rancière, Jacques, 3, 171–178,
196–201, 208, 209, 211, 211n1, 227, 236, 243, 244
Rational kernel, 120Razi, Mohammad Zakaria, 92Reactionary nationalism, 110Reading Capital, 173, 205Realization of philosophy, 202Reconfiguration of the material
world, 237Red Army, 72, 73, 95–97, 119, 159Reformist majority, 36Reification, 48Relations of production, 13, 75, 137,
178, 182, 187, 198Relativism in philosophy, 93Religious eschatology, 133Religious mentalities, 231Representation, 129, 131, 178, 204,
209, 225Reproduction, 22, 184, 187,
203, 216Republican virtues, 209Republic of Azerbaijan, 100Revisionism, 37, 49, 107, 108, 143,
165, 173, 177, 221Revisionist, 23, 36, 38, 160, 172,
173, 175Revisionist ideology, 175Revolutionary age, 3, 199Revolutionary class, 21, 48, 49, 77,
135, 143, 163, 197Revolutionary passion, 150Revolutionary process, 51, 163Revolutionary Republic of Iran (RRI),
89, 92Revolutionary state, 33, 73, 157,
158, 182Revolutionary subject, 7, 65, 188Revolutionary theory, 27, 28, 181Revolutionary vanguard, 27, 85, 97,
142–144, 149, 152, 158
266 INDEX
Revolutionary violence, 153, 156, 173, 224
Rightist opportunism, 108, 221Right-wing European socialism, 150Robespierre, 207, 209Rosenberg, Alfred, 90, 91Roy, Manabendra Nath, 63, 64, 219Rupture, 6, 23, 131, 174, 185,
199, 208Russian Marxism, 79Russian Revolution, 5, 9, 27, 38–41,
43, 47, 48, 56, 61, 64, 65, 84–86, 134, 136, 137, 144, 161, 162, 210, 222
Russian revolutionary elite, 137
SSafaiy Farahani, Ali-Akbar, 166n6Said, Edvard, 193Saint-Just, 207–209Sartre, Jean Paul, 10, 48, 83,
125–127, 130, 132, 172, 197, 198, 205, 221, 222, 235
Schelling, F.W.J., 86, 87Science of history, 127, 130, 135Science of man, 131Scientific authoritarianism, 174Scientific discourse, 127, 129, 132, 199Scientific socialism, 29, 36, 51, 103Secessionist insurgency, 100Secessionist movement, 97, 100,
146, 147Second international, 27, 47, 49–51,
61, 64, 66, 75, 84, 85, 89, 95Secularist, 244, 245Self-conscious activity, 17Self-criticism, 88, 163Self-determination, 101Self-emancipation, 177Self-organization, 36Semi-colonized, 62, 66–69, 74, 99, 161Semiological, 174
Sequence of politics, 207Shah, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi,
68–71, 73, 74, 76, 78, 89, 90, 94, 97, 103, 108, 141, 142, 144, 148, 149, 153, 166, 194, 219, 224, 225
Shoaiyan, Mostafa, 145, 150, 154–163, 225, 226
Simplicity of nature, 172, 246Simulacra, 179Social alienation, 54, 127–129, 222Social and mental emancipation, 128Social compromise, 161, 226Social contract, 181, 186Social contradictions, 32, 79, 127,
128, 188, 222, 242Social control, 35, 37Social democracy, 13, 29, 32, 36,
38–41, 61, 64–66, 89, 108, 113–115, 221, 234
Social imperialism, 165Socialism, 4–6, 9, 13, 27–29, 35–37,
42, 43, 51, 65, 73, 75, 76, 78, 97, 103, 108–116, 135, 141, 147, 150, 156–158, 161, 162, 165, 166, 173, 174, 176, 181, 194, 196, 218, 221, 226, 234, 238, 243, 246
Socialist consciousness, 29, 30, 181, 220
Socialist countries, 5, 7, 97, 100, 133, 149, 165, 195, 204, 209, 226
Socialist ideas, 65, 110Socialist intellectuals, 234–236, 241Socialist international, 113, 114Socialist mode of production, 37, 204Socialist movement, 29, 32, 37, 38, 41,
50, 64, 65, 95, 119, 206, 230, 234Socialist Republic of Iran, 72, 73, 219Socialist revolution, 29, 33, 35, 36,
52, 54, 72–75, 78, 84, 117, 119, 157, 162–164, 195, 216, 217, 219
267 INDEX
Socialists, 3, 5–7, 9, 18, 20, 21, 23, 28–30, 32, 33, 35–38, 41–43, 50, 52–54, 64, 65, 72–76, 78, 84, 85, 89, 93, 95, 97, 100, 101, 103, 108–111, 113–117, 119, 133, 134, 137, 144, 149, 150, 156, 157, 159, 162, 164, 165, 181, 194, 195, 204, 206, 209, 216–221, 225, 226, 230, 232, 234–236, 241, 243
Socialist standpoint, 109Socialist state, 65, 73, 156, 159, 204Social peace, 1–3, 165Social reproduction, 187Social struggles, 39, 112, 113, 121The society of consumption, 153Socio-cultural and political
oppression, 153Socio-historical alienation, 128Sociological demystification, 199Sovereign states, 243Soviet Communism, 113, 114,
116, 221Soviet Communist Party, 9, 49, 54,
78, 83, 107, 147, 155, 159, 172, 220, 223
The Soviet Union, 6, 7, 9, 62, 69–71, 75–79, 85, 86, 94–97, 99–102, 107, 108, 110–116, 118, 119, 141, 143, 144, 146–149, 151, 155, 156, 159, 161, 176, 195, 205, 219–221, 224, 225, 235, 243, 246
Soviet Union’s foreign policy, 99, 119, 141, 219
Spectacle, 179Spiritual transformation, 42Spontaneity, 30, 38–41Spontaneous consent, 57Stalinism, 9, 78, 102, 107–121, 141,
143, 180, 184Stalinist Communism, 113Stalinist ideology, 102
Stalin, Josef, 9, 78, 88, 95, 102, 111, 143, 144, 146, 176
State apparatus, 110, 112, 134, 157–159, 173, 176, 224, 235
State of the situation, 208State’s ideological apparatus, 127Stato carabiniere, 56Subaltern, 55, 218, 232Subaltern sphere, 232Subjectification, 201, 202, 208, 244Subjective figure of politics, 209Subjective universality, 210Subject of communism, 203Subject of politics, 243Subjects of democracy, 201, 227, 228Sultanzade, Avetis, 9, 61, 64, 66–74,
78, 79, 80n13, 146, 218, 219Supplementary subjects, 208Surplus value, 69Suslov, Mikail, 107Symbolic rupture, 199Systematic sociology, 51
TTabari, Ehsan, 96, 107–110Taheri, Jafar, 150Technicians of practical knowledge,
10, 126, 222Thatcherism, 233Theist Socialists, 150Theoretical and social practices, 132Theoretical consciousness, 18Theoretical contestation, 173Theoretical domain, 135Theoretical maturity, 136Theoretical perspective, 160Theoretical practice, 5, 135, 174, 223Theoretical process, 135, 223Theoretical vacuum, 136Theory of domination, 193, 198Theory of fetishism, 203, 204, 230Theory of history, 185
268 INDEX
Theory of ideology, 132, 203, 229, 230Theory of political history, 186Theory of political practice, 185Theory of social revolution, 50, 51,
65, 217Theory of the market, 204Theory of the state, 204Thermidorean, 209, 210Thermidorean subjectivity, 210Thesis, 6, 62, 63, 100, 136, 144, 172,
174, 175, 186, 220, 225Third International, 47, 49, 61, 62,
64–66, 84, 85, 118, 218Third world, 7, 108, 133, 165, 184,
210, 221Titoism, 114Toiling classes, 63, 64, 89, 115, 219Toiling masses, 62, 63Toligatti, Palmiro, 101Totalitarian ideology, 207Totalitarianism, 1, 4, 7, 108, 193,
202, 210, 235, 242Totalitarian socialism, 114Totality, 48, 50, 52, 68, 88, 142, 152Totalizing discourse, 177Trade unionism, 36, 135Transnational, 205–206Traverso, Enzo, 5, 6, 11n14Trotskyism, 161, 225, 226Trotsky, Leon, 43, 161, 225True community, 237True democracy, 10, 13–24,
173, 239n1True democratic state, 14, 215True universality, 222Truth of madness, 130Tudeh Party, 9, 64, 89, 94–103,
107, 108, 110–119, 141, 143, 146–150, 153–155, 159, 160, 166, 194, 195, 220, 221, 224, 225
Tunisian experience, 133
UUnconditional equality, 238Underdeveloped culture, 198Unevenness, 28Unhappy consciousness, 87Universal, 4, 13, 15–17, 23, 40, 53, 76,
78, 98, 99, 108, 126, 129, 133, 203, 205, 222, 229, 234, 238
Universal history, 205Universalist, 126, 222Universality, 10, 13, 15, 16, 18, 41,
65, 110, 126, 160, 163, 187, 196, 203, 205, 209, 210, 222, 229, 233, 236, 238
Universality of the working class, 160Universalization, 3, 16, 202, 232Universal rights of man, 17Universal truth, 129Utopian socialism, 42, 135
VVanguard intellectuals, 172
WWage labour, 177War
of ideas, 231of position, 55, 56
The weakest link, 27, 136, 137, 165, 226
Weitling, Wilhelm, 30, 37Welfare state, 2, 161, 226, 233–235Western civilization, 193Western democracy, 3, 202, 210, 230Western Marxism, 9, 83Worker’s consciousness, 163Worker’s democracy, 54Workers’ councils, 86Working class, 14, 21–23, 28–33, 35,
37, 38, 40–43, 47, 56, 61–63,
269 INDEX
76, 77, 79, 84, 96–98, 100–103, 108, 115–120, 135, 137, 142–144, 148–166, 171, 174, 182, 197–199, 201, 211n5, 221, 224–226, 234, 241
Working class culture, 199Working-class aristocracy, 108, 221World revolution, 86, 161
World Social Forum, 206, 227World War I, 63, 84, 137World War II, 95, 96, 113, 146
ZZhdanovist theory of philosophy, 205Zinoviev, Grigory, 49