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439

Jurisprudence

ICTR Prosecutor v Jean-Paul Akayesu, Case No.: ICTR-96-4-T, Judgment, T. Ch., 2

September 1998. Prosecutor v Jean Bosco Barayagwiza, Case No.: ICTR-97-19-AR72, “Decision,

Judge Shahabuddeen, App. Ch., 31 March 2000. Prosecutor v Casimir Bizimungu, Justin Mugenzi, Jérôme-Clément Bicamum-

paka & Prosper Mugiraneza, Case No.: ICTR-99-50-T, “Decision on Jérôme Bicamumpaka’s Request for a Declaration that the Indictment does not Allege that He is Liable for Any Form of Joint Criminal Enterprise”, T. Ch. II, 23 March 2006.

Prosecutor v Sylvestre Gacumbtsi, Case No.: ICTR-2001-64-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 7 July 2006.

Prosecutor v Juvénal Kajelijeli, Case No.: ICTR-98-44A-T, Judgment and Sen-tence, T. Ch. II, 1 December 2003.

Prosecutor v Joseph Kanyabashi, Case No.: ICTR-96-15-T, “Decision on the Defence Motion on Jurisdiction”, T. Ch. II, 18 June 1997.

Prosecutor v Édouard Karemera, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-T, “Decision on the Defence Motion, pursuant to Rule 72 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence, pertaining to, inter alia, lack of jurisdiction and defects in the form of the Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 25 April 2001.

Prosecutor v Édourad Karemera, Mathieu Ngirumpatse, Joseph Nzirorera and André Rwamakuba, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-T, “Decision on the Preliminary Motions by the Defence of Joseph Nzirorera, Édourad Karemera, André Rwa-makuba and Mathieu Ngirumpatse Challenging Jurisdiction in Relation to Joint Criminal Enterprise”, T. Ch. III, 11 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Édouard Karemera, Mathieu Ngirumpatse and Joseph Nzirorera, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-R73, “Decision on renewed motion to dismiss for lack of jurisdiction: United Nations Charter, Chapter VII Powers, Rule 73 of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence”, T. Ch. III, 5 August 2005.

Prosecutor v Édourad Karemera, Mathieu Ngirumpatse & Joseph Nzirorera, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-T, “Decision on Defence Motions Challenging the Pleading

440

Prosecutor’s Request for Review or Reconsideration”, Separate Opinion of

of a Joint Criminal Enterprise in a Count of Complicity in Genocide in the

Prosecutor v Édourad Karemera, Mathieu Ngirumpatse & Joseph Nzirorera, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-AR72.7, “Decision on Motion to Withdraw Appeal Regard-ing the Pleading of Joint Criminal Enterprise in a Count of Complicity in Genocide”, App. Ch., 25 August 2006.

Prosecutor v Kayishema and Ruzindana, Case No.: ICTR-95-1-T, Judgment, T. Ch., 21 May 1999.

Prosecutor v Jean Mpambara, Case No.: ICTR-01-65-T, Judgment, 11 September 2006.

Prosecutor v. Tharcisse Muyunyi, Case No.: ICTR-2000-55A-T, Judgment and Sentence, T. Ch. II, 12 September 2006.

Prosecutor v Hormisdad Nsengimana, Case No.: ICTR-2001-69-I, “Decision on

March 2007. Prosecutor v Elizaphan Ntakirutimana and Gérard Ntakirutimana, Case Nos.:

ICTR-96-10-A and ICTR-96-17-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 13 December 2004. Prosecutor v Joseph Nzirorera, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-AR72.3, “Decision on

Validity of Appeal of Joseph Nzirorera Regarding Joint Criminal Enterprise Pursuant to Rule 72(E) of the Rules of Procedure and Evidence”, App. Ch., 11 June 2004.

Prosecutor v Georges Ruggiu, Case No.: ICTR-97-32-I, Judgment and Sentence, T. Ch. I, 1 June 2000.

Prosecutor v Georges Anderson Nderubumwe Rutaganda, Case No.: ICTR-96-3-T, Judgment and Sentence, T. Ch., 6 December 1999.

Prosecutor v Georges Anderson Nderubumwe Rutaganda, Case No.: ICTR-96-3-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 26 May 2003.

Prosecutor v André Rwamakuba, Case No.: ICTR-98-44-AR72.4, “Decision on Interlocutory Appeal regarding Application of Joint Criminal Enterprise to the Crime of Genocide”, App. Ch., 22 October 2004.

Prosecutor v Omar Serushago, Case No.: ICTR-98-39-S, Sentence, T. Ch. I, 5 February 1999.

441 Jurisprudence

Amended Indictment”, T. Ch. III, 18 May 2006.

Prosecution Motion for Leave to File an Amended Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 29

Prosecutor v Aloys Simba, Case No.: ICTR-01-76-I, “Decision on Preliminary Defence Motion Regarding Defects in the Form of the Indictment”, T. Ch. I, 6 May 2004.

ICTY Prosecutor v Aleksovski, Case No.: IT-95-14/1-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 24 March

2000. Prosecutor v Milan Babi , Case No.: IT-03-72-A, Judgment on Sentencing

Appeal, App. Ch., 18 July 2005. Prosecutor v Vidoje Blagojevi and Dragan Joki , Case No.: IT-02-60-T,

“Judgment on Motions for Acquittal Pursuant to Rule 98 Bis”, T. Ch. I, Sec-tion A, 5 April 2004.

Prosecutor v Vidoje Blagojevi and Dragan Joki , Case No.: IT-02-60-T, Judg-ment, T. Ch. I, 17 January 2005.

Prosecutor v Vidoje Blagojevi and Dragan Joki , Case No.: IT-02-60-A, Judg-ment, App. Ch., 9 May 2007.

Prosecutor v Tihomir Blaški , Case No.: IT-95-14-T, Judgment, T. Ch., 3 March

Prosecutor v Tihomir Blaški , Case No.: IT-95-14-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 29 July 2004.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Br anin & Momir Talic, Case No.: IT-99-36/1, “Decision on Objections by Radoslav Brdanin to the Form of the Amended Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 20 February 2001.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Brdanin & Momir Talic, Case No.: IT-99-36/1, “Decision on Motion by Momir Talic for Provisional Release”, T. Ch. II, 28 March 2001.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Br anin & Momir Talic, Case No.: IT-99-36/1, “Decision on Form of Further Amended Indictment and Prosecution Application to Amend”, T. Ch. II, 26 June 2001.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Brdanin, Case No.: IT-99-36-T, “Decision on Motion for Acquittal Pursuant to Rule 98 Bis”, T. Ch., 28 November 2003.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Brdanin, Case No.: IT-99-36-A, “Decision on Interlocu-tory Appeal”, App. Ch., 19 March 2004.

442 Jurisprudence

2000.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Br anin, Case No.: IT-99-36-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 1 September 2004.

Prosecutor v Radoslav Br anin, Case No.: IT-99-36-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 3 April 2007.

Prosecutor v Ivan ermak & Mladen Marka , Case No.: IT-03-73-PT, “Decision on Ivan ermak’s and Mladen Marka ’s Motions on Form of Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 8 March 2005.

Prosecutor v Ivan ermak & Mladen Marka , Case No.: IT-03-73-PT, “Decision on Prosecution Motion Seeking Leave to Amend the Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 19 October 2005.

Prosecutor v Ivan ermak & Mladen Marka , Case No.: IT-03-73-PT, “Decision on the Prosecution’s Motion for Modification of the Trial Chamber's Decision Issued on 19 October 2005”, T. Ch. II, 9 December 2005.

Prosecutor v Zejnil Delali , Zdravko Muci , Hazim Deli and Esad Land o, Case No.: IT-96-21, Judgment, T. Ch., 16 November 1998.

Prosecutor v Zejnil Delali , Zdravko Muci , Hazim Deli and Esad Landžo, Case No.: IT-96-21-A, App. Ch., Judgment, 20 February 2001.

Prosecutor v Drazen Erdemovic, Case No.: IT-96-22-T, Sentencing Judgment, T. Ch., 29 November 1996.

Prosecutor v Dražen Erdemovi , Case No.: IT-96-22-A, Judgment, “Separate and Dissenting Opinion of Judge Stephen”, App. Ch., 7 October 1997.

Prosecutor v Drazen Erdemovic, Case No.: IT-96-22, Sentencing Judgment, T. Ch., 5 March 1998.

Prosecutor v Anto Furundžija, Case No.: IT-95-17/1, Judgment, T. Ch., 10 De-cember 1998.

Prosecutor v Anto Furundžija, Case No.: IT-95-17/1, Judgment, App. Ch., 21 July 2000.

Prosecutor v Ramush Haradinaj, Idriz Balaj & Lahi Brahimaj, Case No.: IT-04-84-PT, “Decision on Motion to Amend the Indictment and on Challenges to the Form of the Amended Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 25 October 2006.

Prosecutor v Dario Kordi and Mario erkez, Case No.: IT-95-14/2-T, T. Ch., Judgment, 26 February 2001.

443 Jurisprudence

Prosecutor v Mom ilo Krajišnik, Case No.: IT-00-39&40, “Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction – With Reasons”, T. Ch., 22 September 2000.

Prosecutor v Mom ilo Krajišnik, Case No.: IT-00-39-T, Judgment, T. Ch. I, 27 September 2006.

Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac, Case No.: IT-97-25, “Decision on the Defence Preliminary Motion on the Form of the Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 24 February 1999.

Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac, Case No.: IT-97-25, “Decision on Preliminary Motion on Form of Amended Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 11 February 2000.

Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac, Case No.: IT-97-25, “Decision on Form of Sec-ond Amended Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 11 May 2000.

Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac, Case No.: IT-97-25-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 15 March 2002.

Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac, Case No.: IT-97-25-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 17 September 2003.

Prosecutor v Radislav Krsti , Case No.: IT-98-33-T, Judgment, T. Ch., 2 August 2001.

Prosecutor v Radislav Krsti , Case No.: IT-98-33-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 19 April 2004.

Prosecutor v Dragoljub Kunarac, Radomir Kovac og ZoranVukovic, Case Nos.: IT-96-23-T and IT-96-23/1-T, Judgment, T. Ch., 22 February 2001.

Prosecutor v Zoran Kupreški and Others, Case No.: IT-95-16-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 14 January 2000.

Prosecutor v Zoran Kupreški , Mirjan Kupreški , Vlatko Kupreški , Drago Josi-povi , Dragan Papi and Vladimir Šanti , Case No.: IT-95-16-A, App. Ch. Judgment, 23 October 2001.

Prosecutor v Miroslav Kvo ka, Milojica Kos, Mla o Radi , Zoran Žigi and Dragoljub Prca , Case No.: IT-98-30/1, “Decision on Defence Preliminary Motions on the Form of the Indictment”, T. Ch., 12 April 1999.

Prosecutor v Miroslav Kvo ka, Milojica Kos, Mla o Radi , Zoran Žigi and Dragoljub Prca , Case No.: IT-98-30/1-T, Judgment, T. Ch., 2 November 2001.

444 Jurisprudence

Prosecutor v Miroslav Kvo ka, Milojica Kos, Mla o Radi , Zoran Žigi and Dragoljub Prca , Case No.: IT-98-30/1-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 28 February 2005.

Prosecutor v Fatmir Limaj, Haradin Bala & Isak Musliu, Case No.: IT-03-66-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 30 November 2005.

Prosecutor v Milan Marti , Case No.: IT-95-11-T, Judgment, T. Ch. I, 12 June 2007.

Prosecutor v Slobodan Miloševi , Case No.: IT-99-37-PT, “Decision on Prelimi-nary Motions”, T. Ch. III, 8 November 2001.

Prosecutor v Slobodan Miloševi , Case No.: IT-02-54-AR73.2, “Decision on Ad-missibility of Prosecution Investigator’s Evidence”, App. Ch., 20 September 2002.

Prosecutor v Slobodan Miloševi , Case No.: IT-02-54-AR73.4, “Dissenting Opin-ion of Judge David Hunt on Admissibility of Evidence in Chief in the Form of Written Statements”, App. Ch., 21 October 2003.

Prosecutor v Slobodan Miloševi , Case No.: IT-02-54-T, “Decision on Motion for Judgment of Acquittal”, T. Ch., 16 June 2004.

Prosecutor v Milan Milutinovi , Nikola Šainovi & Dragoljub Ojdani , Case No.: IT-99-37-AR72, “Motion re Joint Criminal Enterprise”, 28 February 2003.

Prosecutor v Milan Milutinovi , Dragoljub Ojdani and Nikola Šainovi , Case No.: IT-99-37-PT, “Decision on Motion Challenging Jurisdiction”, T. Ch., 6 May 2003.

Prosecutor v Milan Milutinovi , Nikola Šainovi & Dragoljub Ojdani , Case No.: IT-99-37-AR72, “Decision on Dragoljub Ojdani ’s Motion Challenging Juris-diction – Joint Criminal Enterprise”, App. Ch., 21 May 2003.

Prosecutor v Milan Milutinovi , Nikola Šainovi , Dragoljub Ojdani , Nebojša Pavkovi ,Vladimir Lazarevi , Vlastimir Ðjor jevi & Sreten Luki , Case No.: IT-05-87-PT, “Decision on Ojdani ’s Motion Challenging Jurisdiction: Indirect Co-perpetration”, T. Ch., 22 March 2006.

Prosecutor v Mile Mrkši , Case No.: IT-95-13/1-PT, “Decision on Form of the Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 19 June 2003.

445 Jurisprudence

Prosecutor v Mile Mrkši , Miroslav Radi and Veselin Šljivan anin, Case No.: IT-95-13/1-PT, “Decision on Form of Consolidated Amended Indictment and on Prosecution Application to Amend”, T. Ch. II., 23 January 2004.

Prosecutor v Momir Nikoli , Case No.: IT-02-60/1-S, Sentencing Judgment, T. Ch. I, 2 December 2003.

Prosecutor v Nebojša Pavkovi , Vladimir Lazarevi , Vlastimir Ðor evi & Sreten Luki , Case No.: IT-03-70-PT, “Decision on Vladimir Lazarevi ’s Pre-liminary Motion on Form of Indictment”, T. Ch., 8 July 2005.

Prosecutor v Jadranko Prli , (Bruno Stoji ), Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petkovi , (Valentin ori ) & (Berislav Puši ), Case No.: IT-04-74-PT, “Decision to Dismiss the Preliminary Objections against the Tribunal’s Jurisdiction”, T. Ch. I, 26 September 2005.

Prosecutor v Jadranko Prli , Bruno Stoji , Slobodan Praljak, Milivoj Petkovi , Valentin ori and Berislav Puši , Case No.: IT-04-74-PT, “Decision on Defence Motion to strike from the amended indictment certain parts alleging co-perpetration, indirect co-perpetration, indirect perpetration and aiding and

Prosecutor v Mitar Raševi , Case No.: IT-97-25/1-PT, “Decision Regarding Defence Preliminary Motion on the Form of the Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 28 April 2004.

Prosecutor v Laurent Semanza, Case No.: ICTR-97-20-A, Decision, App. Ch., 31 May 2000.

Prosecutor v Vojislav Šešelj, Case No.: IT-03-67/PT, “Decision on Motion by Vojislav Šešelj Challenging Jurisdiction and Form of Indictment”, T. Ch. II, 26 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Blagoje Simi , Miroslav Tadi & Simo Zari , Case No.: IT-95-9-T, Judgment, Separate and Partly Dissenting Opinion, T. Ch. II, 17 October 2003.

Prosecutor v Milomir Staki , Case No.: IT-97-24-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 31 July 2003.

Prosecutor v Milomir Staki , Case No.: IT-97-24-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 22 March 2006.

Prosecutor v Dusko Tadi , Case No.: IT-94-1, “Decision on the Defence Motion on Jurisdiction”, T. Ch., 10 August 1995.

446 Jurisprudence

abetting of joint criminal enterprise”, T. Ch. III, 25 April 2007.

Prosecutor v Dusko Tadi , Case No.: IT-94-1, “Decision on the Defence Motion for Interlocutory Appeal on Jurisdiction”, App. Ch., 2 October 1995.

Prosecutor v Duško Tadi , Case No.: IT-94-1-I, Opinion and Judgment, T Ch., 7 May 1997.

Prosecutor v Duško Tadi , Case No.: IT-94-1-T, Sentencing Judgment, T. Ch., 14 July 1997.

Prosecutor v Duško Tadi , Case No.: IT-94-1-I, Judgment, App. Ch., 15 July 1999.

Prosecutor v Stevan Todorovic, Case No.: IT-95-9/1-S, Sentencing Judgment, T. Ch., 31 July 2001.

Prosecutor v Mitar Vasiljevi , Case No.: IT-98-32-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 29 November 2002.

Prosecutor v Mitar Vasiljevi , Case No.: IT-98-32-A, Judgment, App. Ch., 25 February 2004.

IMT Judgement of the International Military Tribunal, Trial of Major War Criminals

before the IMT, Nuremberg, (14 Nov. 1945 – Oct. 1946)

Hybrid International-Domestic Bodies SCSL Prosecutor v Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor

Kanu, Case No.: SCSL-04-16-PT, “Decision and Order on Defence Prelimi-nary Motion on Defects in the Form of the Indictment”, T. Ch., 1 April 2004.

Prosecutor v Alex Tamba Brima, Brima Bazzy Kamara and Santigie Borbor Kanu, Case No.: SCSL-04-16-T, Judgment, T. Ch. II, 20 June 2007.

447 Jurisprudence

Prosecutor v Moinina Fofana, Case No.: SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), “Decision on the Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction: Illegal Delegation of Jurisdic-tion by Sierra Leone”, App. Ch., 25 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Moinina Fofana, Case No.: SCSL-2004-14-PT, “Decision on the Preliminary Motion on Lack of Jurisdiction Materiae: Illegal Delegation of Powers by the United Nations”, App. Ch., 25 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Moinina Fofana and Allieu Kondewa, Case No.: SCSL-04-14-T, Judgment, T. Ch. I, 2 August 2007.

Prosecutor v Augustine Gbao, Case No.: SCSL-2004-15-PT, “Decision on Preliminary Motion on the Invalidity of the Agreement Between the United Nations and the Government of Sierra Leone on the Establishment of the Special Court”, App. Ch., 25 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Morris Kallon and Brima Bazzy Kamara, Case No.: SCSL-2004-16-AR72(E), “Decision on Challenge to Jurisdiction: Lomé Accord Amnesty”, App. Ch., 13 March 2004.

Prosecutor v Morris Kallon, Sam Hinga Norman and Brima Bazzy Kamara, Case No.: SCSL-2004-14-AR72E, Decision on Constitutionality and Lack of Jurisdiction, App. Ch., 13 March 2004.

Prosecutor v Santigie Borbor Kanu, Case No.: SCSL-2003-13-PT, “Decision and Order on Defence Preliminary Motion for Defects in the Form of the Indict-ment”, T. Ch., 19 November 2003.

Prosecutor v Allieu Kondewa, Case No.: SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), “Decision on Lack of Jurisdiction/Abuse of Process: Amnesty provides by the Lomé Accord”, App. Ch., 25 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Sam Hinga Norman, Case No.: SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), “Decision on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Judicial Independ-ence)”, App. Ch., 13 March 2004.

Prosecutor against Sam Hinga Norman, Case No.: SCSL-2004-14-AR72(E), “Decision on Preliminary Motion Based on Lack of Jurisdiction (Child Recruitment)”, App. Ch., 31 May 2004.

Prosecutor v Issa Hassan Sesay, Case No.: SCSL-2003-05-PT, “Decision and Order on Defence Preliminary Motion for Defects in the Form of the Indict-ment”, T. Ch., 13 October 2003.

448 Jurisprudence

Prosecutor v Charles Ghankay Taylor, Case No.: SCSL-2003-01-I, “Decision on

National Military Courts British Trial of Feurstein and others (“Ponzano” case), British Military Court, Proceed-

ings of a War Crimes Trial held at Hamburg, Germany (4-24 August 1948, Judgment of 24 August 1948).

Kiel Gestapo case, British Military Court, UNWCC, Vol. XI, p. 42. Trial of Erich Heyer and six others, British Military Court for the Trial of War

Criminals, Essen, 18th –19th and 21st –22nd December, 1945, UNWCC, Vol. I, p. 88.

Trial of Gustav Alfred Jepsen and others, British Military Court, Proceedings of a War Crimes Trial held at Luneberg, Germany (13-23 August 1946).

Trial of Josef Kramer and forty-four others, British Military Court, Luneberg, 17th September – 17th November 1945, UNWCC, Vol. II., p. 1.

Trial of Otto Sandrock and three others, UNWCC, Vol. I, p. 35. Trial of Franz Schonfeld and others, British Military Court, Essen, June 11th-26th

1946, UNWCC Vol. XI, p. 68. Trial of Max Wielen and 17 others, British Military Court, Hamburg, Germany,

1st July – 3rd September 1947, UNWCC, Vol. XI, p. 34. Canadian Hoelzer et al., Canadian Military Court, Aurish, Germany, Record of Proceedings

25 March - 6 April 1946, UNWCC, Vol. I, p. 341.

449 Jurisprudence

Immunity from Jurisdiction”, App. Ch., 31 May 2004.

United States of America

Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1951, Vol. III, p. 974.

Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1951, Vol. VI, p. 1212.

United States of America v. Wilhelm List, et al.) (“Hostage” case), Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, 8 July 1947 – 19 February 1948, UNWCC, Vol. VIII, p. 38.

of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10, United States Government Printing Office, Washington, 1951, Vol. IV, p. 3.

Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunals under Con-trol Council Law No. 10, 30 December 1947 – 28 October 1948, UNWCC, Vol. XII, p.1.

United States of America v. Martin Gottfried Weiss and thirty-nine others, Gen-eral Military Government Court of the United States Zone, Dachau, Germany, 15th November – 13th December 1945, UNWCC, Vol. XI, p. 5.

US Military Commission United States of America v David Hicks, “Defence Reply on Motion to dismiss

Charge 1 [Conspiracy] for Failure to State an Offense Triable by Military Commission”, 26 October 2004.

450 Jurisprudence

United States of America v. Josef Altstoetter et al. (“Justice” case), Trials of War

U nited States of America v. Otto Ohlenforf et al. (“Einsatzgruppen” case), Trials

United States of America v. Wilhelm von Leeb, et al. (“High Command” case),

United States of America v. Friedrich Flick, et al. (“Flick” case), Trials of War

National Courts Canada R v. Finta, 73 C.C.C. (3d) 65 (Ont. C.A. 1992). England and Wales Regina v. Bartle and the Comm'r of Police for the Metropolis and Others Ex

Parte Pinochet, [1998] 3 W.L.R. 1456. R v. Bow Street Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate Ex p. Pinochet Ugarte,

(No. 3) (HL(E)) [2000] 1 AC 147. East, Pleas of the Crown, 1806, Vol. II. France Ghaddafi Case, Arrêt of the Cour de Cassation, 13 March 2001, No. 1414. Germany Judgment in Case of Lieutenants Dithmar and Boldt Hospital Ship “Llandovery

Castle”, 1922 16 AJIL 708. Judgment in Case of Commander Karl Neumann Hospital Ship “Dover Castle”,

1922 16 AJIL 704. Israel Israel v. Demjanjuk, Crim. App. No. 347/88 (Sup. Ct. of Israel, Jul. 29, 1993). Attorney General of the Government of Israel v Eichmann, 36 ILR 5.

451 Jurisprudence

Italy Aratano et al., Court of Cassation, Criminal Section II, Judgment of 21 February

1949, no. 102. D’Ottavio et al., Court of Cassation, Criminal Section I, Judgment of 12 March

1947, no. 270. Manelli et al., Court of Cassation, Criminal Section I, Judgment of 20 July 1949,

no. 914. Tossani Case, Court of Cassation, Criminal Section II, Judgment of 17 September

1946, no. 1446. Japan Shimoda v. Japan, 32 I.L.R. 626 (1964). The Netherlands Miloševi v. The Netherlands, KG 01/975, 31 August 2001, available at

http://www.icrc.org/ihl-nat.nsf/0/012854276cd2950dc1256da20051ac68?Open Document (last visited 27 January 2007).

United States of America Salim Ahmed Hamdan v. United States Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rums-

field et al., 126 S.Ct. 2749 (2006). Ex parte Quirin, 317 U.S. 1 (1942). Respublica v. De Longchamps, 1 Dallas (1784). Tel Oren v. Libyan Arab Republic, 726 F.2d 774 (D.C. Cir.) (1984). United States v Yousef and Others, 327 F.3d 56 (2003).

452 Jurisprudence

453

Index

C

Core international crimes crimes against humanity, 72–77 definition, 57–60 genocide, 62–64 war crimes, 64–72

Crimes against humanity discriminatory intent/grounds required

for each crime against humanity, 81–83

nexus with war or an armed conflict, 77–79

state action or policy, 83–85 widespread or systematic action, 79–81

I

Individual as a subject of international law, 328, 329

Individual criminal responsibility evolution, 85–105

18th, 19th and early 20th centuries, 90–94

ancient civilisations up to the 17th century, 87–90

ICTY and beyond, 113–123 ICTY, ICTR and ICC Statutes,

113–123 IMT and IMTFE, 98–105 Nuremberg and Tokyo up to the

1990s, 98–105 post Nuremberg and Tokyo,

105–112 pre-Nuremberg and Tokyo, 87–97 World War I and its aftermath,

94–97 meaning, 12–15 objectives, 15–27 omission, 120, 121

International criminal court defining criteria

adjudication according to a pre-determined set of rules of procedure and evidence, 321, 322

applies international criminal law, 317, 318

binding decisions, 320 concurrent/primacy or

complementarity jurisdiction, 322, 323

cooperation with States, 331, 332 designation of a judicial body as

international, 327 entity in whose name the accused is

being prosecuted is not a State, 330, 331

existence of Chapter VII powers, 324–326

express lifting of immunity from prosecution for core international crimes, 327, 328

fulfilment of the criteria associated with classical international organisations, 324

fundamental, 270, 332, 333 independent and international

judiciary, 320, 321 independent financing, 323, 324 indicative, 332, 333 international community undertakes

an active role, 331 jurisdiction ratione materiae and

ratione personae are international, 318–320

legal basis, 315, 316 legal basis (agreement between the

UN and one or more States), 307–315

454 Index

legal basis (amendment to the UN Charter), 315

legal basis (resolution of the UN General Assembly), 315, 316

legal basis (treaty-based), 286, 287 legal basis (UN Security Council

Chapter VII resolution), 287, 288 not appointed ad hoc by the parties,

321 not part of the judiciary of one

single State, 317 parties’ intention to establish an

international criminal judicial body, 326, 327

distinction between domestic and international courts, rationale for, 271, 272

hybrid criminal judicial bodies ‘Regulation 64’ Panels of Kosovo,

343–345 definition, 266, 267 Extraordinary Chambers of the

Courts of Cambodia, 339, 340 other potential institutions with an

international element, 266, 267 Special Court for Sierra Leone,

334–338 Special Panels for Serious Crimes

of the District Court of Dili (East Timor), 341–343

Special Tribunal for Lebanon, 350–353

Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal, 347–350

War Crimes Chamber of the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 345–347

IMT, 264, 265, 282 IMTFE, 265, 282 legal basis

ICTR, 300–303 ICTY, 288–300 SCSL, 307–315

Taylor Decision, 283–284 terminology, 270–271 UN Security Council, creation by, 294,

306 Yerodia case, 271–272

International criminal judicial body defining criteria, 273

International criminal law article 38, ICJ Statute, 30 significance of the ICC, ICTY and

ICTR Statutes other than as a binding source of law, 47, 48

source ad hoc international criminal

tribunals, 36 CCL 10, 49 custom, 32, 33 Draft Code of Crimes against the

Peace and Security of Mankind, 48, 49

general principles of law recognised by civilised nations, 34, 35

ICC, 44–47 judicial decisions, 35–42

ad hoc international criminal tribunals, 36

ICC, 36, 37 ICJ, 37 IMT and IMTFE, 37 national courts, 38, 39 post World War II military

tribunals applying CCL 10, 38 US Military Commission, 39–42

Nuremberg Principles, 48 other potential sources, 48 reports of the International Law

Commission, 50 resolutions of the UN General

Assembly and UN Security Council, 50

teachings of the most highly qualified publicists, 42

treaties, 31, 32 sources

general, 29, 30 sources relevant to adjudication before

the ICC and the ad hoc international criminal tribunals, 43

International judicial body defining criteria, 273–303

J

Joint criminal enterprise aiding and abetting, already covered

by, 242–245 aiding and abetting, distinguish, 183,

184

Index 455

application to internal armed conflicts, 164, 165

categories, 145, 146 collective responsibility, 236–238 common purpose not criminal, 179 complicity in genocide, 166 conspiracy, distinguish, 184–188 co-perpetration, compare, 159, 163, 164 critique, 234–258 customary international law, 142, 235 desire, 155 Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace

and Security of Mankind, 178 form of principal and accomplice

liability, 203–211 form of principal or accomplice

liability, 193, 194, 245–247

history, 132–135 ICC, 167–177, 255–258

actus reus elements are not identical, 174–176

complementarity provisions, 255–258

Future employment of the JCED, 177

JCE as separate mode of liability, 168, 169

JCE Category 3 not encompassed, 176, 177

mens rea elements are not identical, 169–174

ICTR, 163–166 Karemera JCE Decision, 164

ICTY, 136–163 Ojdani JCE Decision, 157–159 Prosecutor v Anto Furundžija, 149,

150 Prosecutor v Milomir Staki ,

159–163 Prosecutor v Milorad Krnojelac,

155, 156 Prosecutor v Miroslav Kvo ka,

Milojica Kos, Mla o Radi , Zoran Žigi and Dragoljub Prca , 150–155

Prosecutor v Radoslav Br anin & Momir Talic, 150

Tadi Appeals Judgment, 137–148 little fish, application to, 150, 253, 254 membership of a criminal organisation,

distinguish, 188–193 natural and foreseeable, 154, 155, 156,

157 nullum crimen sine lege, 157–159,

162–164, 172, 173, 238–241 object, 150 opportunistic visitor, 251, 252 pleading, 218–234, 248–250

alternative charging categories, 233 blanket pleading, 221–226 pre-trial brief, 227–229 relevant provisions of various

statutes, 219–221 unspecified charging category,

229–232 rationale, 235–236 restraint in the application of the

JCED, examples of, 253, 254 significant level of participation, 155,

156, 250–253 Special Court for Sierra Leone, 178,

179 Supreme Iraqi Criminal Tribunal, 180 terminology, 130, 131, 211, 212 US Military Commission, 180–182

Judicial precedent ad hoc international criminal tribunals

and the SCSL, 51–55 ICC, 55

S

State official immunity functional immunity, 269, 271, 272 personal immunity, 271, 272 private acts, 273

T

Terrorism, as a crime against humanity, 376–379

additional obstacles to the prosecution

history of the crime of terrorism and the ICC Statute, 379–385

literal interpretation of Article 7 of the ICC Statute, 385–389

212–218, 247, 248 genocide and JCE Category 3,

397–399 of terrorism before the ICC,

Prosecutor v Radislav Krsti , 156, 157

456 Index

should terrorism fall within the jurisdiction of the ICC?, 400–401

Terrorism, as a distinct crime in its own right, 363–375 definition of terrorism, 363, 364 Draft Comprehensive Convention, 368,

369

regional treaties dealing with terrorism, 365, 366

sectoral conventions, 364, 365 Terrorism, as a war crime, 375, 376 Terrorism, as genocide, 376 Terrorism, manifestations of, 375