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Yoon, OJ H. (1988) 'International Competition and Market Penetration: a Model of the Growth of the Korean Semiconductor Industry', paper for WIDER conference on 'New Trade Theories and Industrialisation in Developing Countries', Helsinki (August).

Index Abu Dhabi 167 adjustment 14, 198, 202-3, 209,

291 Afghanistan 55 Africa 34, 63, 294, 295

BN performance 54 and collective action 32 debt 195, 225 devaluation 186 exports 238 GDP 199 and IMF 292 monetary integration 234 see also sub-Saharan Africa

Agarwala, P.N 166, 186 Ahmad, S. 344 aid

and human rights 62-3 military 21 see also International Monetary

Fund; World Bank aircraft industry 101, 112, 113,

114 Brazilian 108-9 Rand D 116

Albania 54, 56 Algeria 55, 167

debt 284, 285 Alston, P. 65 Amsden, A. 131 Anand, Paul 118 Andean Pact countries 27, 239 Angeles-Reyes, E. 127, 148 Angola 54, 167 Anjaria, S.J. 192, 208 Annerstadt, J. 314 Argentina 30, 235, 274, 338

capital flight 277 countertrade 165, 168 debt 284, 285 manufacturing sector 232 and technology 131, 332, 333

arms control 17, 21 deals 162 see also military

Arrow, K.J. 314 Article XVIIIb of the GATI 9,

188-221 abuse of 191-2, 219-20 changing philosophy 191 and international monetary

system 191 justification for 192-203 nature of the provisions 188-9 origin of 190 review 191-2; justifications

for 191 surveillance 189-90, 192

Asia 294 and bargaining 25 clearing arrangements 235 countertrade 166 debt 225 exports 201, 238 surpluses 244 Swap Agreement 236 and technology transfer 311,

328, 330 AT and T 115 Australia 25, 169, 177

countertrade 168 Austria 168 automobile industry 112-14 Avramovic, D. 169, 171

Bagachwa, M.D. 128 Bahamas 286 Baker scheme 23 balance of payments 199, 216

Committee 189, 192, 219-20 and devaluation 221

377

emergency measures 192-3, 198 improving 205-7 and macro-balance 204--7 problems 9, 198-203, 295 and QRs 204--6, 219-21 support arrangements 236 see also Article XVIIIb of the

GATI

378 Index

Balassa, B. 154, 209, 217 Baldwin, R. 109, 116, 152, 160 Balogh, T. 129 Bangladesh 54, 106, 151, 219,

235 countertrade 167 manufacturing sector 232

Bank of America 271 Bank for International Settlements

see BIS banks/banking

crisis 22 and debt 270, 271-2, 280,

281 private 22 South 244-5

Bardhan, P. 118 bargaining 5, 25, 159, 285

and countertrade 177 and interests 34, 35 strategies 1G-11 strengthening position 32-4

Barker, T.S. 72, 86, 97 Baron, C. 135 Barovick, R.L. 166, 186 barter 163, 164 basic needs 3-4

achievements by country 46, 54-5, 5(r.7

and capabilities 41-3 criteria of success 53, 56, 57 defining 4G-50 differing standards 45, 47 and food subsidies 57 goods 5G-2; access to 57-8;

definition of 37 and incomes 54 monitoring and

enforcement 39-40, 48, 59--63; mechanisms 6G-2

statistics 46, 54-5 strategies and human

rights 3fr.66 supply and demand

factors 5G-1, 52 timing 48-9 variables 57, 58 see also human rights

basic transfer 26fr.70, 273, 278 Belgium 168 Bell, M. 128, 13G-1, 139, 333 Beranek, W. 333 Bhagwati, J. 214, 216, 218 Bhalla, A. 327 Bhuiyan, K. 151 bilateral agreements,

countertrade 164 Binswanger, H.P. 355 biotechnology 321-3, 336, 338

agricultural 322, 324 BIS 22, 275-6 Blackhurst, R. 215 Blejer, M. 216 BN see basic needs Boeing 101, 104, 171 Bolivia 55, 233, 235, 274, 294, 295

capital flight 277 Borrus, M. 139 Botswana 306 Brady plan 281, 283, 285 Brander, J.A. 73, 100, 104, 105,

115, 116 Brandt Commission 16, 17, 24,

26,28 Reports 21

Branson, W.H. 112 Brazil 117, 202, 273, 293, 295

aircraft industry 108-9, 110 capital flight 277 clearing arrangements 235 consumer demand 8(r. 7 countertrade 165, 168, 170,

173 debt 22, 33, 284, 285;

power 29, 30 and devaluation 211 development 88 DFI 325 domestic production 85 manufacturing sector 232 market size 106 Rand D 107, 108 technology 315, 326, 333, 338

Bretton Woods 11, 226, 289-90 clearing union 242 and exchange rate 193

intentions 298, 301, 302 need for new 306-7 purpose 190

Britain 29, 218 banks 275 and bargaining 25 biotechnology 321, 323 Concorde 111 countertrade 168, 170 education in 47 and import restrictions 203 market size 106 R and D 108, 337 technology 131, 315, 318 trade liberalisation 21

Brodsky, D. 195 Brunei 236 Bruntland Report 125 Burkina Faso 167, 236 Burma 54, 167, 232, 235 Burundi 55, 108, 236 Buttel, F.H. 321, 324 buyback 164 buyer power 28, 32

Cable, V. 326 Californian electronics

industry 120, 135-42 Cambridge Economic Policy

Group 112, 114, 218 Cameroon 55, 232, 236 Canada 108, 109, 117, 214

countertrade 168 capabilities 41-3 Cape Verde 235 capital

costs 346-9 and debt situation 283 flight 267, 277, 287 flows 195, 280;

South-North 265 importing countries 200 measurement 346-50

capitalist systems 56 Caribbean clearing

arrangements 235 CARICOM 236, 239 Castana, A. 128

Index 379

Caves, R.E. 176 Central African Republic 55, 236 Central African States 236 Central America 30, 91

clearing arrangements 235 countertrade 166

central banks 227 see also banks/banking

Chad 236 Chadha, G.K. 143, 144, 145, 146,

147, 148 Chang Yeng, M. 196 Chase Manhattan Bank 271 Child, F.C. 149, 150 Chile 168, 235, 294, 295

BN performance 55 capital flight 277 debt 284, 285 manufacturing sector 232

China 25, 33, 54, 56 countertrade 168, 186 manufacturing sector 232 market size 106 technology 315, 353

Chowdury, N. 151 Chung 1.-Y. 157 Citicorp Bank 271 Clarke, J. 326 clearing arrangements 234, 235--6,

237 climatic conditions 76 Cline, W. 178 Coase, R.H. 8, 122, 159 Coca Cola 316, 322 cocoa production 211, 297 collective action 27, 29-30, 33-4 Colombia 30, 235, 286

capital flight 277 countertrade 165, 168, 177 manufacturing sector 232 and QRs 208

Comecon countries 28 commercial banks 230

see also banks/banking Commission on Human Rights 61,

64 Committee for Development

Planning 23

380 Index

commodities and basic needs 42, 43 price stabilisation 17, 18, 22,

302 reserves 241, 243-4

Commonwealth Secretariat Group 23

comparative advantage 106, 108, 157

compensation principle 35 competition/competitiveness

and countertrade 181 and exchange rate 214 and tariffs 218 and technology change 129

Concorde 101, 102, 104, 111, 116 conditionality

programmes 291, 292--6, 304, 307

relaxed 31 see also International Monetary

Fund Congo 55, 108, 233, 236 consumer

goods 84, 85 Brazil 86-7 preferences 73, 74

Cooke, Peter 22 Cooper, C. 129 Cooper, R. 202, 214, 215 Corden, W.M. 7, 125, 127, 154,

203 Cornia, G.A. 4, 65, 202, 212 corruption

and countertrade 9, 183 and tariffs 218

Cortez, M. 131 Costa Rica 274, 286

and basic needs 55, 56-7 Brady plan 281 clearing arrangements 235 Rand D 108

Cottrell, Alan 116 counterpurchase 163-4 countertrade 162-87, 229

and basic needs 8 bilateral agreements 164 by country 167-9 costs and benefits 175-84, 185;

medium-term 181-2; short-term 176-81

description of 163-71; modalities 162, 163-4

examples 170 extent of 164-70 and intervention 8-9, 175 motives 172-4; Northern 172;

political 172; Southern 173-4

multilateral 182 organisation and use of

resources 182-4 partners 167, 168, 169, 170 reality of 170-1 and trade by area 166 and welfare 26 see also trade

Cournot, F. 100, 101, 103 credit

creation 249 markets, Punjab 144-5 see also Rocnabs

Cuba 172, 173 BN performance 54, 56

currency convertibility 227 new for trade 247--64 South 241-3, 243 see also Rocnabs

Cyprus 286 Czechoslovakia 170, 177

Da Cruz, H.N. 128 da Silva, M.E. 128 Dahlman, C.J. 129, 333 Das, B.L. 188 Dasgupta, P. 161 debt 14, 195

adjustment 202-3 and bank headquarters 270,

274-5 and bargaining 10 and borrowing country

governments 270, 272-4 country classification 283--6 crisis 22, 225, 273 and debtor nationals with money

Index 381

overseas 271, 276-7 default 281; Argentinian 30;

and banks 272, 286; and debtor power 29; as option 11, 22, 277, 278--9

discounting 278, 280 improvement of situation 280-3 interest rates on 267 and international

institutions 270, 271-2, 275-6 and North-South

relations 265-88; basic transfer 266-70

private 273 reduction 11, 17, 31, 278--81,

283, 287; orderly 23 rescheduling 11, 17, 272, 277,

278--80, 299 servicing 195, 285, 292, 298,

299; and default 22 weapon 26 world 268, 284, 285, 286

debtor power 29-30 decision-making 3, 5

internationalisation of 20-1 LDC participation 17

Declaration on the Right to Development 5-6, 36, 37

and definitions 49-50 enforcement 63

defence equipment 167, 168, 170 deflation 206-7, 229, 273, 297 Dell, S. 162 demand

patterns of 73 and pecuniary externalities 133 world 303

Denison, E. 129 dependence, reduced 33, 35 devaluation 202-3, 298

Africa 186 and BoP 221 and countertrade 179-80 effectiveness of 9 effects of 21~15 and QRs 208--16

development basic needs approach 36-9 and externalities 118--61

financing 302-3 right to 36-66 technology transfer for 311-38

Dixit, A. 105 Dodwell, D. 166, 186 Domar, E. 287 Dominican Republic 55, 168, 232,

235 Dow, M. 327 Dreze, J. 71, 117 Driscoll, N. 216 Dubai 169 Ducilo Rayon plant 128

East Asia 5 East Germany 177 Eastern Trading Area

countertrade 166 Eaton, J. 105 economic environment,

international 63, 291, 299 economies of scale 14

and consumer goods 85 and countertrade 183 and semiconductor industry 114 and specialisation 231 and trade 6, 78, 79, 83;

theories 71, 72, 100-1, 104, 107, 115, 116

us 112 ECOSOC 61, 63, 64 Ecuador 168, 232, 235, 274

capital flight 277 education 303, 336

in Africa 296 and basic needs 44, 49, 51, 65 by country 46 in developed countries 47 return to 151, 161

Eglin, R. 192, 219, 220 Egypt 108, 177, 219

countertrade 167 debt 284

El Salvador 55, 168, 232, 235 electronics revolution 98 Emmanuel, A. 13, 77, 355 employment and new

technology 349-50, 351-2, 353

382 Index

Engels, F. 351 Enos, J.L. 157, 320, 328, 330,

334, 337 environmental standards 335 Ericson, H. 175 Ernst, D. 325 ESCAP 325, 330 Ethier, W. 71, 89 Ethiopia

BN performance 55, 56 countertrade 167 manufacturing sector 233 market size 106

Europe 72, 109 biotechnology 321 electronics industry 136 and IMF 230 innovation 130 Social Charter 61

Evans, D. 10 Evenson, R. 311 exchange rates 214

fixed to floating 193-4 fluctuations 195, 227 joint management of 263-4 and QRs 210-11 and resource allocation 221 South 201 and trade balances 214-15

exports 273 and BoP problems 199--201 and countertrade 173, 177, 186 and devaluation 211, 215 diversification of outlets 32-3 growth in volume 238 of LDCs 17 South-South 184 Southern 96, 97 subsidies 160 tax 105 to LDCs 238; microelectronics

325 Extended Fund Facility, IMF 294 externalities 7-8, 117

costs with 155 definitions 118-20, 123 and development 118-61 dynamic 8, 126-32, 151-3, 155,

158, 159

environmental 126 and intervention 14, 116, 150,

153-60; types of 158-60 location of agents 124-5, 155,

156-7, 158 measurement of 150-3 pecuniary 7, 8, 125, 132-7, 154,

161 in Punjab agro-industry 142-50 real 125-32, 135, 154 significance of 119--20 Silicon valley 137-42 static 8 status of those affected 124 typology of 120-42; interacting

agents 121-2, 123; salience of 122

factor proportions theory 71 see also H-0 model of trade

Fairchild Semiconductors 138-9, 140

Fei, J. 65, 202, 319 Ferenz, Helmut 169, 171 Fiji 286 Finan, W.F. 141 Financial Times 183 Finland 168, 170 Fishelson, G. 216 Flatters, F. 216 Pong, C.O. 316 food 17

subsidies 57 Ford, J. 216 Forsyth, D. 95 France 29

Concorde 111 countertrade 168, 170

franchising 316 Fransman, M. 129, 323, 327 free trade 9--10, 18, 19--20, 174

policy 6, 77, 154 Frischtak, C. 319 Fritz, J. 327

Gabon 55, 236 Gambia 235 Gandhi, Indira 25, 29 GATI 5

Index 383

and countertrade 9 and new technology 326 see also Article XVIIIb

General Agreement to Borrow 275

General Dynamics 171 Ghana 49, 235, 294, 296, 297

countertrade 167, 177 manufacturing sector 232

Ghani, Ejaz 118-M Ghatak, Subra 69 Godfrey, M. 178, 186, 212, 221 Gopolan, C. 65 government intervention see

intervention government spending 294--5 governments of LDCs and

aid 13-14 Gray, P. 15, 209 Greece 168, 170, 214 Green, R.H. 331 Greenwald, B.C. 132, 161 Griffith-Jones, S. 282 Grilli, E. 196 Grossman, G.M. 105 Group of Five 301 Group of 77 16, 17, 23, 27, 31

and Rocnabs 250 and self-reliance 76 and South bank 244

growth 17, 97 policies for 305 and technology 129 and trade 234 world 194

Grube!, H.G. 69 Guatemala 168, 170, 235 Guinea 55, 235 Guinea-Bissau 235 Gulati, I. 243 Gulhati, R. 197 Gustafson, W.E. 337 Guyana 168, 236, 295

H-0 model of trade 69, 70-1, 73, 78, 91, 98

Hall, P. 140 Harriss, D. 59 Harrod, R. 213

health care 296, 303, 306 and basic needs 44, 47, 48, 49,

57 by country 46 and resource allocation 52

Heckscher, E. 71 Heckcher-Ohlin (H-0) trade

model see H-0 model of trade Helleiner, G.K. 118, 202, 330

on exchange rates 193, 195 trade theory 72, 89

Helpman, E. 155 Henderson, P.D. 116 Hillman, A. 216 Hirschman, A.O. 7, 119, 160 Hitachi 115 Hoffman, K. 327 Honduras 233, 235 Hong Kong 56

manufacturing sector 232 Horstmann, I. 105 Hufbauer, G.C. 71, 73, 98 Hulugalle, L. 238 human capital 78

as externality 127, 137, 151 and trade 71, 77

human rights 5-6 and aid 62-3 and basic needs

strategies 3~; enforcement of 36--7

and commodities 42-4 conventions 4 and International Monetary

Fund 61-2 standards for 47 and World Bank 61-2

Hungary 286 Hussain, M.N. 213, 215

IBM 115,316 Iceland 214 ICESCR 60, 62, 63, 64, 66 IDS see International Development

Strategy ILO 331 IMF see International Monetary

Fund

384 Index

imports 228 and countertrade 186 and devaluation 211 and local technology 332 restrictions 88, 180 and Rocnabs 260 Southern 82 substitution 208, 209, 293, 305;

and dependence 33; and externalities 157, 158; and trade theories 116

tariffs 105; and QRs 218 technology 13, 81, 110, 111, 336 see also quantitative restrictions

incomes 3 and basic needs 54, 57 inequality 82 in South 73, 74

Independent Committee of Experts on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights see ICESCR

India 29, 31, 33, 156, 235 agriculture 143, 144 BN performance 55 countertrade 167, 177 industry 142 licensing 316 manufacturing sector 232 market size 106 RandO 107,108 technology 315, 333, 334, 337,

353; transfer 131, 332 see also Punjab

Indonesia 25, 108, 232, 236 countertrade 162, 167 debt 284 and technology transfer 328, 330

industrialisation support 154, 157, 158

infant mortality 53, 60 inflation 213 infrastructure and trade 76 innovation 96, 130, 337

direction of 317 as economic activity 344 as percentage of R and D 355 in South 82, 83, 339 and technology diffusion 329-30

integration and intevention 158-9

Intel 115, 138 interest rates 31

capping 280, 281 and debt 267-8

interests and bargaining 34, 35 and North-South

relations 18-19 International Covenant on

Economic and Social Rights 5, 37, 65

and access to goods 36 and enforcement 60, 63 interpretation of 38 progressive realisation 45, 47

International Development Strategy 21, 23, 31

International Herald Tribune 271, 284

International Monetary Fund 229, 270, 275, 276, 279

and banking crisis 22-3 BoP deficits 10, 199, 216 capital-importing LDCs 200 conditionality programmes 10,

291, 292-6, 304, 307; and debtor power 30; negative effects of 304; reform of 17

and countertrade 9, 175 devaluations 210 effects of 296-300 exchange rates 201 Extended Fund Facility 294 failure of programmes 294-5 finance for LDCs 196-8 foundation of 289 and GAIT 220 and human rights 6, 61-2 influence of 13--14, 290-1, 292 and Mexico 287 monitoring 306 as policy-maker 225-6, 292 proposed Southern 244 and QRs 216, 219 reform of 289-307 role of 11, 289-92, 299, 300, 301 and SDRs 302 structural adjustment 202 voting power 229-30

Index 385

intervention 88-117 and externalities 14, 150,

153--60 justification for 160, 161 need for international 301 and North-South relations 14 selective 154-8 and technology 12 in trade 6, 7; justification

for 99, 101-4, 109, 115-16 intra-firm trade 71-2, 78 intra-industry specialisation 96-7 intra-industry trade 71, 73, 78, 89,

90, 233 intra-regional cooperation 27 lntridos Group 277 investment

ratios 199 Southern 353

Iran 54, 170, 235 countertrade 167

Iraq 54 countertrade 167

irrigation in Punjab 144 Israel 168, 170

and devaluation 211 issue linkage 31 Italy 168 Ivory Coast 54, 232, 236, 297

Jamaica 285, 286, 295 basic needs 54 clearing arrangements 236 countertrade 168 manufacturing 232

James, D. 327 James, J. 126, 135, 325, 326, 338,

355 Japan 91, 159

biotechnology 321 countertrade 168, 170 finance from 275, 281 and IMF 230 innovation 130 intervention 160 intra-firm trade 72 market size 106 microelectronics 115, 116, 325 Rand D 337

surpluses of 193 technology 129, 315, 332, 333;

transfer 131, 328, 338 and US 225

Jones, S.F. 163, 177, 184 Jordan 167, 233, 286

Kaldor, N. 129, 214 Kaneda, H. 149, 150 Kaplinsky, R. 95, 98 Katz, J. 128, 129, 320 Keesing, D.B. 71 Kenen, P.B. 71 Kenney,M. 321,324 Kenya 106, 167, 296

manufacturing sector 232 Keynes, J .M.

and Bretton Woods 302 and IMF 11, 292, 294 on QRs 190, 191, 203-4 on world clearing union 242,

289 Kierskowski, H. 69 Killick, T. 198 Kim, L. 128, 333 King, K. 129 Klevorick, A.K. 112 Kloppenburg, J. 321, 324 Kopinski, T.C. 175, 182 Korea 117

countertrade 170 debts 22 manufacturing sector 232 market size 106 Rand D 110 semiconductor industry 109-10 technology 131, 316, 330, 334

Krueger, A.O. 209, 214 Krugman,P. 7, 71,72, 73,81,83

on externality 155-6, 157 trade policy 105, 116

Kuo, S. 319 Kuwait 169, 232 Kuznets, S. 88

labour costs 346-9 mobility of skilled 137-9 in South 74

386 Index

labour cont. and technology change 128, 151 and trade 78-9

LAFf A countries 239 Lal, D. 18, 120 Lall, S. 16, 72, 76, 90, 129, 131,

311, 316, 320, 325, 331, 332, 334

Lamond, A.M. 141 Lancaster, C. 197 Lancaster, K.J. 72, 73, 75, 83, 351 Landes, D.S. 130, 135 Latin America 274, 294, 295, 298

clearing arrangements 235 cooperation 34 countertrade 181-2 currency 240 debt 225, 268, 271, 287;

power 29 development 63, 88 exports 238 and IMF 292 imports 199, 240 intra-regional trade 239 and technology transfer 311

LDCs see South learning

and pecuniary externalities 135 and specialisation 231 and technology transfer 333 and trade 72, 81, 91, 115, 116

Lecraw, D.J. 76, 90, 338 Lee, J. 316, 328 lender-of-last-resort 280 Leontief, W.W. 69, 70, 71 Lever, H. 280, 282 Levin, R.C. 139 Lewis, W.A. 97,234 Liberia 235 Libya 54, 167, 232 life expectancy 53, 56, 57

by country 46 Linder, S.B. 71, 117 linkages 119, 153, 161

Punjab 146-9 semiconductor industry 1 ~ 1

Lipton, M. 282 liquidity, international 229, 230

literacy 47, 48, 53 by country 46

Little, I.M.D. 6, 8, 119-20, 154, 203

Lloyd, P.J. 69, 339 Lloyds Bank 271

Mahmood, S.A. 152 Malawi 55 Malaysia 236, 325

bargaining 25 basic needs 55 countertrade 162, 165, 167, 170 debt 284 manufacturing sector 232 and technology transfer 329,

330 Maldives 286 Malerba, F. 136, 140 Mali 55,235 malnutrition 295 manufactures 171

and countertrade 178, 179-80 in LDCs 232-3

market/markets 161 and countertrade 174 Northern 97 size 10&-7, 233, 340 Southern 90, 233 strategic trade theory: and

creation 104; and segmentation 103, 105

Markusen, J.R. 103, 105 Marshall, A. 118 Marshall Plan 21, 307 Mauritania 55, 235 Mauritius 233 Maxcy, G. 114 Meade, J.E. 125-6, 160 metaproduction function 42-3, 44,

51-3 Mexico 88, 235, 273, 281, 294

capital flight 277 countertrade 168 debt 22, 23, 195, 284, 285, 287 domestic production 85 and IMF 287 manufacturing sector 232

Index 387

market size 106 Rand D 107 and technology 333, 353

microelectronics 114--15, 323-7 production characteristics 326-7

Middle East 30, 170 Midland Bank 271 Miles, M. 215 military

aid 21 products 171, 183, 185

Mirrlees, J.A. 8, 119-20 Mishan, E.J. 7, 132, 133 Mistry, Percy 288 Mitsubishi 115 mixed economies 56 MNCs 20, 27, 75--{), 299

Code of Conduct 17, 18 and economies of scale 72 investment 29 microelectronics 326 andRandD 314,329 role of 14 South 331; based 90 and technology transfer 29, 328

modalities 162, 163-4 Moggridge, D. 190, 191, 204 monetary arrangements

functions of 226-30 need for new 247-9 North-South 229 South-South 10, 234--45;

clearing arrangements 234, 235--{), 237; credit arrangements 234, 236; monetary unions 234, 236-7, 239, 24a--1

and South-South cooperation 22546

monetary unions 234, 236-7, 239, 24a--1

Mongolia 55 monopolistic competition

theory 83 Morgan (J.P.) Bank 271 Morocco 165, 232, 284 Mozambique 56, 167 Munasinghe, M. 327

Murray, R. 315, 330 Myrdal, G. 119, 203

Navajas, F. 128 Nayyar, D. 325 Ncube, P.D. 213 negotiations, North-South 16-35

alternative strategies 23-8 areas for 28-35; buyer

power 28, 32; contracts 28-9; debtor power 29-30; political sensitivity 30; seller power 28

bargaining 25--{), 27-8, 30 failure of 22, 24, 25 interests 24--5 issue linkage 31 MNCs investment 29 problems of least developed 27,

31-2 reform proposals 16-23 strengthening of position 32-4,

35; collective self-reliance 33-4; concentration 32; export outlets 32-3; reduced dependence 33

Nelson, R. 317, 344--5 Nepal 167, 235 Nestle Corporation 25 net present value of debt burden

see NPVD New International Economic

Order 16, 18, 24, 31 New Zealand 168, 169 Newbery, D.M.G. 7, 133 Newson, M. 238 Nicaragua 168, 232, 235 Nicholls, W. 127 NIEO 16, 18, 24 Niger 55, 235, 236 Nigeria 202, 235

basic needs 55 biotechnology 322 countertrade 162, 167, 170, 173,

183 debt 284, 285

388 Index

Nigeria cont. import controls 205 manufacturing sector 232 value-added 106

NMB 115 Norman, C. 340 North see relations, North-south Nott, John 25 NPVD 278-9, 280-3, 287 nutrition 44, 49, 50-1, 60, 306 Nyerere, Pres. Julius 198

Oakey, R. 140 Ocampo, J.A. 208, 213 O'Connor, D. 325, 326 OECD countries 141, 143, 166,

169, 186 basic needs achievements 46

offsets 164 Ohlin, B. 71 oil 27, 162

countries 74 products 167, 168

Oman 55 Onitsuka, Y. 214 OPEC 26, 27, 28, 244, 253, 260

regulations and countertrade 173

operational interests 5 Outters-Jaeger, I. 177, 182, 186 Ozawa, T. 338

Pack, H. 9, 129, 154, 157, 161, 207, 329, 331, 334

Page, S. 194 Paine, S. 131 Pakistan 149-50, 214, 235

countertrade 162, 165, 167, 174, 183

manufacturing sector 232 Rand D 108

Panama 55, 168, 233 Papua New Guinea 55, 286 Paraguay 232, 235, 285, 286

basic needs 55 countertrade 168

Paris Club 291 Park, W.H. 157, 334 Pasinetti, L. 339, 346, 355

Patel, P. 337 Pavitt, K. 337 payments union

and Rocnabs 262-3 South 241-3

pecuniary externalities intervention and 133-4 semiconductor industry 141

Pelcovitz, M. 216 Peru 170, 177, 235, 294, 299

capital flight 277 countertrade 168 manufacturing sector 232

Philippines 30, 236, 325 BN performance 54 countertrade 167 debt 284, 285 manufacturing sector 232 market size 106 technology 338

Pigou, A.C. 118-19, 160 Plesch, P. 326 Poland 284 policy-making 20

and basic needs 4 see also International Monetary

Fund political

costs of adjustment 203 sensitivity 30, 31

population policy on 17 South 231

Posner, M.V. 71 poverty 4, 36, 49, 318

alleviation of 305 increase in 294

Prebisch, R. 179 preference similarity 71, 79, 82,

83, 95 preferences

consumer 73, 74 South 94, 351 and trade 86, 88

prices stabilisation 22 and tariffs 217

primary products 167, 168, 171 and BoP problems 199-201, 203

Index 389

and countertrade 178--9, 181 and devaluation 211-12 prices 196 South-South 184

printing inks 93 process technology 342-50

neoclassical approach 342-3 producer goods 84 product

characteristics 84, 85 differentiation 83; and

intervention 116; and trade theories 115

inferiority of Southern 94 product cycle theory 71, 77, 79, 81 productivity 90, 97

in South 343 and specialisation 231

property rights 159 protectionism 160, 194, 231, 275 Punjab 152, 155

agriculture 142-50; capital accumulation 148; and industry 146-50

agro-industrial development 8, 120

credit markets 144-5 growth rate 147 irrigation 144 linkages 146-9 Rand D 143-4 technology 131, 145-6 wheat and rice crops 143, 145

Pursell, G. 131, 330

Qatar 167 quantitative restrictions

(QRs) 203-19 and BoP problems 204-6,

219--21 and devaluation 204, 208--16 justification of 188--9, 193 macro-balance 204-8 and tariffs 216-19 see also Article XVIIIb

Quinn, G. 65

Rand D 14 access to 313

aircraft industry 116 biotechnology 323 collaboration 337 government support for 12,

333, 334-5 innovations 355 local 336 and MNCs 329 Punjab 143-4 and semiconductor industry 114 Silicon valley 136 South 331 and strategic industries 112 and strategic trade theory 102,

106, 107 Ranis, G. 65, 69, 127, 130, 131,

135,148,202,311,319,333, 334

raw materials 171, 200 Rawls, J. 36, 37 regional cooperation 30, 34 relations, North-South 3

and interests 18--19 strategies 5-6

rescheduling of debts see debt research and development see R

andD resource allocation

and countertrade 183-4 and devaluation 221 and externalities 153 and health care 52 and North-South relations 13,

14 and trade 9

restructuring of debts see debt Reuber, G.L. 325, 331 Rhee, Y. 131, 330 Ricardo, David 21 Richter, S. 166 Rocnabs 10, 242, 249-60

administration 251 Board of Management 251,

252, 253, 256, 259 creation and allocation 251-2,

259--60 eligibility 250-1 interest payments 256-7 limits to balances 254-6

390 Index

Rocnabs cont. method of operation 252-4 and payments union 262-3 rediscounting 255 and regional payments

schemes 257 reserve fund 258-9, 262 withdrawal from scheme 258

Rodriguez, C. 216 Rodrik, D. 9 Roessler, F. 191, 219 Rosenberg, N. 130, 131, 135, 153, 319 Rosenstein-Rodan, P.N. 7, 119,

125, 160, 161 Romania 285, 286 Rwanda 55, 236

Sahal, D. 355 Salter, W.E.G. 344 Sampson, G. 195 Samuelson-Stolper H-0 theory 70 Sanbar proposal 263 sanctions, need for 301 Santikarn, M. 329, 330, 332 Saudi Arabia 54, 170

countertrade 167 manufacturing sector 232

Saxenian, A. 135, 136, 139 Saxonhouse, G.R. 129, 130, 131 Schnapp, J. 114 Schultz, C. 157 Schultz, T. Paul 151 Schumacher, E.F. 355 Schumpeter, Joseph 81 Scitovsky, T. 6, 119, 121, 125,

126, 127, 160, 161 Scott, M.F. 6, 129, 203, 217 Scott-Kemmis, D. 128, 130-1,

139, 333 SDRs see Special Drawing Rights Seers, D. 18, 25 self-reliance 76 semiconductor industry 112,

114-15, 323, 325-7 Korea 109-10 linkages 140-1 pecuniary externalities 141 US 8, 136-42, 156, 160; end-use

distribution 141; growth in 138

Sen, A.K. 41-3, 48 Senegal 54, 232, 236 Sercovich, F. 129 Shaked, A. 75 Sherwell, C. 166 Shockley, W. 138 Siemens 115 Sierra Leone 55, 167, 235 Silberston, Z.A. 139 Silicon valley 135-42, 155

externalities 137-42 government support 136 technology change 137

Singapore 156, 169, 236, 325 countertrade 167 manufacturing sector 232 and technology transfer 328

Singer, H. 15, 209 Singh, H.V. 162-87 skills

differentials 151 mobilisation of 137-9, 150 and technology 327, 329, 345

Smith, Adam 21, 90, 91, 231 social conditions 295 socialist countries 56

countertrade 170-1 Soete, L. 318 Solomon, R. 282 Solow, R. 129, 343 Somalia 55, 167, 169 Soquar, Solomon 188 South

characteristics of economies 7>-ti, 340

IMF finance 197 implications of trade

theories 69-98 technology: policy

options 353-4; requirements 340

see also externalities South America, countertrade 166 South Korea 9, 269, 273

adjustments 306 countertrade 167, 170 debt 284 exports 33, 169 licensing 316 as politically sensitive 30

Index 391

Rand D 108 technology 156, 315, 325, 326,

333, 338; change 128; transfer 311, 328, 329, 332

trading agencies 72, 91 South see relations, North-South South-South monetary

arrangements 10 Southern economies, characteristics

of 6 Soviet Union 170

countertrade 173, 177, 186 Spain 168, 214 Special Drawing Rights 229

creation of 191 and IMF 302 role of 17 special issue 302

specialisation 90, 96-7, 231, 233 and pecuniary externalities 135

Spencer, B.J. 73, 100, 104, 105, 115, 116

Spraos, J. 198 Sri Lanka 177, 219, 235, 293

basic needs 48, 54, 56 countertrade 167 manufacturing sector 232 and technology transfer 330

Srinivasan, T.N. 7 Stanford University 136, 139,

321 state intervention see intervention steel industry 112, 113 Stem, R.M. 78 Stewart, Michael 247--64 Stiglitz, J.E. 132, 161 strategic industries

characteristics of 112 data on US 112-13 support for 115

strategic trade theory 7, 99-117 application of 101-4 economic and technological

conditions 104-10 models 105 and Rand D 111 relevance of 115

Streeten, P. 35, 129, 287, 355 structural adjustment 198, 202,

209,291

sub-Saharan Africa 180, 181, 295, 296, 305

and technology transfer 311 subsidy see intervention Sudan 55,108,167,215,305 sugar 95, 179, 322 Suhatme, P.V. 65 supply patterns 73 Sutton, J. 75 Sweden 108, 117

countertrade 168 Switzerland 168 Syria 55, 167, 169

Taiwan 33, 156, 169, 326 BN performance 55, 56 countertrade 167, 170 intervention 9 as politically sensitive 30 and technology 131, 319, 333,

353 Tang, A. 127 Tanzania 167, 173, 187, 303

and IMF finance 197 tariffs

effectiveness of 9 and QRs 216-19

taxes 117 Taylor, C.T. 139 TC see technical change technical change 13, 78-80, 93,

317-18 direction of 77, 81, 82, 92, 339 as externality 127-32, 151,

152-3, 155 and intervention 116 in North 3.39-55; effects in

South 340-55 outcome of economic

activity 343-6 Silicon valley 137 and South 74-5

technological gap theory 71, 77, 78, 81

technology appropriate 334, 335, 336, 344;

and South-South trade 93, 95--6, 98

choice of 318-19, 346-50 demonstration effect 145--6

392 Index

technology cont. diffusion 128, 129, 139-40, 150,

329 domestic 13, 149, 332 and environmental

standards 335 as externality 145-6, 149 from North 75 and intervention 12 levels of capability 320 new 321-7 process 342-50 protection of local 332 in South 91 and strategic industries 107 trends in 93 and United Nations 315

technology transfer 5, 14 acquisition of 316 characteristics of 314--21 cost of 334 for development 311-38 as externality 127-32, 151 government policy towards 312 and learning 333 market and 312-14 MNCs 29 policies 12-13, 327-35, 353-4;

adaptation of 354; direct regulation 328--32; and environment 335; generation of indigenous 353-4; local technological capacity 332-3; rejection 353; selective acceptance 353

price of 31, 330 products 350-4 social benefits 313 stages of 320 value of 315

Teece, J. 337 telecommunications 112 terms of trade 78--80, 81, 83,

95-6, 194 and countertrade 173, 177, 181

Texas Instruments 115 Thailand 29, 54, 236, 325

countertrade 167 debt 284

manufacturing sector 232 market size 106 technology 131, 329, 330

Thee, T. 328 Thirlwall, A.P. 213, 215 Tigre, P. 325 Togo 167, 236 Tokyo Declaration 189 Tower, A. 216 trade 77

and countertrade by area 166 direction of 76, 78--80 encouragement of 248, 252 expansion of world 301 and growth 234 international 228;

decision-making 5; theories of 6-7, 69-98

intra-industry 89, 90 intra-regional 237, 238 justification for intervention 99,

101-4 measures 160 new currency for 247-64 North-North 69, 82, 89, 92 North-South 70, 83, 96, 97, 98;

countertrade 171, 183-4; and technology 93--5; and theories 89-90, 92

patterns of 73; and Rocnabs 254

policy 6, 14, 96 regional agreements 91 restrictions 96, 194 retaliation 273 South-south 89, 90, 226, 234,

237-9; advantages of 230-4; countertrade 171, 182, 184, 185; gains for South 92, 93-4; intervention 116; market constraints 97; and technology 93--6, 98

Southern preferences 82, 83 theories 69-98; implications for

South 77-98 world 303 see also devaluation; quantitative

restrictions; strategic trade theory

Index 393

training 151, 336 see also education; labour; skills

transfer negative 10 positive 11

transport costs and trade 72, 76, 80, 83

Tribe, M.A. 95 Trinidad and Tobago 168, 236 Trubeck, D. 65 TT see technology transfer Tumlir, J. 215 Tunisia 167, 177, 286

manufacturing sector 232 Turkey 106, 108, 284

countertrade 165, 168, 170, 172 manufacturing sector 232

turnkey contracts 316

Uganda 55 UN see United Nations UNCfAD 248, 329

Coordination Commitee 243 unemployment 294 United Kingdom 'See Britain United Nations

Development Decades 16-18, 23 ECOSOC 61, 64 and human rights 4, 64 intervention 116 R and D statistics 108 and right to development 37 and technology market 315

United States 25, 225 aircraft industry 109 banks 22, 23 biotechnology 321, 322, 323 countertrade 168, 170, 186;

military 172 debt 301 DFI 325 electronics industry 120 and IMF 229-30 innovation 130 market size 106 military sales 172, 183 and primary products 179 R and D 108, 337 semiconductor industry 115,

135-42, 156, 160 technology 315, 316 trade deficit 296 trade liberalisation 21 see also semiconductor industry

Uruguay 168, 235, 285, 286, 295 capital flight 277

Vaitsos, C.V. 315, 330 value-added statistics, World

Bank 106 Van Ginneken, W. 135 Venables, A.J. 103, 105 Venezuela 30, 108, 168, 235, 273

capital flight 277 debt 284, 285 manufacturing sector 232

Vernon, R. 71 Vietnam 30, 55 Vincke, C. 216 Viner, J. 125

Wade, R. 9 wages in South 81 Wall, D. 238 Wallich, H. 282 Watanabe, S. 131 water, safe 46, 51 welfare

and conditionality 304, 305 and countertrade 26 and tariffs 216 and technology 341;

transfer 351-2 Wells, J. 87 Wells, L.T. 91, 331 West African Clearing House 234,

235 West Germany

countertrade 168, 170 market size 106 Rand D 108 surpluses of 193 technology transfer 316

Westphal, L. 9, 73, 129, 131, 154, 157, 161, 330, 333, 334

Williamson, J. 197, 202 Willmore, L.N. 91 Winter, S. 317, 344-5

394 Index

Wolf, M. 202 World Bank 180, 275, 294, 302,

304 BN statistics 46, 54-5 exports to LDCs 238 on externalities 120 and human rights 6, 61-2 influence over policies 13--14 objectives of 289, 290, 299, 300 programmes 198 and QRs 216, 219 reform of 304-5 size of manufacturing in

LDCs 232-3 structural adjustment 198, 202,

209, 291 value-added statistics 106 world debt tables 268, 284, 285,

286

world economy, changes in 194-{i World Institute for Development

Economic Research 118n write-down 278, 279

Yemen 54, 233 Yoon, C.H. 110, 115, 117 Yugoslavia 284, 285

Zaire 236 Zambia 202, 233, 303, 305

BN performance 55 countertrade 167 and IMF finance 197, 294, 299

Zimbabwe 232, 285, 286, 296 adjustments 306 countertrade 167