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242 Bibliography

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Index

243

Acemoglu, Daron, 139, 163Adrian Mancas, Vicenç, 189agent, 71–2, 76, 79, 83, 91, 179, 192Akaike criterion, 162–5, 172alumnos (students), 4, 6, 14–15, 43, 99,

123, 177, 196–200, 202, 204–12enrolment, 8, 12, 25, 203, 210–12no oficiales (unofficial), 205–7,

211–12oficiales (official), 205–7, 211–12

Amatori, Franco, 11, 72, 95, 112, 182Amsden, Alice, 70, 90Amsterdam, 78, 80AngloEspañola, 188–9, 193Antwerp, 76–80applied studies, 15, 198, 204, 206,

208–11, 214–16apprenticeship, 21–2, 24–6, 31, 33–6,

38–42, 139, 156, 158, 161arbitrage, 4, 94Argentina, 10–11, 69–79, 81–91, 183,

221, 223asignatura (subject, discipline), 95,

196, 199–217humanities, 196, 199–202, 209–14knowledge-providing, 196, 200–

202, 203, 209, 213–14sciences, 196, 199, 200–202, 209–14skill-providing, 196, 200–203, 209,

213–14Audretsch, David B., 1–2, 20, 94, 116,

118–19, 122, 219

Bachillerato, 15, 197–201, 205–16Bancaja Foundation, 117Banco de Mahón, 186, 192bank(s), 12, 54, 56, 57, 62, 67, 76,

79–80, 82, 85–6, 100–101, 115, 118, 121, 192

Barcelona, 14, 179, 190Baumol, William J., 3, 11, 71–2, 88,

93–4, 96, 133, 144, 163, 169, 170BBVA Foundation, 117

Belgium, 76, 78, 81, 83, 87Bemberg family/Bemberg Group, 10,

69, 75, 81–8Berlin wall, 2biographies (of entrepreneurs), 5, 9,

14, 23, 30, 37, 45, 96, 134, 147–8, 150, 166, 168–9, 175–6, 178, 182–3, 186–90

Bologna process, 130box of tools, 219budget deficits (government), 56Buenos Aires, 11, 76–86Bunge and Born, 10, 69, 75, 78–81,

85, 87–8business

cluster, 60, 70, 92, 112, 187, 191, 222cooperation, 186–7, 191groups, 10–12, 69, 70–6, 83–91

Cantillon, Richard, 1, 4, 19, 50capital, 6, 10–12, 14, 19, 51–70, 73–4,

77–83, 89–90, 119, 121, 126, 179, 180, 186, 222

see also human capitalCardenal Cisneros (School), 195–6,

198, 203–18Casals, Joan, 186, 192, 194Casson, Mark, 3–5, 67, 72, 133Catedrático (professor), 197, 205, 207,

209–14CATISA, 186class (social and economic)

background, 12–13, 26–7, 31, 34, 36–9, 93, 96–9, 111, 137, 169, 177, 222

see also family backgroundclass, social, 7, 11, 14, 22, 25, 28, 31,

33, 37, 39, 41, 43, 45, 51, 67, 96–7, 99, 104–5, 107, 169, 177, 190, 221

cluster analysis, 11, 92, 112Colbert, Jean-Baptiste, 5college, 20–5, 29, 156, 158, 161, 164,

167–8, 176, 222

244 Index

Consejo Económico y Social, 116correlation, 8, 29, 61, 118, 124, 127,

155, 160, 166, 171Cortes, Pere, 186, 191, 192creative destruction, 115, 119credit, 5, 10, 56, 61, 63, 65–7, 82,

83–4, 223crony capitalism, 10, 66, 221crowding out, 10, 52, 61, 63Cuban market, 176currant production and trade, 54–5,

63curriculum (a), 9, 14–15, 21, 99, 196–

203, 208, 214, 222–3

demand side of entrepreneurship, 50, 116, 118, 122, 129

descriptive statistical analysis, 13, 20, 24, 33, 39, 43, 93, 96, 106, 134, 154, 166

Devoto (family, group), 10, 11, 69, 75, 84–8

Diaspora, 49, 56–7, 59, 65, 67distinction, 9, 20, 30, 33–4, 37–9, 44–5Drucker, Peter, 13dummy variables, 125–8, 159–61,

167, 171Durutti family, 55, 67

eclectic model of entrepreneurship, 116, 119, 121–2, 129

economic development, 2, 4, 9, 10, 29, 66, 122, 133, 139–40, 163, 169, 175–6, 196, 220

education, 2, 5–44, 51, 55, 58–9, 61, 65, 92, 96, 98–100, 107, 110, 116–18, 122–39, 158, 164, 166–9, 171, 176–8, 185–6, 190, 195–8, 201–7, 210–14, 220–4

and training, 22, 24, 39, 51, 65, 96, 99, 176, 178, 189, 196, 202–3, 205

elementary education (primary school), 8, 24, 34, 99, 100, 178, 191, 198, 204, 211

elite, 9, 23, 24–7, 30–3, 37–9, 43–4, 65, 70, 82

endogenous entrepreneurship, 2, 20England, 9, 19, 20–1, 25, 28–33, 35,

37, 39, 42–5, 49, 220–2

entrepreneurage, 7, 13, 40, 42, 96–8, 155, 157,

161–2, 164–9, 171–2, 211definition, 3, 43, 72, 93, 95dynasties or sagas, 23–4, 99geographical origins, 10–11, 51, 56,

65, 88, 220innovative vs replicative, 93redistributive vs productive, 94, 96Schumpeterian, 1, 4, 11–13, 72,

102, 104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 115, 118–9, 129–30, 163, 183–4, 190, 219, 221

social origins (class origins), 28, 31, 33, 45, 104, 111, 221

entrepreneurial ability, 4, 51–3, 58–61, 65, 68, 94, 103, 152, 182

entrepreneurial definition, 33, 69, 71, 73, 93, 119

entrepreneurial success, 5, 11, 13, 20, 33, 37, 39, 92–3, 95–7, 99, 101–7, 109–13, 133–43, 145–72, 221–3

entrepreneurial success, determinant factors

age, 13, 134, 136, 155, 161, 163–7, 171

date (of beginning of the business enterprise), 96, 134–5, 137, 186

education (college, secondary studies), 9, 20–1, 30–1, 33, 37, 43–4, 51, 61, 123, 126, 128, 138–9, 164, 220, 222,224

family business tradition, 13, 81, 99, 134, 137–8, 156,158, 161, 165–7

geographical origin, 13, 134, 139–40, 155, 157–8, 161, 165, 167, 220

innovation, 12–13, 71–2, 94, 102, 110, 112, 118, 140–1, 214, 219, 221

entrepreneurial success indicators, 154–6, 158, 160, 167

distinction, 9, 20, 30, 33–4, 37–9, 44–5

firm longevity, 13, 95, 134, 147–8, 158, 166, 170–1

firm size (number of employees), 12–3, 57, 72, 95, 105–6, 134,

Index 245

147–50, 156, 159, 160, 166, 168, 171, 179, 189–91

index of longevity, 148–9, 156internationalization (multinational,

exporting activity), 11, 79, 91, 134, 147, 150–1, 156, 158–60, 166–8

number of sectors (versatility), 9, 20, 29, 33–7, 43–5, 101, 152, 171, 223

synthetic index of entrepreneurial success, 13, 134, 154, 156, 158–60, 162, 165–8

technological level, 134, 149, 222wealth, 9–10, 20, 33–4, 39–43, 52,

72, 99entrepreneurship

and adversity, 4–6conjunctural factors, 6–7, 10, 12,

196, 220high-level, low-level, 3–4, 108, 126structural factors, 6–7, 10, 196,

220–1supply of, 4–6, 50, 59, 67, 74, 220

Escuelas de Comercio (commerce schools), 198, 214

ethnicity, 5European Commission, 115exchange rate, drachma, 63experience abroad, 10, 12, 58, 60–2,

65, 90, 96, 99–100, 107, 110, 183, 190, 223

export-led stage (growth and boom), 69, 73–5, 77, 89, 90

family, 4, 6, 10–12, 14, 23–5, 31, 36–40, 54–5, 59–60, 65–7, 70, 76–7, 79–81, 83, 88–9, 92, 96, 98–100, 106–8, 110, 134, 137–40, 143, 147–9, 155–7, 161, 169–70, 178, 182, 186, 190, 210

background, 13, 31, 37, 39, 137, 169; see also class background; class, social

business, 80, 92, 98, 100, 134, 137–8, 156, 158, 161, 166–7, 169, 183, 185–6

networks, 221father in business, 51, 58–9, 61, 66, 143

financial constraints, 51–3, 129Fomento del Turismo de Menorca, 187foreign investment, 74–5foreign origins, 10, 51, 65, 88Foreman-Peck, James, 3, 5, 6, 10, 49,

61, 65, 70, 177, 221, 223France, 2, 9, 19–20, 22, 28–31, 33, 37,

44–5, 54–5, 61, 65, 76, 81, 82, 87, 139–40, 157, 183, 196, 198, 204, 211, 221–2

Francoism, 123

Galicia, 134, 139–40, 221Galician entrepreneurs, 13, 135–56gatekeepers of development, 118general theory of entrepreneurship,

166, 169geographical factors, 7, 13, 103, 134,

139–40, 151–2, 155, 157–8, 161, 165–7, 195, 220

geography, 139, 151, 169, 200–201, 208Germany, 2, 6, 76, 83, 183, 198, 211Gerschenkron, Alexander, 89–90,

115, 196, 203Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, 115governance, 5, 7, 70, 235government, 4–5, 10, 14, 35, 45, 52–7,

63, 66–8, 76, 82, 86, 115, 180–1, 198, 203, 223

grammar schools, 41Grandes écoles (grand schools), 9,

22–4, 28, 33Greece, 11, 49–68, 176, 179, 221–3

Harvard’s Research Center in Entrepreneurial History, 2

Hébert, Robert F., 115heir(s), 25, 27–8, 34, 36, 38, 40–3, 49high (higher) education, 9, 12–3, 28,

33, 39, 122–9, 132, 168, 176, 202, 204–5, 214, 222–3

Hirschman, Albert, 89–90human capital, 2, 7, 19–20, 51, 58, 96,

99, 117, 130, 195–7, 202–5, 213, 220

illiteracy, 204, 211immigration, 75, 116Industria Mahonesa, 186

246 Index

Industrial Quesera Menorquina, 180, 183, 186, 193

information asymmetries, 94innovation, 2–3, 11–3, 53, 71–2, 88,

90, 94, 96, 102–6, 108, 110–12, 118, 121, 134, 140–6, 155, 156, 161, 163, 165–70, 182–4, 192–4, 198, 200, 202, 214, 219, 221–2

innovation capacity index, 121institutional environment, 51, 135,

163, 169, 171institutions, 7, 11, 15, 23, 43, 52, 65,

85, 89, 90, 115, 139, 169, 178, 181, 195, 198, 205, 207, 213

Institutos de segunda enseñanz, 14, 195–7, 203–18

insurance, 29, 32, 59–61, 67–8, 77, 86interest rates, 6–7, 10, 12, 52–4, 56,

63, 66, 116, 118–9, 121, 124–6, 128, 132, 196, 219

inventions, 1, 96, 134, 141, 144, 146, 163, 169, 184

IPAR, 198Italy, 2, 10–12, 73, 85–7, 92, 95, 97,

102–3, 112, 176, 182, 183, 220–3

jewellery, 14, 179–80, 184, 186–7, 189, 192–4

Jews, 5, 58

Kirzner, Israel, 3–4, 11, 67, 71, 94, 115, 133

Knight, Frank H., 67, 71, 115, 133knowledge, 2, 6, 19–20, 45, 54, 71,

76, 78, 81, 83, 88–90, 118, 177, 180, 196, 200–3, 209, 211, 213–4, 219, 222

knowledge Spillover Theory of Entrepreneurship, 118, 219

Laissez-faire, 5Lavrion Scandal 1873, 54law, 75

company, 53of Control (1898), 57

least squares, 162–3, 165Leff, Nathaniel, 69–71, 73, 90legislation, 4, 14–5, 52, 89, 144,

196–7, 213, 222–3

Leibenstein, Harvey, 71–3liquidity constraints, 53, 119literacy, 8, 22, 200, 204, 211Logit regression, 9, 12, 34–43, 108longevity of firms, 12–3, 95, 134,

147–9, 155–6, 158–60, 166, 170–1

Madrid, 6, 7, 14, 45, 140, 157, 168, 173, 177, 195–9, 201, 203–7, 211–4, 217–8, 222

Mahon (harbour), 14, 177, 178, 186, 188, 190

management, 72, 77–8, 80, 83, 87–8, 180, 185, 189

manager, 3, 21, 43, 50, 71, 74, 77, 80–1, 83, 85, 87–9, 95, 97–9, 104–5, 112, 185, 190, 198

managerial, 72, 74, 77, 95, 97, 104, 190La Maquinista Naval, 188, 193marginalism, 1Marichal, Carlos, 82merchant marine, 56meritocracy, 31Mesquida, Sebastià, 186, 192, 194metalwork, 177–8, 180, 186, 188,

193–4Minorca, 12, 14, 173, 175–94, 221, 223Minorcan way of growth, 176minorities, 5–7, 90Mises, Ludwig von, 115Montañés, Père, 186, 191, 193multidimensional scaling (MDS),

159–60, 167, 171Muslim, 58

nascent incorporated businesses, 119, 124–5, 128–9, 132

networks, 10, 49, 52–3, 56, 65, 80, 88, 90, 96, 106, 221

Newey and West variance-covariance matrix, 127

Nicholas, Tom, 24, 43–4, 169nobility, 37–9, 44non-patented innovations, 13, 141,

144–6, 155–6, 161, 166–7, 169North, Douglass C., 163, 169

Observatory of the SMEs, 115OECD Centre for Entrepreneurship, 115

Index 247

Orfila, Llorenç, 180, 189orthodox (Greek, religion), 50, 58, 60

patents, 12–3, 88, 121, 140–4, 155–6, 161–5, 167, 169, 180, 190

phylloxera epidemic, 54–5plan, 14–15, 197–9, 201, 203, 207–9,

211–3, 215–7see also curriculum

Poissondistribution, 107regression, 63–4, 68

polarization in education, 24, 117policy, 6, 63, 73, 84, 121, 130, 195, 213politics, 1, 51, 66, 71, 96, 99, 101, 110,

180–1, 223Pons Menéndez, Pere, 186, 191, 193Principal components (PC), 13,

159–60, 167, 171public schools, 9, 21, 25, 34–6, 38–41,

43, 196, 213

Rafael del Pino Foundation, 116rate of technological change, 118rates approach to entrepreneurship,

12, 116, 118, 122registration (firms), 50, 57, 61, 67, 119regression analysis, 9–10, 20–1, 34–5,

37, 39, 41–3, 60, 62–3, 68, 108, 124, 126, 154, 161–7, 223

religion(s), 5, 58, 65, 201, 210–11, 215–7residual, 2, 108–11, 126–8Reynolds, Paul D., 119Ricardo, David, 1risk, 1, 3, 50, 66, 71–3, 75, 89, 94, 116,

119, 182, 221Robinson, Joan, 219robust standard errors, 162–3, 165Ruiz Ponsetí, Carles, 189, 191, 193Ruiz Verd, Pau, 189, 191, 193

San Isidro (School), 195–8, 203–15savings, 51–2Say, Jean-Baptiste, 1schooling systems, 196–7Schultz, Theodore W., 8, 19, 115Schumpeter, Joseph A., 1–3, 19, 67, 71,

93–4, 115, 118, 133, 140–1, 144, 170, 183–4

Schumpeter Mark I Regime, 120Schumpeter Mark II Regime, 120Schumpeterian Model, 118–9,

129–30, 184Scotland, 9, 19–22, 25, 28–31, 33, 35,

37, 39, 42, 44–5, 65, 196, 221–2Scranton, Philip, 70, 168SEBIME, 187secondary education, 9, 12–14, 21–2,

25–6, 29–31, 33–40, 44, 58–9, 61, 65, 107, 139, 156, 161, 164, 178, 180, 190, 195–8, 202–4, 205, 207, 210–1, 213–4, 222–3

sectors (economic), 10–11, 13, 22, 28–35, 37, 52, 59, 66, 68, 75–8, 81, 89, 100, 102, 117, 134, 144, 147, 152–3, 156, 159, 160, 166, 168, 171, 178, 187, 190, 196, 219

Selec Balear, 187self-employment, 52, 67, 93, 117, 123,

225self-made businessmen, 5, 12, 14,

24–5, 28, 33, 35, 37, 41–2, 137–8, 156, 158, 177, 190

self-sufficiency, entrepreneurial, 25–7, 31, 33–7, 39, 41, 45

Serpieri, Giovanni-Batista, 54, 66–7Shackle, George L. S., 115Shane, Scott A., 12, 93, 116, 118–9,

133–6, 138, 149, 152, 164–5, 168–72

shoemaking, 14, 176, 179, 187–8, 192–4

significance tests, 13, 35–6, 39, 68, 110, 125–7, 129, 164

silver Mesh Bags, 179–80, 188–9, 193Sintes, Antoni, 186, 192, 194Sintes, Gabino, 186, 192, 194Slaven, Anthony, 22, 39, 45Smith, Adam, 2, 19, 195social structure, see class, socialSolow, Robert, 2, 7, 19Spain, 2, 9, 12, 14–5, 19–21, 28–39,

44–5, 73, 115–8, 120, 121, 123, 125, 128–31, 133, 135, 137, 139, 142, 144, 150–2, 155, 169–70, 176–8, 180, 184, 190, 193–8, 202, 204–5, 210–11, 213, 221–3

Spanish Civil War, 120, 182, 204

248 Index

Spanish entrepreneurs, 13, 20–1, 36, 44, 117–8, 130, 134–53, 158, 166, 168, 195, 202, 209, 222–3

Spanish miracle, 120Spanish regions, 134, 139, 152, 161start-ups, 2, 20, 52–3, 63–4, 100, 117structure-conduct-performance

paradigm, 95students, see alumnosSumadoras Comercial, 189, 193supply side of entrepreneurship, 116,

122, 129Syngros, Andreas, 54, 67

Taltavull, Joan, 186, 191–2tax rates, 122–9, 132taxes, 7, 12, 41–2, 84, 123, 130technological change, 12, 18, 121,

124–9, 132, 140technology, 8, 59–60, 67, 78–9, 83,

88, 94, 116, 118, 144, 150, 168, 170, 176, 179–80, 190, 221

textiles, 10, 22, 28–32, 35, 59–60, 76, 81

Thompson, Francis M. L., 44Thünen, Johann H. von, 115Thurik, A. Roy, 94, 130Tobit regression, 34, 35, 36, 40, 41, 42Tornquist, family/ Tornquist Group,

10, 69, 75–81, 85, 87–8

Tortella, Gabriel, 8, 9, 13, 19–20, 70, 89, 93, 101, 118, 120, 123, 164, 168–71, 177, 195, 202

traits approach to entrepreneurship, 88, 94, 116

U-shaped relationship, 122, 129United Kingdom, 21, 76, 183, 196universities, 2, 12, 15, 20–5, 26, 30,

33–6, 38, 40, 42, 83, 98–9, 107, 123, 130, 138–9, 176, 178, 190–2, 195, 198, 200, 202–5, 208, 214, 222

Valdaliso, Jesús M., 117–8, 177–8

Verheul, Ingrid, 116, 119, 122–3versatility, 9, 20, 29, 33–7, 43–5, 101,

152, 171, 223

wealth (fortune), 8–9, 40, 52, 59–61, 67–8, 70, 72, 85–6, 99, 121–2, 177, 190

wealth, inherited, 9–10, 20, 33–4, 39–43, 52

Weber, Max, 5–6, 58Wennekers, A. Sander R.M., 117, 119,

121–2western Christians, 58, 65World Bank, 115