International Conference on Magnetics, Machines & Drives
(AICERA-2014 iCMMD) 978-1-4799-5202-1/14/$31.00 2014 IEEE
BIDIRECTIONAL DC/DC CONVERTER SYSTEM FOR SOLAR AND FUEL CELL
POWERED HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLE Deepesh S kanchan[1] [1]Assistant
Professor, EEE Dept. St. Joseph Engineering College Mangalore,
India [email protected] Niranjan Hadagali[2] [2]M.Tech Student, EEE
Dept. St. Joseph Engineering College Mangalore, India
[email protected]
AbstractThefuturetrendinvehiculardesignforwhich environmental
concerns is must, for that electric drive is a
choice.Thisstudyisaboutthehybridelectricvehicle(HEV)withnew
topology Powered by the bidirectional DC/DC converter with the
eco-friendlysourceslikesolarenergyandfuelcell.Ecofriendly
sourceswiththeintegrationofbidirectionalDC/DCconverter
haveimprovedefficiencyandaremakingtoughcompetitionfor
fossilfueldrivenvehicles.Electricenergygeneratedbythese
ecofriendlysourcesisstoredinenergystoragesystem(ESS)and used for
propulsion. In this paper the discharge of energy during
accelerationofvehicleisrechargedbybrakinginvehiclei.e.
Propulsionmachineandchargeisstoredinbatterybybi-directionalconverter.TheoperationofsolarwithMPPT,fuel
cell,bidirectionalconverter,andelectricdrivewheelsare investigated
by simulation in this paper.
KeywordsHybridelectricvehicle(HEV),bidirectionalDC/DC
converter,energystoragesystem(ESS),maximumpowerpoint tracking
(MPPT) I INTRODUCTION
ThereisapremisingshiftovertoEcofriendlyenergysources such as solar,
wind, fuel cell due to global warming and fossil
fuelpotentialshortage.Bynextgenerationtherewillhave
advancedpowerelectronicsandindustrialdrivesasmajor components in
hybrid vehicular designs [1].
Paper[2]investigatesaboutPVarraymethodologyand
maximumpowerpointtracking(MPPT)withvariationinthe irradiance, and
DC/DC converter is used to improve accuracy
ofMPPT.In[3][4][5],MPPTincrementalconductance
methodisusedtoderivemaximumpowerrange,andwith
variationinirradiancestheMPPTtracksdownthepowerv/s voltage or power
v/s current characteristics. In this paper [6] [7] the auxiliary
source isfuel cell,it actsas
ICengineforelectricvehicle,hydrogenfuelcellisused.
Whenforsolarpanelifcorrespondingsunlightisunavailable
thefuelcellcanbeusedassecondarysourceoritcanbe
drivenbyvehiclealongwithPVarraytopologytorunwith higher
efficiencies. For Energy storage system (ESS) a battery
isused,itischargedanddischargedasperrequirementsand
thechargingofbatteriesbecomescomplicatedasthebattery
technologyimprovesduetohighcurrentsandvoltagesinthe
system,sothereisnecessityofhighefficientandchargers
havinglessdistortionauseful[8].ADC/DCconverterused
forpropulsionisbidirectionalDC/DCconverterwithhigher
powerconversionsandefficiencies,itoperatesintwomodes
buckandboostmodes[9][10][11].Apermanentmagnet
synchronousmotorisusedaselectricmotorindesignof
vehiclesduetoitsconstantspeedandpermanentinterlocking
inthemotor,decreaseinrippleandharmonicsoftorqueas
madechoiceofPMSMcomparedwithDCseriesandother
motors[12][13].ThemainproblemisICenginedriven
vehiclesarefueledbyfossilfuels,thesefossilfuelsare exhaustible
sources of energy hence to overcome this problem the proposed paper
presents a design of hybrid electric vehicle which driven by a
combination of fuel cell and solar energy. II PROPOSED
CONFIGURATION OF HYBRID DRIVE Fig.1: Block diagram of hybrid
electric vehicle The proposed block diagramof hybrid
electricvehicle (HEV)
integratedwithenergystoragesystem(ESS)whichdrives traction motor
drives is shown in fig.1
Thesolarandfuelcelloperatesasresourcestotheelectric vehicle. The
electric vehicle operates in three modes:
1.Firsttheresourceschargesthebattery,solarpanel
usesthemaximumpowerpointtechnique(MPPT) and fuel cell uses H2O as
fuel for ecofriendly. International Conference on Magnetics,
Machines & Drives (AICERA-2014 iCMMD) 2.The battery gets
discharge while in acceleration mode by bidirectional converter
operating in boost mode. 3.Whilebrakinginvehiclemakesthebatteryto
recharge by method of regenerative braking operating buck mode in
bidirectional converter Above operating modes makes the electric
vehicle to operate in acceleration and braking by the help of
bidirectional converter. The controller 1 is the fuel cell
controller and controller 2 is the
PVpanelcontrollerinwhichMPPTcontrolactmakesPV panel to be at
maximum wattage level. III COMPONENTS OF HYBRID DRIVE A.Solar panel
Inthisstudy,forelectricvehicleenergySourcetochargethe
batterywhichisPVcelltechnology.Boostconvertercontrols PV arrays to
operate at maximum efficient point. Voltage and current
characteristics is expressed as: I=IL-IP[eq(V-IRS)/AKT ---1]---
V--IRS/RP (1) Where I and V are solar cell output current and
voltage respectively
IPisdarksaturationcurrent,qchargeofelectron,Aisthe
diodequalityfactor,KBoltzmannconstant,Tabsolute temperature,RS
andRSH areseriesandshuntresistancesof solar cell. The single solar
cell diagram is shown in fig.2 Fig.2 Equivalent circuit of solar
cell Inmaximumpowerpointtracking(MPPT)incremental
conductancemethodisusedinthePVarray.Firsttheoutput
ofPVpaneli.e.voltageandcurrentbecomestheinputof
MPPTandMPPTtriestoholdupatthemaximumpower point, it does by the
boost converter. From MPPT there will be
thereferencecurrentforboostconverter.ThereforethePV
panelpowerwillbeatmaximumlevelbyMPPTasclosed
loop.TheMPPTmeasuresthevoltageandcurrentforevery
dutycycle,sothatitpointsoutthemaximumvalueofpower
anditismaintainedconstantatmaximumlevel.For
simulationpurposeofPVpanelthetableIgivethePVpanel ratings measured
under standard test condition (STC).Table I Specifications of PV
panel 1Maximum power/panel5-W 2Maximum power voltage17-V 3Maximum
power current/panel0.294-A 4Irradiation1000W/M25Cell temperature25c
Theincrementalconductancealgorithmistheprocedure
wherethevoltagecurve,currentcurve,givesthemaximum power level.
Initially V1 and I1 will be the voltage and current values, if
there is change in duty cycle then valueshifts toV2
andI2.HereMPPTplaysarole,itmeasureswhichvalueis maximum, and it
tries to maintain at maximum value.PV panel characteristics as
shown in fig.3, here at MPP current
overpoweriszero,onrightofMPPtherewillbeincreaseto reach MPP, so it
is positive(negative) on right of it and on left
ofMPPtherewillbedecreasefromMPP,soitis negative(positive) on left
of it. Fig. 3 PV panel characteristics curves Ia/Pa=0 (Va/Pa=0) at
the MPP Ia/Pa>0(Va/Pa0 Ia/Pa0,Ia/Pa
