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Biological Diversity

Unit 10

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What is biological diversity?

Itrefers to the variety of different types of plantsand animals, including bacteria, fungi, insects,

and everything in between.

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Biological Classification

Method by which biologists group and categorizespecies of organisms.

Shared traits are used to group closely-related

organisms (evolutionary relationships)

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Taxonomy

Taxonomy uses taxonomic units or categories,

known as taxa (singular taxon).

Taxonomy, or taxonomic scheme, is a particular

classification, arranged in a hierarchical structure.

Kingdom

Phylum

Class

OrderFamily

GenusSpecies

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Taxonomy

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Taxonomic categories

Kingdom is the highest level of biological

classification

Phylum is the next largest category within

a kingdom

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Dichotomous flow chart

It is a tool that can be used to identify and separateorganisms.

In a dichotomous key there are a series of paired

statements.If one is true about the organism you wish to

classify, you go on to another pair of statements.

By choosing one or the other of pairedstatements, you are led to a final category for the

organism you are observing.

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Dichotomous flow chart

Oak (Quercus)trees

Tree a broad

leaf

Tree no broad

leaf

Compound

leaves

Simple

leaves

Leaves

palmately

compound

Leaves pinnately

compound

Leaves needle-like

Leaves flattened

and scale-like

Pines

Leaves

sharp and

short

Leaves notsharp

Juniper (Juniperus)

Giant sequoia

(Sequoiadendron)

Buckeye (Aesculus)

Ash (Fraxinus)

Dichotomous (each branching point splits into two)

Fully resolved (each organism alone on a unique branch)

Use biologically relevant traits

Branching points based on eitherhaving it or not, or

opposite features (heterotroph/autotroph)

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Living organisms are subdivided into 5 major

kingdoms: Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plants, and

Animals.

Each kingdom is further subdivided into separate

phyla (singular phylum)

The Five-Kingdom System

At this level, kingdom, organisms are distinguished

on the basis of cellular organization and methods

of nutrition.

Whether they are single- or multiple-celled and

whether they absorb, ingest, or produce food.

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Single-celled

Prokaryotic (no membrane-bound organelles)

Heterotrophs and AutotrophsHave cell walls

Ribosomes are presents but they do not have a membrane

KINGDOM MONERA

Bacteria

Heterotrophs

Blue-green algae

Autotrophs

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Bacteria shapes and groupings

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Single-celled

Eukaryotic

Heterotrophs and Autotrophs

KINGDOM PROTISTA

ParameciumEuglena

Amoeba

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Amoeba Euglena Paramecium

Feeds by

phagocytosis

(engulfing particles

through the cell

membrane)

Feeds by sweepingparticles into its oral

groove and gullet

Feeds by

photosynthesis

Moves with

pseudopodsMoves with flagella Moves with cilia

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Multi-cellular

Eukaryotic

Heterotrophic (by absorption)

Have cell walls

Structures: hyphae, mycelium,

Sporangium (contains spores),

gills

KINGDOM FUNGI

Gills

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Sporangium

Long, slender hyphae increase

surface area for absorption!

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All plants

Multi-cellularEukaryotic

Autotrophic

Cell walls

KINGDOM PLANTAE

FERNS

CONIFERS

FLOWERING

MOSSES

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Phylum Bryophyta

(mosses)

No vascular tissueSmall and low to ground

Spores

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WHAT IS VASCULAR TISSUE?

Provides structural support and transportation ofwater, nutrients, and wastes. Without vascular tissue,

plants are limited in size and habitat.

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Phylum Pterophyta

(Ferns)

Features:1. Vascular tissue

2. Spore-producing

structures on leaves

3. No seeds

spores

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Phylum Coniferophyta

(pines and firs)

Features:

1. Vascular tissue

2. Seeds

3. Cones

Examples:Pines

Junipers

Firs

Phylum Anthophyta

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Phylum Anthophyta

(roses, redwoods, shrubs)

Features:1. Vascular tissue

2. Flowers

3. Seeds

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Kingdom Animalia

All animals

Multicellular

Eukaryotic

Heterotrophic (by

ingestion)

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PHYLUM PORIFERA PHYLUM CNIDARIA

Sessile

Filter feedersNo coelom and not segmented

Some sessile (corals)Stinging cells capture prey

No coelom and not segmented

SpongesSea anemones, Coral, & jellyfish

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P- PLATYHELMINTHES P- ANNELIDA

Free-living (planaria) or

Parasitic (tapeworms)Ingest food through proboscisNo coelom not segmented

Segmented

Coelom (body cavity)

Flatworms Earthworms & Leeches

Planaria

Tapeworm

Fluke

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Coelom is a body cavity

PHYLUM MOLLUSCA P ARTHROPODA

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PHYLUM MOLLUSCA P- ARTHROPODA

Coelom

Not segmentedShell produced by mantle

CoelomExoskeleton

Segmented

Jointed appendages

Clams, snails, octopus, slugs, squids Insects, spiders, lobsters, flies, millipedes

P ECHINODERMATA P CHORDATA

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P- ECHINODERMATA P- CHORDATA

Coelom

5-fold symmetrySpiny skin

Not segmented

Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars Cats, Fish, Birds, ReptilesAmphioxus

Coelom

Dorsal nerve cordNotochord

Pharyngeal gill slits

Many with jointed appendages

Not segmented

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Characteristics of Kingdoms

Monera Protista Fungi Plantae Animalia

Single-celled Single-celled Multicellular Multicellular Multicellular

Prokaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic Eukaryotic

Autotrophic or

heterotrophic

Autotrophic or

heterotrophic

Heterotrophic

(by

absorption)

Autotrophic Heterotrophic