Bio 105: Blood - Napa Valley College Blood H… · 4/13/2016 5 WBC - Basophil •Release histamine •Play a role in some allergic reactions •Mast cells –Similar to basophils

4/13/2016

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Bio 105: Blood

Lecture 13

Chapter 11

Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc 1

Outline • Overview of blood • Functions of blood • Composition of blood • Composition of plasma • Composition of formed elements • Platelets • WBCs (White Blood Cells) • RBCs (Red Blood Cells) • Blood Types • Clotting • Disorders


Blood

• A fluid connective tissue

• 2 parts

–55% Plasma

–45% Cellular


Blood Functions

• Transportation

• Protection against invasion

• Blood clotting

• Regulation


Blood Functions

• Transport

–Primary transport medium

–Oxygen

–Carbon dioxide

–Nutrients

–Wastes

–Hormones


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Blood Functions

• Defense

–Against invasion by pathogens

–Contains WBCs and antibodies

• Clotting

–Prevents blood loss due to injury


Blood Functions

• Regulatory

– Temperature

– Sales

–pH

–Water


Composition of Blood

Figure 11.1

Blood Composition

• Plasma

– Liquid

–93% water and 7% dissolved substances

• Formed Elements

–Cells

–Platelets


Plasma Composition

• Plasma proteins

• Nutrients

• Ions

• Salts

• Dissolved gases

• Hormones

• Waste products


Plasma Proteins

• Albumin – Water-balancing properties

• Globulins – Transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins

• Clotting proteins – Example: Fibrinogen

• Lipoproteins – HDL and LDL

• Antibodies – Provide immunity


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Review Questions

• What type of lipoprotein carries cholesterol away from the liver?

• Which of the lipoproteins is considered the “bad” cholesterol?

• What is the ratio between plasma and formed elements?


Composition of Formed Elements

• Platelets

• WBCs

• RBCs

• Stem cells give rise to all the formed elements

–Red bone marrow


Formed Elements

Figure 11.2

Platelets

• Thrombocytes

• Fragments of a larger precursor cell

–Megakaryocyte

• Life Span

–5 to 10 days

• Function

– Essential to blood clotting


Plasma and Formed Elements

Table 11.1 (1 of 3)

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• Leukocytes

• Life Span

– Few hours to a few days

• Functions

–Defend body against disease

–Remove wastes, toxins, damaged and abnormal cells


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White Blood Cells

Figure 11.3

White Blood Cells (WBCs)

• 5 types

–Neutrophils

– Eosinophils

–Basophils and Mast Cells

–Monocytes

– Lymphocytes

• T cells, B cells, Natural Killer Cells


White Blood Cells

Table 11.1 (2 of 3)

White Blood Cells

Table 11.1 (3 of 3)

WBC - Neutrophil

• Most abundant

• 1st to respond

• Phagocytes


Image From: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronic_granulomatous_disease

WBC - Eosinophil

• Defend against parasites

• Lessen severity of allergies and asthma


Image From: http://www.leukos.us/archives/11-01-2013_11-30-2013.asp

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WBC - Basophil

• Release histamine

• Play a role in some allergic reactions

• Mast cells

– Similar to basophils

– Found in tissues


Image From: http://faculty.une.edu/com/abell/histo/histolab3a.htm

WBC - Monocyte

• Largest of the formed elements

• Develop into macrophages

–Phagocytic cells

– Engulf microbes, dead cells and cellular debris


Image From: https://www.flickr.com/photos/mluon753/8465984355

WBC - Lymphocyte

• B cells

–Produce antibodies

• T cells

–Destroy foreign cells

• Natural Killer Cells (NKC)

–Attack virus infected cells and tumor cells


Review Questions

• Which WBC releases histamine?

• Which WBC fights parasitic infections?

• What WBC is the largest?


Red Blood Cells

Figure 11.4

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Red Blood Cells

Table 11.1 (3 of 3)

Red Blood Cells

• Erythrocytes

• Most numerous of formed elements

• Transport oxygen

• Carry carbon dioxide

• Life Span

– ~120 days

• No nucleus


Red Blood Cells

• Contain Hemoglobin

–Oxyhemoglobin

• Greater affinity for carbon monoxide

–Odorless and tasteless gas


Structure of Hemoglobin

Figure 11.5

Each hemoglobin molecule consists

of four polypeptide chains (globins).

Each hemoglobin molecule can carry up to four molecules of oxygen.

Each polypeptide chain contains a heme group

with an iron atom that binds to oxygen.

Oxygen molecules bind to hemoglobin

Oxygen molecules released

Review Questions

• What hormone increases production of RBCs?

• What organ produces the above hormone?


Red Blood Cell Formation

Figure 11.6

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Blood Types: A, B and O

• Named by the antigen found on the surface of the cell

–A

–B

–AB

–O


Blood Types A, B and O

Table 11.2


Blood Type Antigen Protein

Antibodies Blood that

can be received

AB A and B None A, B, AB and

O

B B Anti-A B, O

A A Anti-B A, O

O None Anti-A and

Anti-B O


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yt97PT-bKCg


• Most Common – Type O

• Most Rare – Type AB

• Universal donor – Type O

• Universal Recipient – Type AB


Blood Types

Figure 11.7b–c

Blood Types

• Antibodies present throughout their life

–Anti-A and Anti-B

– Too large to pass through the placenta

• Different antigen: Rh factor

–On RBCs





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Blood Types – Rh factor

• Develop anti-Rh antigens if exposed to Rh factor antigen

• Can pass through placenta • If Rh antigens present on RBC = Rh (+) • Rh (-)

– Forms anti-Rh antibodies if exposed to the Rh antigen

– Transfusion – Given birth to Rh-positive baby


Figure 11.8 (1 of 4)

Rh Factor


Rh Factor


Rh Factor


Rh Factor Blood Types – Rh factor

• Hemolytic disease of the newborn

–Anti-Rh antibodies develop in mother

–Cross placenta

–Destroy Rh-positive fetus’ RBCs

–Anemia or Death of Baby


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Blood Types – Rh factor

• Rhogam

– Serum contains antibodies against Rh antigens

–Given the Rh (-) moms to prevent the production of anti-Rh antibodies


Coagulation Blood

Clotting


Image From: https://www.rndsystems.com/pathways/blood-coagulation-signaling-pathways

Coagulation

1) Blood vessel damage occurs

2) Blood vessel constricts/spasms

3) Platelets adhere to the damaged site

4) Clotting factors are released at the site of the injury

5) Clotting factors activate inactive proteins in a cascade


Coagulation

6) At the end of the cascade

– Fibrin strands form and trap blood cells

–Platelets form a meshwork forming a clot and sealing the damaged vessel

7) Clot contracts and pulls damaged edges together


Coagulation

• Vitamin K

– Liver

• Aspirin

–Platelets

• Genetic Diseases

– Ex. Hemophilia


Review Questions

• Can blood type A donate to blood type B?

• Can blood type AB donate to blood type B?

• Can blood type A donate to blood type AB?

• What is the universal recipient blood type?


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Blood Disorders

• Anemia

– Iron Deficiency Anemia

–Hemolytic Anemias

– Sickle-cell Anemia

–Pernicious Anemia

• Leukemia


Blood Disorders - Anemia

• Several types

• Reduces oxygen carrying capacity

• Too little hemoglobin, too few RBCs or both

• Symptoms



• Iron Deficiency –Most common

– Inadequate hemoglobin production

• Cause –Dietary deficiency

– Inability to absorb iron

–Blood loss



• Hemolytic anemia – RBC destruction > RBC production

• Causes – Infections – Defects in RBC membranes – Transfusion of mismatched blood – Hemoglobin abnormalities – Immune mediated



• Sickle-cell anemia

– Example of hemolytic anemia

• Cause

–Genetic disease

–Abnormal hemoglobin



• Pernicious Anemia – Insufficient production of RBCs

–Vitamin B12 required for RBC production

– Intrinsic factor (protein)

• Cause – Lack of intrinsic factor lack of B12

Decrease in RBC production


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Blood Disorders - Leukemia

• Cancer of the WBCs

• Increased number of WBCs

• Abnormal cellular function


Important Concepts

• What kind of tissue is blood?

• What is the ratio of blood plasma vs formed elements?

• What is the composition of blood, plasma and the formed elements?

• What are the functions of blood?


Important Concepts

• What are examples of proteins in the blood? – What are their functions?

• Know the function of lipoproteins • Know the difference between LDL and HDL • Where are blood cells formed? • What type of cell gives rise to platelets by

breaking into fragments? • How do WBCs leave the blood vessels and

enter tissues?


Important Concepts

• What organelle is missing in a mature RBC? • How is RBC production regulated? • What hormone regulates RBC production and what

organ produces it? • What is the effect of carbon monoxide poisoning? • Know the characteristics, function and lifespan of

RBCs, WBCs and Platelets • How and where are RBCs destroyed? • What are the types of WBCs and their functions?


Important Concepts

• (In detail) Be able to discuss how a blood clot is formed – know the abbreviated steps of clot formation

• What vitamin is necessary for clotting to occur?

• What common drug inhibits clotting?

• What is an example of a genetic disorder that effects blood clotting?


Important Concepts

• What are the major blood types? – Know their differences, what antigens they have and what antibodies

they have

• What blood types can donate to each other? • What is the universal donor? What is the universal recipient? • What is the Rh factor?

– Know what problems it can cause during pregnancy and blood donation

– How the body mounts a defense against Rh – What drug is given to Rh(-) pregnant women? And why? – What is the effect of this drug?

• What is the result of a reaction to a foreign blood type antigen? • Know all the blood disorders discussed


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Definitions

• Plasma • Formed

elements • Hemoglobin • Oxyhemoglobi

n • Stem cells • Thrombocytes • Megakaryocytes

• Leukocytes

• Phagocytes • Histamine • Dilate • Permeable • Erythrocytes • Biconcave • Erythropoietin • Bilirubin • Glycoprotein

• Homeostasis • Agglutination • Antibodies • Antigen • Lipoproteins • High density

lipoproteins • Low density

lipoproteins


The End


Image From: https://www.pinterest.com/myfreetime1234/animals/

Documents

Bio 105: Blood - Napa Valley College Blood H… · 4/13/2016 5 WBC - Basophil •Release histamine •Play a role in some allergic reactions •Mast cells –Similar to basophils