Bio 151 DCCC Cardiovascular II #5 Cardiovascular II Blood Vesselsnmachell/bio151cc/Lab5-Bio151... · 2012-07-24 · Cardiovascular system, thorax, veins-anterior, dissection layer

Bio 151 – Laboratory Manual Human Anatomy & Physiology II DCCC Cardiovascular II – Vessels

Last updated 06/18/2012

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#5 Cardiovascular II – Blood Vessels

Objectives:

Observe slide of artery and vein cross-section

Identify a list of human arteries and veins using a virtual human dissection

Dissect and identify a list of arteries and veins in the cat

Equipment: Remember to bring gloves, goggles, dissecting kit, appropriate shoes, and

photographic atlas.

I. Introduction

Blood vessels

Blood vessels are the functional

units of the cardiovascular system.

Every cell in the body depends on a

close association with the vascular

system to sustain homeostasis. In

general, systemic arteries deliver

blood, rich with oxygen and

nutrients, to capillary networks

interspersed within the organs and

tissues. The systemic veins drain

the capillary networks and return

the blood, high in carbon dioxide

and wastes, to the right side of the

heart. The pulmonary arteries

deliver deoxygenated blood to the

lungs. After carbon dioxide is

exchanged for oxygen, the

pulmonary veins return oxygenated

blood to the left side of the heart.

Figure 1a. Human systemic

arterial circulation (Saladin).


Last modified 07/23/2012

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II. Observation of Artery and Vein Slide

Obtain the artery and vein cross-section slide (HA 21). Locate the artery (thick-walled, more

obvious vessel) and the vein (thin-walled, collapsed). Identify the following structures:

Artery:

tunica interna

endothelium

tunica media

smooth muscle

tunica externa

connective tissue

Vein:

tunica interna

endothelium

tunica media

smooth muscle

tunica externa

connective tissue

Figure 1b. Human venous

circulation (Saladin).

Figure 2. Artery and vein (from

AP Revealed).



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III. Virtual Human Blood Vessel Examination

Preparation

1. Start the Anatomy & Physiology

Revealed® software by double clicking its icon.

2. On the home screen select Cardiovascular from

the Module (top center) drop down menu.

3. Click the dissection icon (next to Module).

4. In the Structure List column (top left) choose

thorax from the Topic drop down menu.

5. Choose Arteries-anterior from the View drop

down menu.

6. Use the layer tools and the instructions below to navigate between layers. Locate the various

structures by activating the labeling pins when appropriate.

B. Virtual Artery Examination:

Cardiovascular system, thorax, arteries-anterior, dissection layer 4

Arteries APRevealed®

1. aorta

1a. aortic arch

1b. thoracic aorta

2. brachiocephalic

artery

3a. right common

carotid artery

3b. left common

carotid artery

4a. right subclavian

artery

4b. left subclavian

artery

1. Move to Layer 4 (APR Fig. 1)

and locate the structures on the

left.

2. Move to Layer 6 to locate the

right common carotid a. (3a)

and the thoracic aorta (1b).

3. The brachiocephalic a. (2)

divides into the right common

carotid a. (not shown here)

which supplies the head and the

right subclavian a. (4a) which

supplies the arm.

4. Another useful AP Revealed

resource is the computed

tomography angiography (CTA)

bank of images. While

Cardiovascular is still selected

in the Module box, click on the

imaging icon . From the

Topic drop down menu choose

Aortic arch-CTA-oblique view (APR Fig. 2). Trace the path of

the aorta as it descends posterior

to the heart.

APR Fig. 1

APR Fig. 2

4a

1

4b 2 1a

3b

1b



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Cardiovascular system, shoulder and arm, vasculature-anterior dissection layer 8

Arteries AP Revealed®

4b. left subclavian

artery

5. axillary artery (left

and right) left shown in

these views

6. brachial artery (left

and right) left shown in

these views

1. Click on the dissection icon

and choose Shoulder and arm

from the Topic drop down

menu. Choose Vasculature-

anterior from the View menu.

Move to Layer 8 (APR Fig. 3).

2. Although the left subclavian

a. (APR Fig. 1) branches directly

from the aorta and the right

subclavian a. does not, both

arteries become the axillary a.

(5) at the level of the first rib, as

the artery enters the upper arm.

At the point where the deltoid

and biceps meet, the axillary a.

becomes the brachial a. (6).

3. Go to Topic: Shoulder, View:

Vascular arteries, Layer 5 to

see the exact boundaries of each

artery (APR Fig. 4).

APR Fig. 3

APR Fig. 4

Cardiovascular system, shoulder and arm, arteries-anterior, layer 2


4b. left subclavian

artery

5. left axillary artery

6. left brachial artery

1. For some views, there are

orientation diagrams available.

To see the diagram for the

arteries that supply the upper

limbs, go to Topic: Shoulder

and arm, View: Arteries-

anterior, Layer 2 (APR Fig. 5).

2. Click on each vessel in the list

on the left to see the boundaries.

APR Fig. 5

4b

5

6



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Cardiovascular system, head and neck, vasculature-lateral dissection layer 4


3a. right common

carotid artery

7. internal carotid

arteries (right and left)

8. external carotid


1. Go to Topic: Head and neck,

View: Vasculature-lateral,

Layer 4 (APR Fig. 6).

2. The internal carotid a. (7) has

a slightly larger diameter than

the external carotid a. (8). The

internal carotid a. is posterior to

the external carotid a.

APR Fig. 6

Cardiovascular system, abdomen, celiac trunk-anterior, dissection layer 6


1b. abdominal aorta

9. celiac trunk

10. superior mesenteric

artery

11. renal arteries (right

and left)

12. common iliac


13. external iliac


14. internal iliac


1. Go to Topic: Abdomen,

View: Celiac trunk-anterior,


2. The aorta descends from the

thorax to the abdomen through

the diaphragm (D). The first

artery that branches from the

abdominal aorta is the celiac

trunk (9).

3. Just inferior to the celiac trunk

is the superior mesenteric a.

(10) which supplies blood to

many of the GI organs.

4. The renal arteries (11) supply

the kidneys.

5. The aorta branches into the

right and left common iliac a.

(12) in the pelvic region.

6. Use CTA to visualize the

point at which the common iliac

a.(12) split into the external(13)

and internal (14) iliac a. Click

on the imaging icon and choose

Abdominal aorta and iliac

arteries. The correct image will

appear (APR Fig. 8).

APR Fig. 7

APR Fig. 8

3a

7

8

9 10

1b

D

11 11

12

12

13 13

14



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Cardiovascular system, hip and thigh, vasculature-anterior, dissection layer 4


15. femoral arteries

(right and left)

1. Click on the dissection icon

and go to Topic: Hip and thigh,

View: Vasculature-anterior,


2. As the external iliac a. enters

the thigh, it becomes the femoral

a. (15).

3. To bring up an orientation

diagram of the veins that drain

the lower limbs, click on the pin

marking the femoral a.

APR Fig. 9

Cardiovascular system, thorax, veins-anterior, dissection layer 4

Veins AP Revealed®

16. vena cava

a. superior

b. inferior (not

visible in this view)

17. brachiocephalic

veins (right and left)

18. subclavian veins

(right and left)

19. internal jugular


20. external jugular


1. Go to Topic: Thorax, View:

Veins-anterior, Layer 4 (APR

Fig. 10).

2. The superior vena (16a)

empties into the right atrium.

The right and left

brachiocephalic v. (17) empty

into the superior vena cava.

They are formed from the union

of the subclavian v. (18), which

drain the upper limbs, and the

internal jugular v. (19), which

drain the head along with the

external jugular v. (APR Fig.

10).

3. For a lateral view of the right

internal and external jugular v.,

go to Topic: Head and neck,

View: Vasculature-lateral (APR

Fig. 10). The external jugular v.

can be seen in Layer 2 (APR

Fig. 11) and the internal jugular

v. can be seen in Layer 3.

APR Fig. 10

APR Fig. 11

17

16a

18 19

15

17

19 18

20



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Cardiovascular system, shoulder and arm, vasculature-anterior dissection layer 6

Veins AP Revealed®

18. subclavian veins

(right and left)

21. axillary veins

(right and left)

22. brachial veins

(right and left)

APR Fig. 12 shows the

left side

1. Go to Topic: Shoulder and

arm, View: Vasculature-

anterior, Layer 6 (APR Fig. 12).

2. The axillary v. (21) drain the

upper limbs and become the

subclavian v. as the vessel enters

the thoracic cavity.

3. The brachial v. (22) drain the

antebrachia and empty directly

into the axillary v.

4. For a diagram of this region,

go to Topic: Shoulder and arm,

View: Veins-anterior, Layer 4.

APR Fig. 12

Cardiovascular system, abdomen, Veins-anterior, dissection layer 6

Veins AP Revealed®

16b. inferior vena cava

23. renal veins

(right and left)

24. common iliac veins

(right and left)

1. Go to Topic: Abdomen,

View: Veins-anterior, Layer 6

(APR Fig. 13).

2. The renal v. (23) drain the

kidneys (K) and empty directly

into the inferior vena cava (16b)

which carries blood from the

lower body into the right atrium.

In the pelvic region the right and

left common iliac v. (24) join to

form the inferior vena cava.

APR Fig. 13

21

22

18

22

K

16b

24

23

K



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Cardiovascular system, abdomen, Veins-anterior, dissection layer 6

Veins AP Revealed®

24. common iliac veins

(right and left)

25. internal iliac veins

(right and left)

26. external iliac veins

(right and left)

27. femoral veins (right

and left)

1. Go to Topic: Pelvis-male:

Vasculature-anterior, Layer 5

(APR Fig. 14).

2. The internal (25) and external

(26) iliac v. join to form the

common (24) iliac v. The

internal iliac v. drain blood from

the pelvic region and the

external iliac v. drain blood

from the femoral v. (27, APR

Fig. 14).

3. Also shown in APR Fig. 13

are the common (12), internal

(13), and external (14) iliac a.

4. Go to Topic: Hip and leg,

View: Veins-anterior, Layer 4 for an orientation diagram of the

veins that drain the lower body

(APR Fig. 15).

APR Fig. 14

APR Fig. 15

26 12

13

16b

25

14

24

24 26

25

27



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IV. Cat Vessel Dissection 1. Wear goggles, gloves, and an apron for the entire time that you are working with

preserved specimens.

2. Use scissors to cut open the bag and remove the cat, but do not let the preservative

spill out of the bag.

3. Carefully dump the preservative into a special bin provided at certain lab sinks.

DO NOT DUMP THE PRESERVATIVE DOWN THE SINK.

4. The plastic bag should then be thrown away in the regular trash containers.

5. Do not use a scalpel for dissecting out the vessels.

6. For most of your work, use only your blunt probe. It is the safest and most efficient

dissecting tool for vessel identification.

7. Use your scissors to open the thoracic and abdominal cavities.

The arteries of the cat have been injected with red latex but they appear pink due to the thick

arterial walls. The veins have been injected with blue latex and are typically more prominent

than the accompanying arteries. The thoracic veins are anterior to the arteries. Take care not to

destroy the veins when following the arteries through the tissues. Use Figure 3 to help you locate

structures as you perform the dissection.

Instructions to remove the cat chest wall:

1. Carefully use scissors to cut through the abdominal wall near the genital opening. It is very

thin so take care not to cut into the abdominal viscera. Cut towards the head in a curve up each

side until you reach the diaphragm and the rib cage.

2. Cut the diaphragm horizontally so that it separates from the chest wall.

3. Cut through the ribs one at a time using the bone cutters, if necessary, from the diaphragm

towards the head, one side at a time.

4. Be careful not to damage the axillary vein and artery as you cut the muscle in the axilla.

5. You may cut the superficial vessels going to/from the anterior part of the chest wall.

6. Carefully remove the chest wall after making sure the tissue near the head/neck is separated.

A. Structures and Arteries of the Upper Body

─ Pericardium

─ Heart

1. Aorta

1a. Aortic arch

2. Brachiocephalic artery

3a. Right common carotid artery

3b. Left common carotid artery

4a. Right subclavian artery

4b. Left subclavian artery

5. Axillary arteries (right & left)

6. Brachial arteries (right & left)

7. Internal carotid arteries (right & left)

8. External carotid arteries (right & left)



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Figure 3. Diagram of Cat vessels.

right subclavian

external jugular

internal jugular

brachiocephalic

internal iliac external iliac

common iliac

renal

internal iliac

femoral

renal

superior

mesenteric

celiac trunk

abdominal aorta

brachiocephalic

right subclavian

right common carotid

DIAPHRAGM

TRACHEA

HEART HEART

KIDNEY

KIDNEY

ARTERIES VEINS

TRACHEA

DIAPHRAGM

left common carotid

left subclavian

thoracic aorta

external iliac

caudal

femoral

inferior vena cava

superior vena cava

left subclavian

VESSELS OF THE CAT



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Heart – The heart is in the center of the thoracic cavity, between the two lungs.

Pericardium – This thin sac encloses the heart. Snip the pericardium with scissors and peel it

back to reveal the surface of the heart.

Aorta – On the superior aspect, at about the midline, the aorta emerges from the left ventricle, then

curves sharply inferior becoming the aortic arch. The superior vena cava might be partially

obscuring the aorta.

Brachiocephalic artery – In the cat, there are only two major branches from the aortic arch; the

brachiocephalic artery arises first. This artery moves vertically toward the neck.

Right and left common carotid arteries – The common carotid arteries branch from the

brachiocephalic artery at the same point and then travel vertically on either side of the trachea.

Right subclavian artery – The right subclavian artery branches from the brachiocephalic and

moves toward the right shoulder.

Left subclavian artery – The second artery to branch from the aortic arch in cats is the left

subclavian artery. Insert your blunt probe between the superior vena cava and the

brachiocephalic artery. Gently lift the arteries to view the left subclavian artery. With the blunt

probe and tweezers, clear away the tissue covering both arteries as they move toward the neck.

The left subclavian artery will extend vertically and then move toward the left shoulder.

Right and left axillary arteries – The subclavian arteries become the axillary arteries as they

move out of the thoracic cavity into the armpit area (axilla).

Right and left brachial arteries – The axillary arteries become the brachial arteries as they

enter the upper limb.

Internal and external carotid arteries – At the top of the trachea, each common carotid artery

splits into the external and internal carotid arteries.

B. Arteries of the Lower Body

1b. Descending aorta

10. External iliac arteries (right and left)

11. Internal iliac arteries (right and left)

12. Femoral arteries (right and left)

13. Celiac artery

14. Superior mesenteric artery

15. Renal arteries (right and left)

Descending aorta – The aortic arch curves inferiorly as it passes behind the heart. Roll the left

lung aside and lift the heart to follow the descending aorta (thoracic aorta) as it passes through

the diaphragm along with the esophagus and the inferior vena cava. Once past the diaphragm, the

aorta is referred to as the abdominal aorta.



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Right and left external iliac arteries – In the pelvic region, the aorta splits into the right and

left external arteries. There are no common iliac arteries in cats. The large external iliac arteries

continue into the lower limb.

Right and left internal iliac arteries – The abdominal aorta continues for a short way past the

external iliac arteries and then it divides into the right and left internal iliac arteries and the

caudal artery.

Right and left femoral arteries – The external iliac arteries become the femoral arteries as they

enter the lower limb.

Celiac artery – In order to view the abdominal arteries, the abdominal organs must be moved

gently to one side. Take care not to damage the organs. The aorta and the inferior vena cava are

on the posterior wall of the abdominal cavity. The first artery to branch from the aorta within the

abdomen is the celiac artery (trunk). This very short vessel branches anteriorly and immediately

divides into three branches.

Superior mesenteric artery – The second branch of the abdominal aorta is the superior

mesenteric artery. It is also anterior and just inferior to the celiac trunk. It branches extensively to

supply the intestinal mesentery.

Right and left renal arteries – Deeper into the abdomen, the renal arteries branch laterally from

the aorta and supply the kidneys.

C. Veins of the Upper Body

16a. Superior vena cava

16b. Inferior vena cava

17. Brachiocephalic veins (right and left)

18. Subclavian veins (right and left)

19. Internal jugular veins (right and left)

20. External jugular veins (right and left)

21. Axillary veins (right and left)

22. Brachial veins (right and left)

Superior vena cava – This large vessel enters the right atrium on the superior aspect of the

heart.

Right and left brachiocephalic veins – These two prominent vessels join to form the superior

vena cava.

Right and left subclavian veins – The subclavian veins drain blood from the upper limb and

shoulder. They join the external jugular vein to form the right and left brachiocephalic veins.

Right and left external jugular veins – These large veins travel down the lateral aspect of the

neck until they join the subclavian veins to form the brachiocephalic veins. The external jugular

veins are larger than the internal jugular in cats. The opposite is true in humans.



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Right and left internal jugular veins – The internal jugular veins drain the brain and empty into

the external jugular veins at the junction with the brachiocephalic veins.

Right and left axillary veins – These vessels drain blood from the upper limb. They become the

subclavian veins as the vessels enter the thoracic cavity.

Right and left brachial veins – The brachial veins drain the antebrachial regions and empty into

the axillary veins.

D. Veins of the Lower Body

16b. Inferior vena cava

23. Renal veins (right and left)

24. Common iliac veins (right and left)

25. Internal iliac veins (right and left)

26. External iliac veins (right and left)

27. Femoral veins (right and left)

Inferior vena cava – The inferior vena cava drains blood from the lower body to the right

atrium. The vena cava accompanies the descending aorta through the thoracic cavity into the

abdomen.

Renal veins – The large renal veins return blood from the kidneys to the inferior vena cava.

Right and left common iliac veins – The inferior vena cava is formed from the union of the

right and left common iliac veins within the pelvic region.

Right and left internal iliac veins – The common iliac veins are formed by the union of the

internal and external iliac veins.

Right and left external iliac veins – These vessels drain the femoral veins of the lower limbs.

Right and left femoral veins – The femoral veins become the external iliac veins as the vessels

enter the body from the lower limbs.



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E. Directions for Putting Your Cat Away and Cleaning Up

1. All cat parts (fur, fat, connective tissue) should be thrown away in the red biohazard

containers. Please do NOT allow cat parts to end up in the sink. They will clog the

drain and cause extra work for lab assistants.

2. Spray the entire cat with Preserved Specimen Conditioning Spray. Be careful not to

spray yourself, or anyone else, in the face with the spray.

3. Obtain two of the special anti-microbial paper towels. Put on the preservative so that

the towels are wet but NOT dripping. Wrap these paper towels tightly around your cat,

covering as much of the cat’s body as possible.

4. Obtain a NEW plastic bag and place your cat (wrapped in the towels) inside the bag. Pat

down the bag to get as much air out of the bag as possible, and then use a large rubber

band to seal the bag tightly so that no fluid will leak out.

5. Place the cat into the bins provided as directed by your instructor.

6. Thoroughly wash your dissecting tray with soap and water, dry, and return it to the lab

bench where you found it.

7. Use the spray disinfectant cleaner provided to thoroughly wipe down your lab bench

area so that it will be ready for the next group of students.

8. Dispose of your gloves, paper towels and old plastic bags in the regular

trash containers, NOT the red biohazard containers.

9. Make sure that you take your dissecting kit and goggles with you when you leave the lab.

References:

Kenneth Saladin, Anatomy & Physiology: The Unity of Form and Function, 6th

Edition,

McGraw-Hill Publishers, 2011.



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Laboratory Report Name:________________________

For each label on the diagrams below, give the name of the arteries or the vein on the correct line

to the right.

A. _____________________________

B. _____________________________

C. _____________________________

D. _____________________________

E. _____________________________

F. _____________________________

G. _____________________________

H. _____________________________

I. _____________________________

J. _____________________________

K. _____________________________

D H

A

I

C

E

F G

B

J

K



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L. _____________________________

M. _____________________________

N. _____________________________

O. _____________________________

P. _____________________________

Q. _____________________________

R. _____________________________

S. _____________________________

T. _____________________________

L M

N

O

P

T

S

Q

R

Documents

Bio 151 DCCC Cardiovascular II #5 Cardiovascular II Blood Vesselsnmachell/bio151cc/Lab5-Bio151... · 2012-07-24 · Cardiovascular system, thorax, veins-anterior, dissection layer