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Bio 2

Lecture

Exam 2

Package

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FUNGI LECTURE

Evolution:

General Characteristics:

Animal-like Characteristics:

3

Fungal Reproduction:

Asexual:

Sexual:

Plasmogamy:

Karyogamy:

Syngamy:

Fungal Classification:

Division: Chytrids:

4

Division: Zygomycetes:

5

Division: Glomeromycetes

Arbuscular Mycorrhizae

Division: Ascomycetes

6

Division: Basidiomycetes

7

Microsporidia

Lichens:

Ecological Impacts:

8

Plant Evolution:

Ordovician (475mya)

Devonian (400 mya)

Carboniferous (360 mya)

Cretaceous (130 mya)

Common Characters with Algae:

Adaptations to Terrestrial Life:

1. Multicellular Dependent Embryos

2. Alternation of Generation

3. Walled Spores produced in Sporangia

4. Apical Meristems

5. Other Adaptations

a) Cuticle

b) Stomata

c) Xylem and phloem

d) Secondary compounds

9

Nonvascular Seedless Plants

Division: Hepatophyta:

Division: Anthocerophyta:

Division: Bryophyta:

Bryophyta Life Cycle

10

Vascular Seedless Plants:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Division: Lycophyta

Division: Pterophyta

Psilophytes:

Sphenophytes:

Ferns:

11

Fern Life Cycle

12

Vascular Plants

Alteration of Generation

Mosses

Ferns

Seed Plants

Why be Sporophyte Dominant?

Why retain Gametophyte Generation?

Seeds

13

Ovule to Seed

Overview of Seed Plants

Phylogeny

Division: Ginkgophyta

Division: Cycadophyta

Division: Gnetophyta

14

Division: Coniferophyta

Pine Tree Life Cycle

15

Flower

Sepals

Petals

Receptacles

Stamen

Anther

Filament

Carpel

Stigma

Style:

Ovary:

Ovule:

Angiosperm Life Cycle

16

Cross Pollination:

Angiosperm Radiation

Pollination

Dispersal

The Global Impact

17

Tissue Systems

Ground Tissue:

Parenchyma:

Collenchyma:

Sclerenchyma

Vascular Tissue:

Xylem:

Phloem:

Dermal Tissue:

Epidermis:

Periderm:

18

Plant Systems:

Root Systems:

Shoot Systems:

Plant Growth:

Meritstems:

Apical:

Protoderm:

Ground:

Procambium:

Lateral:

Vascular:

Cork:

Monocot vs. Dicot

Embryo Veins Stems Roots Flowers

Monocot

Dicot

19

Root System:

Tap Root:

Fibrous Root:

Four Regions:

Root Tissue:

Pith:

Xylem:

Phloem:

Pericycle:

Endodermis:

Cortex:

Epidermis:

Monocot vs. Dicot:

20

Modified Roots:

Shoot System:

Stems:

Leaves:

Fruits:

Flowers:

Primary Growth:

Protoderm:

Procambium:

Ground Meristem:

Vascular Bundles:

21

Stem Structure: Monocot vs. Dicot

Pith: Ground Tissue:

Vascular Bundles:

Cortex:

Epidermis:

Secondary Structure:

Vascular Cambium:

Cork Cambium:

Dicot:

Pith:

Primary Xylem:

Secondary Xylem:

Vascular Cambium:

Secondary Phloem:

Primary Phloem:

Cortex:

Phelloderm:

Cork Cambium:

Cork:

22

Heartwood:

Sapwood:

Bark:

Wood:

Spring wood vs. Summer wood

Modified Stems:

23

Leaf Structure;

Simple:

Compound:

Doubly Compound:

Epidermis:

Stomata:

Guard Cells:

Cuticle:

Mesophyll:

Pallisade:

Spongy:

Modified Leaves:

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Transport

Cellular Transport

Diffusion:

Osmosis:

Facillitated Diffusion:

Active Transport:

Proton Pump:

Water Potential:

Solute Concentration:

Pressure:

25

Plant Cell Water Movement:

Turgid:

Flaccid:

Plasmolysis:

Aquaporins:

Tissue Level Transport:

Trans-membrane:

Symplastic

Apoplastice:

Long Distance Transport:

Bulk Flow:

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Long Distance Transport (cont) - Absorption of Water and Minerals

Two Pathways:

Long Distance Transport – Transport of Xylem Sap

Pushing Xylem:

Guttation:

27

Long Distance Transport – Transport of Xylem Sap (cont)

Pulling Xylem:

Transpiration:

Adhesion:

Cohesion:

Surface Tension:

28

Control of Transpiration:

Guard Cells:

Potassium Ions:

Stomata:

Reducing Transpiration:

Phloem Loading:

29

Translocation of Phloem:

Pressure Flow:

30

Plant Nutrition:

Macronutrients:

Carbon - organic compounds

Oxygen - organic compounds

Hydrogen - organic compounds

Nitrogen - nucleic acids, proteins

Sulfur - proteins

Phosphorus- nucleic acids, lipids

Potassium - Protein Synthesis, water balance

Calcium - cell walls, membranes, permeability

Magnesium - chlorophyll, enzymes

Micronutrients:

Chlorine - water balance, photosynthesis

Iron - cytochromes

Boron - chlorophyll synthesis

Manganese - amino acids, photosynthesis

Zinc - Chlorophyll synthesis

Copper - enzymes for redox rxns

Molybdenum - nitrogen fixation

Nickel - Cofactor in nitrogen, metabolism

Soil:

Texture:

Composition:

31

Availability of Soil Water and Availability:

Soil Conservation:

32

Nitrogen Fixation:

Nutritional Adaptations:

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Control Systems:

Plant Hormones:

Auxins:

Control:

Polar Transport:

34

Acid Growth Hypothesis:

Others:

Cytokinins:

35

Gibberelins:

Abscisic Acid:

Ethylene:

Oligosaccharins:

Brassinosteroids:

Plant Movements:

Phototropism:

Gravitropism:

Thigmotropism:

36

Rapid Leaf Movement:

Sleep Movement:

Daily and Seasonal Responses:

Circadian Rhythm:

Photoperiodism:

Flowering Hormones:

Phytochromes:

37

Red vs. Far Red Response:

Response to Environmental Stress: