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8/14/2019 BIO 331 - Ch 1 - Filled-In Intro
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An Introduction
to Anatomy &
Physiology
Chapter 1
BIO 331: Human A & P
Dr. Molly OShaughnessy
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Vesalius
1514 - 1564
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The Sciences of Anatomy and
Physiology ____________
the study of internal and external structures
and the physical relationships among bodyparts
____________
the study of how living organisms performtheir vital functions
All specific functions are performed by
specific structures
anatomy
physiology
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The Sciences of Anatomy and
Physiology continued Microscopic Anatomy
______________: the study of the internal
structure of individual cells
______________: the study of tissues, or
groups of specialized cells that work
together Gross Anatomy
regional anatomy
systemic anatomy
cytology
histology
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Levels of Organization
Molecular level
Cellular level Tissue level
Organ level
Organ systemlevel
Organism
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Integumentary System
Protects against
environmentalhazards
helps control
body temperature
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Skeletal System
support
protection of soft
tissues
mineral storage
blood formation
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Muscular System
locomotion
provides support
controls entrances
and exits
heat production
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Nervous System
Directs immediate
responses to
stimuli, generallyby coordinating
the activities of
other organsystems
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Endocrine System
Directs long-term
changes in theactivities of other
organ systems
maintainshomeostasis via
specific hormones
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Cardiovascular System
transports cells
transports dissolved
materials:
nutrients
wastes
gases
hormones, etc.
distributes heat
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Lymphatic System
Defends against
infection and
disease
returns tissue
fluid to thebloodstream
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Respiratory System
Delivers air to sites
of gas exchange
provides O2tobloodstream
removes CO2from
bloodstream
produces sounds for
communication
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Digestive System
processes and
digests food
absorbs
nutrients
minerals
vitamins
water
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Urinary System
Eliminates excess
water, salts, and
waste products (homeostasis
regulation)
major influence onblood pressure
helps maintain pH
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Reproductive System
Produces gametes
(sperm and oocytes)
produces hormones
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Homeostasis and System
Integration
Homeostasisis the maintenance of a
relatively stable internal environment
normal RANGE organ systems are interdependent,
interconnected, and packaged together
in a relatively small space
a variety of physiological mechanisms
act to prevent potentially disruptive
changes in the internal environment
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Mechanisms Involved in
Homeostatic Regulation Autoregulation: automatic adjustments that
occur in direct response to local changes
Extrinsic regulation: adjustments that occur in
response to the nervous or endocrine systems
______________ performs crisis management by
directing rapid, short-term, and very specificresponses
_______________ releases chemical messengers
(hormones) whose effects might not be immediately
apparent but often persist for days or weeks
nervous
endocrine
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How do Extrinsic Homeostatic
Regulatory Mechanisms Work? ____________:
a sensor that is sensitive to a particular
environmental change or stimulus _____________________:
receives and processes the information
supplied by the receptor ____________:
a cell or organ that responds to the
commands of the control center
receptor
control or integration center
effector
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Body Temperature
Homeostasis
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Negative Feedback
a variation away from the ideal value
triggers an automatic response that
corrects the situation
the effectors activated by the control
center either oppose or eliminate the
stimulus
this is a dynamic process which
maintains a normal range, rather than a
fixed value
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Negative Feedback Loop
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Positive Feedback
In positive feedback, the initial stimulus
produces a response that exaggerates
or enhances its effects
not as common
example:
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Positive Feedback Loop
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Anatomical Landmarks and
Regions
Anatomical position: standing
position, looking straight ahead witharms at sides and palms facing forward
__________ - lying face up __________ - lying face down
supineprone
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Anatomic Planes
Transverse plane:
_________ (above)
_________ (below)
Frontal plane:
_________ (front)
_________ (behind)
Sagittal plane:
_________ (sides)
superior
inferior
anterior
posterior
R & L
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Sequential Transverse
Sections
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Anatomic Directions
Anterior - Posterior
Ventral - Dorsal
Inferior - Superior
Cranial - Caudal
Proximal - Distal
Lateral - Medial
Superficial - Deep
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Abdominopelvic Regions
R. hypochondriac
Epigastric region
L. hypochondriac
R. lumbar region
Umbilical region
L. lumbar region
R. iliac region
Hypogastric region
L. iliac region
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Body Cavities
Dorsal Body Cavity:
_________ cavity
_________ cavity
Ventral Body Cavity:
_________ cavity
_____________ cavity
abdominal cavity
pelvic cavity
cranial
spinal
thoracic
abdominopelvic
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Thoracic Cavity
R. Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
L. Pleural cavity
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Anatomical Landmarks
Matching
head
skull
forehead eye
ear
cheek
nose
mouth
chin
aural or otic
buccal
cephalic cranial
frontal
mental
nasal
oral
orbital
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More Matching
armpit
upper arm
front of elbow
forearm
wrist
palm
thumb
fingers
hand
antebrachial
antecubital
axillary
brachial
carpal
digits
manus
palmar
pollex
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Even More Matching
neck
chest
breast belly
belly button / navel
shoulder back
loin
abdomen
acromial
cervical dorsum
lumbar
mammary thorax
umbilicus
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Almost Done Matching
hips
buttocks
groin
thigh
leg
back of knee
ankle
foot
sole of foot
crus
femoral
gluteus
inguinal
pelvis
pes or pedal
plantar
popliteal
tarsus