BIO 362 Exam 1 Package

8/11/2019 BIO 362 Exam 1 Package

1/66

bgray-botgs.doeup`olaga iy usgr YD

D`lss; IFO 489

@gdturg/Gxle; Gxle < tuay !u"ag

d#oo`; I$

gegstgr; pr"b% 9&


2/66

"#$ %&' le *gvfgw oh +gdturg Qrlbsdrfiga lba +glrbfbj$i,gdtfvgs bswgrga

@GDQWYG


3/66

!fag;3ow ;ogs eeobfl igdoeg fbdorporltga fbto efbo dfas8

1yd`g tmlt oddurs fb p`lbts L efdroigs (aogs bot oddur fb lbfel`s)

S`lbts lba =fdroigs mlvg ùtlefbg 4ybtmgtlsg I 4 lba $Q I

ùtleltg 4ybtmlsg.

=S34#D tmlt +AQ=#B 40BQ3Q4(4) fs houba fb

=leel`s lba 3uelbs9

$Q #4 B$Q(+A=Q 40BQ3Q4)

eeobfl fs doup`ga to l-ngtojùrltgto hore jùtleltg.

/frst bzyeg (ùtlefbg 4ybtmgtlsg )4 wf`` tl:g prg-gfstfbj jùtleltg

lba husga leeobfl obto tmg sfag dmlfb to hore ùtlefbg. eeobfl laas to

sfag dmlfb oh ùtleltg to hore ùtlefbg. ùtlefbg fs bow l suistrltg hor

tmg gbzyeg "O"LQ #"@WQL$LQG %&Q'GQLG( ) 0ou tl:g

leeobfl hroe j!utlefbglba laa ft to l-:gtojùrltg to hore j!utleltg.

ùtlefbg fs rgdobvgrtga ild: to ùtleltg. ùtleltg fs dobvgrtga to

ùtlefbg! lba tmgb ild: to ùtleltg (B$ BQ "#$40BQ34#4 $/

+AQ=#B B; +AQ=Q) ba *gegeigr tmlt $Q fs bot

prgsgbt fb eleel`s.

4o you lrg smutt`fbj leeobfl (B3%) laafbj ft to ùtleltg tmgb dobvgrtga

ft ùtlefbg tmgb trlbshgrrga to l-:gtojùtlrltg lba tmgb to ùtleltg ljlfb.ùtleltg lba ùtlefbg tmgy dyd`g to doup`g leeobfl to l-:gtojùrltg to

hroe jùtleltg.

$bdg you hore ùtleltg! you dlb aobltg lefbg jroup to otmgr l-:gto-ldfas

to hore dorrgspobafbj lefbo ldfas.

ùtleltg dlb ig usga ls l suistrltg iy gbzyegs dl``ga (Qrlbslefblsgs)

(3$7 1B Q3#4 " A4; 1+#B#1++0 Q$ =$B#Q* +#6*

/A1BQ#$B)

Qrlbslefblsgs; 7f`` tl:g efbg jroup hroe ùtleltg lba wf`` trlbshgr ft

to lb l-:gto-ldfa. $bdg you strfp lwly lefbg jroup hroe ùtleltg ft fs

dobvgrtga ild: to l-:gtojùrltg (l-:gto ldfa wf`` tmgb ig dobvgrtga to

dorrgspobafbj efbo dfa.) Qmgsg Qrlbslefblsgs usg *ftlefb I+ ls l

do,ldtor- #b tmg Qrlbslefblsg egdmlbfse tmg elfb pofbt fs tmlt ft fs

"f;frgdtfobl`)9

Qmfs aoduegbt fs tmg propgrty oh Bgray Botgs (www.bgray-botgs.doe). Sgrefssfob fs jrlbtga to vfgw tmfs aoduegbt

to lutmorfzga usgrs ob`y> usgrs lrg bot l`òwga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


4/66

Dobdg.t o, &ob/Gssgbtfl!s Lefbo Ldfas vs) Gssgbtfl! Lefbo Ldfa &ob/

Gssgbtfl!; 3uelbs dlb sybtmgsfzg hroe prg-gfstfbj eo`gdu`gs! tmroujm

sfep`g Qrlbslefbltfob rgldtfob! wg lrg li`g to sybtmgsfzg efbo dfas.

Gssgbtfl! Lefbo Ldfas 7g bgga to oitlfb hroe afgt.

3ow Qrlbslefblsg *gldtfob fs usga to sybtmgsfzg B$B-44BQ#+

=#B$ 1#;48 4o ùtleltg sgrvg ls lb lefbg jroup aobor to lb l-:gto

ldfa! fb tmg prodgss ùtleltg fs dobvgrtga to l-:gtojùrltg.

lep`gL`lbfbg LefboQrlbshgrlsgwf`` usg ùtleltg ls l suistrltg lba

trlbshgr lefbg jroup lba laa ft topyruvltg fb tmg prodgss pyruvltg igdoeg

l`lbfbg.

lep`g `so dlb usg $lòldgtltg! usg ùtleltg ls aobor lba dobvgrt

$lòldgtltg to splrtltg.

`so ùtleltg fs l suistrltg hor ùtlefbg 4ybtmgtlsg wmfdm wf`` tl:g hrgg

leeobfllba dob,ujltg ft to sfag dmlfb oh ùtleltg to hore ùtlefbg.

`so ùtlefbg ftsg`h dlb ig usga ls lb efbg jroup aobor! fb

L3LYL"&G %&Q'GQLGwmfdm wf`` listrldt lefbg jroup hroe

ùtlefbg lba laa ft to splrtltg fb wmfdm ùtlefbg wf`` jgt dobvgrtga

ild: to ùtleltg lba you hore splrljfbg.

botmgr glep`g oh l Qrlbslefbltfob rgldtfob fs tmg sybtmgsfs o, 3ro!fbg

lba Lrjfbfbg 9YO$ "@WQL$LQG)

4mgb you sgg "@WQL$LQG "O&" QO l/1GQO"@WQGYLQG tmfb7

o, l Qrlbslefbltfob rgldtfob)

e.ortlbt dobdg.t o, Dlriob aobors Qmgy aobltg obg dlriob wmgtmgr ftGs

fb tmg hore oh =gtmy` roup! =gtmy`gbg roup! or lbotmgr eo`gdu`g.

1g`` possgss sgvgrl` dlriob aobors Q3/! 4=! "#$Q#B.

Q3/ dlb aobltg egtmy`gbg jroup igtwggb Bs dlriob.

4-agbosy` =gtmfobfbg dlb aobltg =gtmy` jroup to lbotmgr eo`gdu`g.

7my fs tgtrl-myaroho`ltg (Q3/) #eportlbt8

Q3/ fs usga to sybtmgsfzg lefbo ldfas! bud`gotfags! dg`` afvfsfob sybtmgsfzgtmroujm ho`ltg (6ftlefb "H). /o`ltg fs l suistrltg hor gbzyeg afmyaroho`ltg

Ygaudtlsg( Ygaudtfob Ygldtfob)wf`` tl:g ho`ltg lba dobvgrt ft to

Qgtrlmyaroho`ltg(Q3/).

Q3/ mls to ig jfvgb l egtmy` jroup (dmlrjga). #b obg rgldtfob 4grfbg jfvgs

egtmy` jroup to (BJ! BM =gtmy`gbg Q3/). /o`fd dfa aghfdfgbdy lssodfltga

wftm "#*Q3 ;/1Q4 sudm ls lbgbdgpml`y lba spfbl ifhfal.




5/66

epmlsfzga9 $Q'9Y Ygldtfob)

B7, B! "gtmy`gbg Q#$Q$B7 "gtmy` %Q#$("y =gtmy`gbg

tgtrl3yaroho`ltg *gaudtlsg) ($Q'9Y(

#$Q'9Y(; =lby po`yeorpmfses fb tmfs gbzyeg! po`yeorpmfses fb

=Q3/* rgaudg fts ldtfvfty. =ost doeeob eutltfob fb &FF1ytosfbg to

tmyefbg. Srgjblbt woegb smouà dmgd: fh tmgy mlvg l eutltfob fb =Q3/*.

So`yeorpmfses fb (=Q3/*) lrg `fb:ga to hgtl` òss! lbgbdgpml`y! spfbl

ifhfal lba otmgr afsoragrs.

*gegeigr =gtmfobfbg dlb ig dobvgrtga to 4= fb tmg prgsgbdg oh QS.

=gtmfobfbg fs gssgbtfl` efbo ldfas9 4= (4-agbosyègtmfobfbg) dlb

aobltg fts egtmy` jroup to otmgr eo`gdu`gs lba fb tmg prodgss tmg 4= fs

dobvgrtga to (4-agbys`-3oeo1ystgfbg) tmgb dlb ig dobvgrtga to

3oeo1ystgfbg! tmgb tmg eo`gdu`g BJ K=gtmy` Q3/ doegs fbto p`ly.

(B7"gtmy` Q#$) fs drftfdl` to dobvgrt #oeodystgfbg to "gtmfobfbg! egtmy`

jroup tmlt Q3/ mls dlb ig aobltga to#oeodystgfbg to jgbgrltg

"gtmfobfbg.

=gtmfobfbg fs gssgbtfl` lefbo ldfas! ob`y wly to egtlio`fzg egtmfobfbg fs

vfl fts dobvgrsfob to 4=.

botmgr glep`g wmy 4= fs feportlbt fs tmlt ;B dlb ig egtmy`ltga.

1ytosfbg dlb ig egtmy`ltga iy lb gbzyeg dl``ga (;B =gtm`ytrlbshgrlsgs)

++ ;B =Q30+Q#$B *1Q#$B4 *NA#* 4=999999 4gg wmy

4= fs feportlbt.

/roe 4`fag =gtmy`ltfob oh 1ytosfbg fb 1p rgpglts iy ;Begtmy`trlbshgrlsgs(;B=Q) rgaudg gbg Qrlbsdrfptfob.

"ut Q3/ fs feportlbt to rgjgbgrltg 4=! fh you aobGt mlvg BJ-=gtmy` Q3/

you dlbt rgjgbgrltg 4= lba you wf`` mlvg l`` sorts oh proi`ges fb

=gtmy`ltfob rgldtfobs9

botmgr glep`g wmgrg 4= fs feportlbt (3fstlefbg fb fbh`leeltory

rgspobsg (bzyeg 3fstlefbg B-=gtm`yQrlbshgrlsg wf`` trlbshgr egtmy`

jroup obto 3fstlefbg! tl:g egtmy` jroup hroe 4=! laa =gtmy` jroup to3fstlefbg lba dobvgrt ft to lb fbldtfvg hore.

3oeodystgfbg dlb ig hurtmgr egtlio`fzga lba lddueu`ltg.

0$A =A4Q CB$7 Q3Q#&"&D'Q*B#4 S*1A*4$* $/

D'Q*B9

Nugstfob 7my ao =Q3/* =utltfobs `gla to g`gvltga `gvg`s oh

3oeodystgfbg8




6/66

=Q3/* =AQQ#$B4 `gla to g`gvltga `gvg`s oh 3$=$104Q#B

igdlusg (B-=gtmy` Q3/) fs feportlbt to dobvgrt 3oeodystgfbg to

=gtmfobfbg.

7mlt fs feportlbt oh 3oeodystgfbg fs tmlt ft fs l elr:gr hor dlrafovlsdu`lr

afsglsg.

3oeodystgfbg fs dobvgrtga to 1ystgfbg9 #bafvfaul`s mlriorfbj eutltfobs fb

=Q3/* possgs g`gvltga `gvg`s oh 3oeodystgfbg! wmfdm fs dobvgrtga! to

dystgfbg. #b p`ltg`gts! dystgfbg egtlio`fse jgbgrltgs myarojgb su`hfag tmlt

fbaudgs p`ltg`gt ljjrgjltfob9 (Qmroeiosfs)

1grtlfb efbo dfas wg dlbGt sybtmgsfzg (ssgbtfl`s efbo dfas) wg dlbGt

sybtmgsfzg tmge igdlusg wg `ld: lb gbzyeg.

b glep`g fs tmg ifosybtmgsfs oh+ysfbg, Qmrgobfbg, "gtmfobfbg9 Qmg

bzyeg lsplrto:fblsg(bot houba fb eleel`s) dobvgrts splrtltg to +ysfbg!

Qmrgobfbg! =gtmfobfbg. (3uelbs `ld: tmfs gbzyeg.) Otmgr 3roaudts o,

Lefbo Ldfa $gtlio!fse;

3geg! "foldtfvg efbgs! "foldtfvg B-ldy` efbo dfas

'geg Ifoybtmgsfs "gjfbs wftm `ydfbg! `ydfbg usga ls l prgdursor hor

3geg.

'geg 8gjrlaltfob 0ou dlb jgt l eo`gdu`g dl``ga If!!fruifb9 Qmfs fs

gdrgtga to tmg `lrjg fbtgstfbg lba dobvgrtga to Wroif!fbojgb) #b tmg `lrjg

fbtgstfbg! Aroif`fbojgb dlb ig dobvgrtga to 4tgrdoif``fb(pfjegbt wmfdm fs

irowb) Aroif`fbojgb dlb l`so ig dobvgrtga fb tmg :fabgy to Aroif`fb wmfdm

fs yg``ow.

:lubafdg 1lusga iy gdgss oh If!fruifb #'geg 8gjrlaltfob .roaudt(

@fvgr ays,ubdtfob lba if!g audt oistrudtfob( @lubafdg dlb ig trgltga iy

gposfbj tmg :fa to h`uorgsdgbt `fjmt tmlt fsoegrfzgs "f``ruifb fbto fsoegrs

tmlt dlb ig gdrgtga lba agjrlaga.

Ifoldtfvg Lefbgsfb wmfdm "fosybtmgsfs fbvo`vgs agdlrioy`ltfob oh efbo

ldfas. (Q3#4 #4 Q3 $B+0 #=S$*QBQ S*Q)

Srgdursor oh ;oplefbg fs +-;opl! obdg you agdlrioy`ltg +-aopl you

dobvgrt ft to ;oplefbg. ;oplefbg dlb ig l suistrltg lba tmgb proaudgBorgpfbgpmrfbg.

4= fs bggaga to dobvgrt Borgpfbgpmrfbg to pfbgpmrfbg. (jlfb wf`` ig l

egtmy`ltfob rgldtfob)

3lr7fbsob=s 8fsglsgfs dmlrldtgrfzfbj iy aghfdfgbdy fb ;oplefbg. Qmfs fs

trgltga wftm supp`gegbtltfob oh +-;$S feegafltg prgdursor oh

;$S=#B.




7/66

" lba 3fstlefbg

ùtleltg prgdursor oh " (el,or bgurotrlbsefttgr fb tmg 1gbtrl`

Bgrvous 4ystge.)

3fstlefbg dlb ig sybtmgsfzga hroe 3fstfafbg (prgtty #bgrt) wmfdm fbvo`vgs

agdlrio6y!ltfob rgldtfob.

#fstfbafbg gdlrio-y`lsg aghfdfgbdydlb dlusg Qourgttg sybaroeg. (Qmfb:

;gudg "fjfò el`g jfjlò) 3fstlefbg fs l`so lb feportlbt Bgurotrlbsefttgr

fb tmg irlfb.

Lefbo Ldfas lrg Ifoldtfvg $o!gdu!gs

ùtleltg! `ydfbg lba splrtltg. `` tmrgg lefbo ldfas hubdtfob ls

bgurotrlbsefttgrs fb tmg dgbtrl` bgrvous systge.

bo/ tmlt 3efbo 3dfas tmgesg`vgs dlb ig dob usgrs lrg bot l`òwga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


8/66

Abagrstlba mow tmg Argl dyd`g dobtrfiutgs to bftrojgb g`fefbltfob

*gvfgw oh +gdturg

3ow Bftrojgb fs fbdorporltga fbto efbo dfas8

B' dobvgrtga to leeobfl iy ildtgrfl! tmgb leeobfl tl:gb up iy tmg sof` iy

ildtgrfl lba p`lbts tmgb fbdorporltga fbto `utleltg. `utleltg dlb ig l

sourdg hor bftrojgb lba dlb ig usga to sybtmgsfzg otmgr lefbo ldfas tmroujm

trlbslefbltfob rgldtfobs. Qrlbslefbltfob rgldtfobs oddur iotm fb p`lbts lba

eleel`s.

ybtmgsfs o, &ob/Gssgbtfl! Lefbo Ldfas; e.ortlbt to 7bo>9




9/66

ùtlefbg ftsg`h dlb ig usga ls l sourdg oh Bftrojgb! sudm ls fb Ls.lrljfbg

ybtmgtlsg.(wftm eo`gdu`g oh QS) 7g afsduss 1lriob ;obors! Q3/ B;

4=.

Q3/ #4 dmlrjg wftm l 1lriob hroe sgrfbg lba you hore BJ!BM=gtmy`gbg

Q3/ lba sui sg?ugbtfl``y wftm tmg gbzyeg =Q3/* you dobvgrt (BJ!BM

=gtmy`gbg Q3/ to BJ =gtmy` Q3/.

7my fs BJ =gtmy` Q3/ feportlbt ljlfb8 BJ =gtmy` Q3/ fs feportlbt ljlfb

igdlusg oh tmg 4= dyd`g. BJ =gtmy` Q3/ usga to dobvgrt 3oeodystfgbg to

=gtmfobfbg.

/or +gdturg ' tmg ilsfd tmgeg fs tmlt leeobfl fs to6fd-

7my fs ùtleltg fs jofbj to ig feportlbt fb efbo dfa ;gjrlaltfob8

eeobfl fs bot jofbj to ig sgdrgtga iy tfssugs fb tmg iòoastrgle. Qfssugs

wf`` usg efbo dfa dlrrfgrs oh leeobfl! spgdfhfdl``yL`lbfbglba

Jùtlefbg. 7g bgga to ubagrstlba mow tmg Argl 1yd`g dobtrfiutgs to

Bftrojgb g`fefbltfob.

=ldroeo`gdu`lr protgfb agjrlaltfob! protgfbs dlb ig tl:gb up iy dg``s iy

prodgss oh gbaodytosfs wf`` tmgb hore hooa vlduo`g or gbaosoeg tmgb iro:gb

up iy +ysosoegs! +ysosoegs mls l bueigr oh afjgstfvg gbzyegs fb wmfdm

protgfbs dlb ig agjrlaga fbto doepobgbt plrts. 1g``s mlvg otmgr egdmlbfsesoh irgl:fbj aowb protgfbs! l vgry feportlbt prodgss dl``ga utopmljy (1g``s

mlvg tmg lif`fty to glt tmgfr owb protgfbs wmgb gbgrjy fs sdlrdg! tmgrg lrg

dgrtlfb jrowtm hldtors tmlt sfjbl` to tmg dg`` tmlt hooa fs p`gbtfhu` lba dg``

smouà jrow tmfs sfjbl`fbj dlsdlag ldtfvltgs l protgfb dl``ga eQ$* wmfdm

dobstftutfvg`y iòd:s lutopmljy9 7mgb hooa fs sdlrdg! jrowtm hldtors

igdoeg sdlrdg! eQ$* fs bo òbjgr ldtfvg ls ft smouà ig lba tmg dg``

ubagrjogs l aghlu`t pltmwly lba tmlt fs to ubagrjo utopmljy (wmfdm douà

ig l bueigr oh tmfbjs sudm ls irgl:fbj aowb dg`ù`lr doepobgbts

(orjlbg``gs)

Yl.leydfb *lpleydfb fs l dmgefdl` fbmfiftor oh eQ$* lba fbaudgs

lutopmljy. Asga d`fbfdl``y ls lb feeubosupprgsslbt to prgvgbt orjlb

rg,gdtfob ho`òwfbj :fabgy trlbsp`lbt ft ely ig igbghfdfl` hor pgop`g hor

suhhgrfbj hroe `zmgfegrGs afsglsg.




10/66

+lrjg suisgt oh dg``u`lr protgfbs lrg iro:gb aowb tmroujm

(Aif?uftfbSrotglsoeg 4ystge.) tmg dg`` mls to mlvg l egdmlbfse fb wmfdm ft

tg``s tmg Srotglsoeg tmfs protgfb mls iggb tljjga hor irgl:aowb. 0ou bgga l

1obtro` 4ystge! tmg dobtro` systge fs tmfs protgfb dl``ga Aif?uftfb! Aif?uftfb

fs jofbj to ig dob,ujltga to tmg protgfb you bgga to irgl:aowb! dob,ujltga

to `ysfbgGs ob tlrjgt protgfbs vfl fts 1-Q*=#BA4 oh Aif?uftfb tlrjgtga to

+ysfbg ob tlrjgt protgfbs.

Dobkujltfob o, Wif0uftfb to l Qlrjgt 3rotgfb

Aif?uftfb fs hfrst dob,ujltga to l protgfb dl``ga ! fb tmg prgsgbdg oh QS>

Aif?uftfb fs jofbj to ig dob,ujltga to 1ystgfbg oh protgfb. protgfb

wf`` bow ig Aif?uftfbltga (bot tlrjgt protgfb) l protgfb fb wmfdm Aif?uftfb fs

hfrst lttldmga.(Bot tlrjgt protgfb) Qmgb protgfb '-43 wf`` pfd: up Aif?uftfb

hroe lba Aif?uftfb wf`` ig trlbshgr to ' tmgb you jgt Aif?uftlbtga '

protgfb. Qmg ' protgfb fb tmg prgsgbdg oh Aif?uftfb hores l afegr wftm l

protgfb dl``ga %! % protgfb dobhgrs spgdfhfdfty lba tlrjgt sg`gdtfvg`y. #b tmg

prgsgbdg oh %! tmfs doep`g dlb tmgb rgdojbfzg l suistrltg protgfb lba

tljjga ft wftm Aif?uftfb. *gdojbfzfbj tmg suistrltg wftm % Aif?uftfb fs tmgbtrlbshgr to tmg suistrltg. Qmfs prodgss fs rgpgltga l bueigr oh tfegs! sgvgrl`

dyd`gs ubtf` protgfb fs po`y-uif?uftfbltga. Srotgfb tmlt fs po`y-uif?uftgbltga

wf`` ig tljjga hor agjrlaltfob. Aif?uftfb fs fbtgrgstfbj igdlusg agpgbafbj ob

irlbdmfbj oh Aif?uftfb! protgfb wf`` mlvg afhhgrgbt hlftms. /or purposg oh

"#$ %&' tmg protgfb tmlt fs po`yuif?uftfbltga wf`` tmgb ig tljjga hor

agjrlaltfob.

Dobkujltfob o, Wif0uftfb to l Qlrjgt 3rotgfb




11/66

=lssfvg 1oep`g dl``ga tmg Srotglsoeg(3ls eu`tfp`g protgfbs lssodfltgawftm ft.) ssgbtfl``y l jlriljg do``gdtor. 'M4 protglsoeg fs tmg dorg (bjfbg)

two dlps H4 1lps! wmfdm fb gssgbdg l`òw dlrjo-tlrjgtga protgfb to ig hggafbto tmg protglsoeg. Qmg H4 dlp jovgrbs gbtrlbdg oh suistrltgs.

Srotgosoeg mls opgb lba dòsg dobhoreltfobs.

Qmg Srotglsoeg ('M4) dobtlfbs tmrgg ldtfvg sftgs òdl`fzga to "gtl-suiubfts!

Qmrgobfbg *gsfaugs egafltg pgptfag ioba 3yaro`ysfs.

H4 1lps oh Srotglsoeg mlvg `fas! wmgb l suistrltg doegs fb tmlt fs

po`yuif?uftbltga tmg H4 dlp wf`` rgdojbfzg ft! ft wf`` opgb up! wf`` mlvg tmg

protgfb ubhoàga lba hga fbto tmg protglsoeg. Qmg H4 dlp rgdojbfzgsAif?uftfbltga protgfbs ubhoàs tmge lba hgga tmge fbto tmg protglsg doep`g

oh tmg protglsoeg hor 3yaro`ysfs.

efbo dfas lrg iro:gb aowb to leeobfl lba 1lriob s:g`gtobs. 1lriob

s:g`gtobs dlb ig rgdyd`ga! ft dlb ig pyruvltg! :gtobg ioafgs(l`so usga hor

gbgrjy gtdE. eeobfl fs igfbj dobvgrtga to A*.

3owgvgr tmg Bftrojgb eust ig gdrgtga.

ùtlefbg lba `lbfbg lrg leeobfl dlrrfgrs fb tmg iòoa.

/ltg oh /rgg efbo dfas /o`òwfbj agjrlaltfob oh afgtlry or gbaojgbousprotgfbs! tmg rgsu`tfbj lefbo ldfas dlb ig fbdorporltga fbto bgw protgfbs or

dlb ig dobvgrtga to Argl lba gdrgtga.

Doe.osftfob o, Wrfbg 5M oh gdrgtga Bftrojgb fs fb tmg hore oh Argl9

Qmg &ftrojgb .gdfgs fb tmg Wrfbg

Argl! Arfd dfa lba eeobfl




12/66

Argl fsprgaoefblbt Bftrojgbous spgdfgsfb Arfbg. Argl fs tmg irgl:aowb

proaudt oh efbo dfas. 9rfd 3dfafs tmg irgl:aowb proaudt oh Bud`gotfags.

Qmg elfb pofbt fs tmlt eost Bftrojgb fs gdrgtga fb tmg hore oh A*9

S`lsel dobdgbtrltfob oh leeobfl fs rgl``y òw! ljlfb igdlusg leeobfl fs

tofd. Qmgrg fs ob`y rgl``y òw dobdgbtrltfob oh hrgg leeobfl fb tmg Arfbg.

(#Q #4 1*#Q#1+ Q$ AB;*4QB; Q3Q Q3 A* 101+ $B+0

$11A*4 #B Q3 +#6*9) Argl 1yd`g ob`y oddurs fb tmg +fvgr. efbo

ldfas iro:gb aowb fbto Argl fb tmg `fvgr lba tmg Argl wf`` ig trlbsportga fb

tmg iòoa lba hf`tgrga out iy tmg :fabgys.

Argl wf`` ig trlbsportga fb tmg iòoa lba wf`` ig hf`tgrga out iy tmg :fabgys

lba tmgb gdrgtga out. 4$ Argl fs proaudga fb tmg `fvgr! hf`tgrga out iy tmg

:fabgys lba tmgb jogs to Arfbg.

@ojfd o, Lefbo Ldfa 8gjrlaltfob ùtleltg fs sourdg oh Bftrojgb hor l

bueigr oh Qrlbslefbltfob rgldtfobs. ùtleltg fs up tmg pyrlefa lba ft

aobltgs ft Bftrojgb to otmgr efbo dfas. #b tmg dlsg oh efbo dfa

"rgl:aowb! ft wf`` ig tmg rgvgrsg +AQ=Q wf`` ig tmg u`tfeltg11SQ$*9 Ql:g otmgr lefbo ldfas lba smutt`g tmge to ùtleltg9 4fbj`g

pofbt oh Bftrojgb fbto tmg Argl 1yd`g tmlt wf`` ig ùtleltg. Ql:g lefbo

ldfas! egtlio`ftgs lba hubbg` tmge to proaudtfob oh ùtleltg. /roe tmlt

ùtleltg! Bftrojgb dlb ig rgeovga lba dobvgrtga to Argl.

@ojfd o, Lefbo Ldfa 8gjrlaltfob;

Lefbo Ldfa 8glefbltfob ;glefbltfob rgldtfobs lrg dlrrfga out iy

Qrlbslefblsgs l/7gtoj!utlrltgfs tmg prfelry lefbo jroup lddgptor.

bueigr oh efbo dfas wf`` aobltg tmgfr lefbg jroup to l-:gtojùtlrtg to

hore ùtleltg. /ubbg`fbj l`` tmg Bftrojgb to proaudtfob oh ùtleltg fb




13/66

tmg `fvgr. #b tmg `fvgr tmgrg wf`` ig lb gbzyeg tmlt wf`` ig li`g to d`glvg tmg

lefbg jroup hroe ùtleltg lba `figrltg hrgg leeobfl.

b gbzyeg dl``ga "!utleltg 8gmyarojgblsg5 wmfdm fs vgry feportlbt

gbzyeg obdg you hubbg` BftrojgbGs fbto ùtleltg tmlt fs l suistrltg hor

ùtleltg ;gmyarojgblsg! wmfdm fb gssgbdg d`glvgs ioba! `figrltgs hrgg

leeobfl lba `figrltgs l-:gtojùtlrltg9

4o you mlvg tl:gb l`` tmg Bftrojgb hroe lefbo ldfas! dobvgrtga tmge lba

trlbshgrrga tmge fbto ùtleltg! ùtleltg mls l sfbj`g gbzyeg tmlt wf``

d`glvg leeobfl out ùtleltg to jgbgrltg l41gtojùrltg lba hrgg

leeobfl9 (+ojfd =l:gs sgbsg.) 6gry agafdltga ùtleltg ;gmyarojgblsg9

ùtleltg ;gmyarojgblsg wf`` jgbgrltg hrgg leeobfl lba l-:gtojùrltg.

/rgg eeobfl wf`` gbtgr Argl 1yd`g fb tmg `fvgr (jlfb ob`y fb tmg

+fvgr)

"@WQL$LQG 8G'%8YO"G&LG

prgssga fb `fvgr lba :fabgys (lba otmgr orjlbs ls wg``) $faltfvg`y

aglefbltgs jùtleltg

`fefbltgs lefbo jroups aobltga to jùtleltg hroe trlbslefbltfob

rgldtfobs.

Wrgl Dyd!g =gdmlbfse oh gdrgtfbj gdgss Bftrojgb hroe tmg "oay! Argl

fs tmg u`tfeltg dlrrfgr oh Bftrojgb.

=ust :bow tmg sourdg oh Bftrojgb fb Argl9 Qmg 1lriob wf`` doeg hroe

"fdlriobltg> Bftrojgb fb Argl fs doefbj hroe (9rgg Leeobfllba

Ls.lrtltg) tmg ,rgg leeobflfs doefbj hroe Jùtleltghroe tmg

"!utleltg 8gmyarojgblsg tg.9

Wrgl Dyd!g;

=gdmlbfse hor gdrgtfbj gdgss bftrojgb hroe tmg ioay> Argl fs tmg u`tfeltg

dlrrfgr oh bftrojgb.

/frst 4tgp wg afsdussga fs tmfs trlbslefbltfob rgldtfob! wmgrg you mlvg

l:gtojùtlrltg lba lefbg jroups hroe otmgr lefbo ldfas to hore ùtleltg!

tmosg lefbo ldfas wf`` igdoeg l-:gto ldfas! tmgb ùtleltg wf`` ig l

suistrltg hor ùtleltg gmyarojgblsg! d`glvgs ioba hroe ùtleltg to




14/66

jgbgrltg hrgg leeobfl lba rgjgbgrltg l-:gtojùrltg. l-:gtojùtlrltg to

ùtleltg fs l dyd`g! irfbjfbj fb lefbg jroups hroe otmgr lefbo ldfas !

hubbg`fbj tmge to ùtleltg, ùtleltg agmyarojgblsg stgps oddurs hrgg

leeobfl fs `figrltga! Qmg hrgg leeobfl tmlt fs jgbgrltga mgrg wf`` gbtgr

eftodmobarfl lba wf`` ig l suistrltg hor lb gbzyeg dl``ga (Dlrileoy`

8mospmltg ybtmgtlsg(eust 1bo/):)

Qmfs doeifbgs hrgg leeobfl wftm "f1lriobltg fbto l doepouba dl``ga

1lrileoy` Smospmltg9 $bdg tmfs fs horega tmg 1lrileoy` pmospmltg wf`` ig

l suistrltg hor tmg gbzyeg &rbftmfbg Qrlbsdlrileoy`lsg .Qmfs wf`` tl:g l

prg-gfstfbj eo`gdu`g oh $rbftmfbg lba doup`g ft to 1lrileoy` pmospmltg

lba wf`` jgbgrltg l eo`gdu`g dl``ga Dftru``fbg.1ftru``fbg wf`` ig gportga

out oh $ftodmobarfl fbto dytop`lse.

Qmfs 1ftru``fbg fs jofbj to ig l suistrltg hor Lrjfbosuddfbltg ybtmgtlsg!

wmfdm dob,ujltgs l eo`gdu`g oh 1ftru``fbg to l eo`gdu`g oh splrtltg. 7mlt

tmfs aogs fs tmlt ft hores lb rjfbfosuddfbltg eo`gdu`g. rjbfosuddfbltg wf``

ig l suistrltg hor Lrjfbosuddfblsgfb wmfdm ftGs feportlbt to :bow tmlt you

jgbgrltg rjfbfbg.

Qmg `lst stgp fb tmg A* 101+ fs tmgrg fs tmfs gbzyeg dl``ga Lrjfblsg ft

d`glvgs ioba igtwggb dlriob lba bftrojgb lba jgbgrltgs Argl lba dlriob

s:g`gtob fs rgjgbgrltga ls $rbftmfbg! $rbftmfbg jogs ild: to =ftodmobarfl

lba tmg dyd`g fs rgpgltga ljlfb.

#b gssgbdg tmg Argl dyd`g leeobfl fs hubbg`ga tmroujm l bueigr oh

rgldtfobs to hore Argl9

1fbgtfds o, Wrgl

Dyd!g 3roaudtfob




15/66

3ow ?ufd: tmg Argl 1yd`g jogs! fh you wgrg to fbjgst l eo`gdu`g oh

leeobfl! wftmfb l hgw sgdobas tmlt leeobfl wf`` afssfpltg fb tmg iòoa! lba

wftmfb tgb sgdobas eost oh ft wf`` ig dobvgrtga to Wrgl)7ftmfb tgb sgdobas

iow`s oh leeobfl wf`` ig dobvgrtga to Argl (6gry *lpfa) tmg rglsob ft fs

rlpfa fs igdlusg leeobfl fs ?uftg Q$O#1.

Wrgl Dyd!g 8fsoragrs Qmg two eost doeeob eutltfobs oh pgop`g wmo

mlvg fbiorb jgbgtfd afsoragrs oh Argl. =ost`y Dlrioeoy! .mos.mltg

ybtmgtlsglba Orbftmfbg Qrlbsdlrleoy!lsg! pgop`g wmo mlvg aghgdts fb

tmgsg gbzyegs lrg ubli!g to proaudg Argl9 rjfblsg dlb l`so ig fb fbiorb

jgbgtfd afsoragr9

/$1A4 $B /#*4Q Q7$ BD0=4

. 1lrileoy` pmospmltg sybtmgtlsg

'. $rbftmfbg Qrlbs1lrileoy`lsg

Sgop`g wmo mlvg aghfdfts fb tmgsg gbzyegs lrg ubli`g to proaudg Argl9 7mlt

wouà mlppgb fh pgrsob wgrg efssfbj 1lrleoy` pmospmltg 4ybtmgtlsg! 7mlt

wouà mlppgb to dgrtlfb egtlio`ftgs fb tmgsg pgop`g8

ùtleltg wf`` jo up! hrgg leeobfl wf`` jo up. #h you dlbGt dobvgrt

eeobfl fbto Argl fts `gvg` wf`` rfsg. `so Jùtleltglba leeobfllrg

suistrltgs hor lbotmgr gbzyeg tmlt gbzyeg fs "!utlefbg ybtmgtlsg) 4o

you wf`` l`so sgg l rfsg fb tmg `gvg`s oh ùtlefbg9

Q7$ Q++ Q+ 4#B4 Q3Q S$S+ * "$*B 7#Q3 #B"$*B

;#4$*;*4 $/ A* 101+

.`gvltfob fb L$$O&L +6+4.'.`gvltfob fb "@WQL$&G+6+4.

Argl 1yd`g sort oh `f:g l /ABB+.

7my fs eeobfl tofd8

eeobfl dobvgrtga to ùtlefbg (1`lssfd p`lbltfob). "ufàup oh

ùtlefbg rgsu`ts fb strodytg swg``fbj lba doeproefsgs lstrodytg hubdtfob!

wg aobGt rgl``y :bow dorrgdt lbswgr wg ,ust :bow fts tofd.

`tgrbltfvg tmgory fs tmlt leeobfl wf`` fbmfift potlssfue trlbsportgr fb

lstrodytg! potlssfue trlbsportgr wf`` dlusg dmòrfag fobs to gbtgr bgurobs.1`- wmfdm fs prgsgbt fb mfjm `gvg`s outsfag tmg dg``! typfdl``y gbtgr bgurob

(fbmfifts bgurl` sfjbl`fbj! wmgb you mlvg iufàup oh 1`- fobs fbsfag tmg

bgurob! you h`fp tmg potgbtfl` lba tmgsg bgurobs igdoeg gdftltory agvgòp

sgfzurgs9

eeobfl trfjjgrs bgurl` afsfbmfift fob lba sgfzurgs iy feplfrfbj lstrodytg

potlssfue iuhhgrfbj.




16/66

Wrgl Dyd!g afsoragrs Qrgltegbts

Sgop`g! wmo mlvg fbiorb-aghgdts oh Argl dyd`g! dlb ig trgltga suddgsshu``y.

$bg trgltegbt fs too usg 3mgby!Iutyrltg.

4o wmgb tmgrg fs l aghgdt fb tmg Argl 1yd`g! tmg jùtleltg wf`` ig dobvgrtga

to jùtlefbg! pgop`g jfvgb .mgby!iutyrltg dlb mlba`g jùtlefbg ft

dobvgrtga to l proaudt tmgy dlb gdrgtg. botmgr wly to trglt Argl 1yd`g

afsoragrs fs to :ggp tmgfr efbo dfa fbtl:g ls òw ls possfi`g99999 Sgop`g

dlb l`so ig jfvgb Igb2oltg! leeobfl dlb l`so dobvgrtga to `ydfbg lba

tmgb gdrgtga tmroujm otmgr pltmwlys. Argl 1yd`g afsoragrs fs bot hltl` fh

trgltga propgr`y9

4o mow fs leeobfl trlbsportga out pgrfpmgrl` tfssugs! sudm ls eusd`g! hor

glep`g8

3ow fs leeobfl jgbgrltga fb tmg =usd`g to ig trlbsportga ild: out to tmg

`fvgr hor gdrgtfob lba proaudtfob fbto Argl8

"gdlusg wg dlbGt ,ust rg`glsg eeobfl! dg``s mlvg gvo`vga l wly to usg

lefbo ldfas to trlbsport leeobfl fb tmg iòoa! vgmfd`gs hor leeobfl fb tmg

iòoa. "gdoegs l slhg wly to trlbshgr leeobfl hroe tfssugs to `fvgr lba too

:fabgys ls wg``9

"!utlefbg lba L!lbfbglrg Bftrojgb 1lrrfgrs9

"!udosg/L!lbfbg dyd!gfs l wly iy wmfdm our tfssugs trlbsport Bftrojgb to

tmg `fvgr9 +Q `lbfbg Qrlbslefblsg Ql:gs lefbgs jroups hroe jùtleltg

tmroujm trlbslefbltfob rgldtfob lba trlbshgrs tmge to pyruvltg so you lrg

proaudfbj `lbfbg fb tmg eusd`g tfssugs. #b =usd`g tfssug you lrg hubbg`fbj

bftrojgb fbto l`lbfbg! tmgb `lbfbg fs sgdrgtga fbto tmg iòoastrgle lba fs

pfd:ga up iy tmg `fvgr! gbtgrs tmg `fvgr! tmgb sleg gbzyeg `lbfbgQrlbsefblsg fb `fvgr dobvgrts l`lbfbg ild: fbto Syruvltg (tmroujm rgvgrsg

rgldtfob). efbg jroup fb `lbfbg fs trlbshgrrga ild: fbto l:gtojùrltg to

rghore jùtleltg. ùtleltg tmlt fs hore fb tmg `fvgr tmgb fs hubbg`ga fbto

tmg Argl 1yd`g. `lbfbg usga l dlrrfgr hor Bftrojgb fb tmg iòoa! dlrryfbj

Bftrojgb hroe tmg eusd`g fbto tmg `fvgr! wmgrg fts fs dobvgrtga ild: to

pyruvltg! tmroujm jùdobgojgbgsfs igdoegs jùdosg tmlb dlb jo ild: to

eusd`g9 Qmfs wly trlbsportfbj `lbfbg fbto tmg +fvgr lba gdrgtfbj Bftrojgb

hroe tmg eusd`g to tmg `fvgr.

"!udosg/L!lbfbg Dyd!g;




17/66

#b laaftfob

`utlefbg fs l`so usga ls l bftrojgb dlrrfgr."l


18/66

tmfs tgst fb wmfdm g`gvltga `gvg`s oh 4Q lba +Q `gvg`s smow tfssug

aleljg.

#b tmg `fvgr ùtleltg agmyarojgblsg proaudgs hrgg leeobfl tmlt fs

suisg=ugbt`y hga fbto tmg 9rgl Dyd`g. Dobsg=ugbt`y, lisgbdg oh tmfs

gbzyeg /ouà sfjbfhfdlbt`y rgaudg urgl proaudtfob.#B 1$BQ*4Q

ùtlefblsg aogs bot sfjbfhfdlbt`y dobtrfiutg to urgl proaudtfob fb tmg `fvgr

iut ft feportlbt hor jùtlefbg myaro`ysfs fb tmg :fabgy.

Argl dlb ig eglsurga ls wg`` ("AB) "òoa Argl Bftrojgb. 7mfdm fs l afrgdt

eglsurg oh Argl fb tmg iòoa. Argl proaudga fb tmg +fvgr! sgdrgtga out fbto

tmg iòoa strgle! dlb eglsurg mow eudm Argl fs fb tmg iòoa ftsg`h.

1fsp`ltfb (1mgeotmgrlpy jgbt) /ouba g`gvltga `gvg`s oh "òoa Argl

Bftrojgb tmg dobdùsfob mgrg fs tmlt tmgrg lrg *gbl` Sltmoòjfgs

(;yshubdtfob oh Cfabgys)

7my wouà "òoa Argl Bftrojgb ("AB) +6Q#$B ig l elr:gr hor rgbl`

ayshubdtfob8 =glbs :fabgys lrgbGt propgr`y hf`tgrfbj tmg iòoa> tmgy lrgbGt

propgr`y hf`tgrfbj out Argl out oh tmg iòoa. Q3A4 you sgg lb g`gvltfob oh

"òoa Argl Bftrojgb.

+fvgr fs proaudfbj Argl! iut tmg :fabgys lrg ubli`g to hf`tgr ft out tmlt wmy

tmgrg fs lb g`gvltfob fb "AB `gvg`s.

*gaudga "òoa Argl Bftrojgb fbafdltgs your ioay fsbGt proaudfbj suhhfdfgbt

leoubt oh Argl9 "gdlusg Argl ob`y ig proaudga fb tmg `fvgr tmlt fep`fgs

+#6* ;04/AB1Q#$B. `so g`gvltga `gvg`s oh trlbslefblsg douà eglb

+fvgr ayshubdtfob.G!gvltga !gvg!soh "AB jgbgrl``y wf`` tg`` you fts Cfabgy ;yshubdtfob.

\WGQO&; %ou lrg l tgst suikgdt tl7fbj lb fbvgstfjltfobl! aruj dl!!ga

%$fb8fsD!lss) %our i!ooa tgst rgvgl!s rgaudga i!ooa urgl bftrojgb #IW&(

lba g!gvltga !gvg!s o, l!lbfbg trlbslefblsg #L@Q() 4mlt dlb you dobd!uag

ilsga ob tmfs fb,oreltfob?

) Cfabgy ayshubdtfob sujjgstga iy rgaudga lrgl proaudtfob fb tmg :fabgys

") Cfabgy ayshubdtfob sujjgstga iy g`gvltga +Q

1) +fvgr ayshubdtfob sujjgstga iy rgaudga "AB lba g`gvltga +Q

;) "rlfb ayshubdtfob igdlusg # dlbt hfjurg out tmg lbswgr

8gjrlaltfob o, Dystgfbg5 L!lbfbg5 grfbg5 "!ydfbg5 Qmrgobfbg

S$#BQ 0$A 36 Q$ CB$7 #4 Q3Q3+3B*BDLB IG

DB!G"QG# Q 8'Y963Q$

*gegeigr tmlt splrtltg dlb ig dobvgrtga to $lòldgtltg




19/66

Cbow tmlt lsplrljfbgfs dobvgrtga to lsplrtltg9 "y +-splrljfblsg wmfdm

jgbgrltgs hrgg leeobfl.

@/Ls.lrljfblsgfs feportlbt fb 1lbdgr Qmgrlpy! soeg pltfgbts lrg

laefbfstgrga tmfs gbzyeg

4oeg dlbdgr dg``s aobGt gprgss Ls.lrljfbg ytmgtlsg#rgvgrsg o,

Ls.lrljfblsg( >mfdm dobvgrts Ls.lrtltg to Ls.lrljfbg(. 1lbdgr dg``s lrg

agpgbagbt ob splrljfbg (hor "ufàfbj protgfbs lba dg`` afvfsfob ftsg`h)

4$ #/ 0$A Q*Q Q3 SQ#BQ4 7#Q3 4S*#B4 tmfs wf``

*;A1 1#*1A+Q$*0 +6+4 $/ splrljfbg! tmg lsplrljfblsg

dobvgrts splrljfbg to splrtltg lba igdlusg dlbdgr dg``s dlbt sybtmgsfzg

splrljfbg! tmgrg lrg susdgptfi`g lba afg ohh. 1lbdgr dg``s aobGt mlvg

splrljfbg 4ybtmgtlsg. 4oeg dlbdgr dg``s dlbGt sybtmgsfzg splrljfbg. 0ou

fbtroaudg gbzyeg tmlt irgl:s aowb splrljfbg! you stlrvg tmge lba tmgy

afg. lep`g wmy ilsfd pltmwlys `f:g tmfs fs vgry feportlbt.

YG$G$IGY; $GQ'O&&G fs iro7gb ao>b fbto L$

#/Lagbosy!egtmfobfg(

4gvgrl` efbo dfas lrg iro:gb aowb to ldgtoldgtltg (l :gtobg ioay)

8gjrlaltfob o, Qry.to.mlb to Ldgtoldgtltg(Cgtobg "oay)

(efbo dfa to l-:gtoldfa)

Irgl7ao>b o, 3mgby!l!lbfbg lba Qyrosfbg;

Smgby`l`lbfbg lba Qyrosfbg egtlio`fse fs fbtgrgstfbj. #biorb aghgdts oh

tmgsg gbzyegs lssodfltga wftm egtlio`fd pltmwlys.

Sgop`g wmo aghgdt fb 3mgby!l!lbfbg 'yaro6y!lsg(tmgy mlvg Smgby`l`lbfbg

fb tmgfr urfbg). #h tmgy mlvg l aghgdt fb tmfs gbzyeg tmgb tmgy smouàbGt tl:g

splrtltg (dlb mlvg pmgby`l`lbfbg fb ft) swggtgbgrs.

;ghfdfgbdfgs fb 9uelry!ldgtoldgtlsgmlvg l iufàup oh Qyrosfbg9 =lfb

pofbt fs tmlt you dlb mlvg elby oh tmgsg gbzyegs lba mlvg spgdfhfd

pltmoòjfgs lssodfltga wftm tmge.

@gdturg C;Surfbgs lba SyrfefafbgGs @glrbfbjOikgdtfvgs;

Cbow tmg afhhgrgbdg igtwggb *fiobud`gotfags lba agoy*fiobud`gotfags.

Cbow tmg pltmwlys hor Surfbg lba Syrfefafbg "fosybtmgsfs Cbow

tmg "lsfd strudturg oh Syrfefafbg Bud`gotfags.




20/66

Abagrstlba tmg ro`g oh Qgtrl3yaroho`ltg fb Bud`gotfag "fosybtmgsfs

Abagrstlba tmg ilsfd pltmwly hor bud`gotfag irgl:aowb lba fts ro`g fb

muelb afsglsgs.

Ygdorafbj &otgs; 1l2odmol

prfeg 1lriob wf`` ig lttldmga to tmg Bftrojgblsg "lsg. *B wf`` mlvg

Arldf`! ;B wf`` mlvg tmyefbg. *-jroup fb pfdturgs stlbas hor *fiosg. 'Gposftfob fb rfiosg dlb mlvg l 3yaroy` roup or 3yarojgb. #h ft mls l

3yaroy` jroup ft wf`` ig l"f%osglba ft mls 3yarojgb ft wf`` ig

ago&yrf%osg.

%G posftfob tmgrg fs l 3yaroy`. JG posftfob you mlvg l pmospmltg lttldmga.

($bg or eorg pmospmltgs)

e.ortlbt sujlrwftm l %lsg lttldmga to ft fs dl``ga l &ud!gosfag99

Bow fh tmgrg fs l pmospmltg lttldmga to tmg JG gba! ft igdoegs bud`gosfag

eobopmospmltg! fh two pmospmltgs ft igdoegs Bud`gosfag afpmospmltg.

4o lbytfeg you mlvg l %lsg! 'ujlr! lba lby bueigr ohp(osp(ltgs)ft fs

lutoeltfdl``y dl``ga l &WD@GOQ8G9

jlfb you mlvg hfvg ilsgs! agbfbg!ulbfbg!1ytosfbg!Arldf`!Qmyefbg.

7my fs Surfbg Bud`gotfags #eportlbt8

Bud`gotfags lrg feportlbt fb "fosybtmgsfs oh ;B\*B. 0ou gp`oft

prodgss oh "fosybtmgsfs oh tmgsg bud`gotfags hor tmgrlpgutfd purposgs.

QS\QS bgrjy 1urrgbdy oh tmg 1++9

Qo sybtmgsfzg*urfbgsft wf`` doeg hroe l doeeob prgdursor (#=S) #bosfbg

=obopmospmltg.#=S fs l spgdfl` Olbtmfbg "lsg (#=S)! wmfdm mls obg pmospmltg (#=S wf``

ig feportlbt wmgb C*D# afsdussgs t*B lba protgfb ifosybtmgsfs lba

*fiosoeg rgldtfob).

3urfbg Ifosybtmgsfs;

agbfbg lba ulbfbg lrg bot horega ls hrgg ilsgs

Surfbg sybtmgsfs prodggas tmroujm l rfiobud`gotfag fbtgregafltg (#=S)




21/66

Surfbg Bud`gotfags wf`` ig sybtmgsfzg hroe l doeeob prgdursor dl``ga #=S9

IO%&Q'G O9 $3

$bg oh tmg rgldtfobs sdmgegs to sybtmgsfzg #=S. 3Y33 ls l suistrltg! wf``

usg"!utlefbg to aobltg lb lefbg jrou. to lb != .osftfob) "!utlefbg fsfe.ortlbt fb tmfs dlsg ls aobor) "!utlefbg igdoegs "!utleltg) Qmfs fs

tmg g6le.!g >mgrg mg slfa tmlt "!utlefbg fs fe.ortlbt fb bud!gotfag

ifosybtmgsfs #$3 9OY$LQO&(

botmgr *gldtfob fbvo`vgs Q3/ (jlfb =gtmy`ltfob *gldtfob). #b tmfs ft

aobltgs l horey` jroup lba aobltgs ft to lbotmgr eo`gdu`g! tmgb lhtgr l

bueigr oh rgldtfobs you hore #=S! wmfdm fs tmg A+Q#=Q prgdursor oh

agbfbg lba ulbfbg bud`gotfags.

'o> Dg!!s sybtmgsf2g L$3 or "$3 ,roe $3?

4o #=S mls two hltgs! ft dlb igdoeg =S or =S. Qmfs wf`` agpgba ob tmg

suistrltgs tmlt lrg lvlf`li`g hor tmg gbzyeg

4o to hore =S you wf`` rg?uftg3splrtltg.(43$A+; CB$7)splrtltg

wf`` aobltg obg oh fts lefbgs lba hore =S.

1obvgrsg`y #=S dlb ig usga to sybtmgsfzg =S lba tmfs wf`` rg?ufrg

`utlefbg (wf`` aobltg lb efbg jroup ls wg``) O

Ls.lrtltghor =S

O "!utlefbghor =S

$3 8G'%8YO"G&LG; (1`fbfdl``y *g`gvlbt) #eportlbt gbzyeg tmltdobvgrts #=S to =S




22/66

4mlt dou!a ig l d!fbfdl! fbafdltfob ,or 8rujs tmlt i!od7 .urfbg

ifosybtmgsfs8

#eeubosupprgsslbt aurfbj orjlb trlbsp`lbtltfob! #eeubosupprgsslbt usga

to trglt lutofeeubg afsglsg sudm l rmgueltofa lrtmrftfs lba 1rombGs afsglsg!lba dmgeotmgrlpgutfd arujs. 4o #eeubg dg``s (Q-1g` s wf`` afvfag! wmgb

tmgy afvfag tmgy mlvg to sybtmgsfzg ;B lba *B fh you rgaudg purfbg

ifosybtmgsfs you wf`` rgaudg 1g`` afvfsfob.

$ydo.mgbo!fd Ldfa; #s lb fbmfiftor oh #=S ;gmyarojgblsg! ljlfb usga ls

lb #eeubosupprgsslbt.

Qmfojulbfbg #s lb #bmfiftor oh #=S ;gmyarojgblsg! usga fb rgefssfob

tmgrlpy hor ldutg Bob-`yepmltfd `gu:gefls.

Bot usga aurfbj elfbtgblbdg dmgeotmgrlpy aug to `fvgr tofdfty. +fvgr

tofdfty agvg`ops ho``owfbj dmrobfd usg.

QL" +yepmodytgs possgss mfjm `gvg`s oh ($3 8gmyarojgblsg). Bow wg

horega =S lba =S! wg mlvg to jgt ft to tmg afpmospmltg hore lbau`tfeltg`y to Qrfpmospmltg hores.

bzyegs dl``ga Cfblsgs (fbvo`vg pmospmory`ltfob rgldtfobs)

Lagby!ltg 1fblsglba "ulby!ltg 7fblsgwf`` strfp l eo`gdu`g hroe QS

lba trlbshgr ft to =S lba =S so ft igdoegs ;S lba ;S.




23/66

;S lba ;S jofbj to trfpmospmltg hore fs egafltga iy l sfbj`g gbzyeg

(6gry bob-spgdfhfd) rgldts wftm otmgr bud`gotfags ls wg``. +f:g urldf` lba

tmyefbg.

&ud!gosfag 8f3mos.mltg 1fblsg; 7f`` trlbshgr l tgrefbl` pmospmltg hroe

QS to l af-pmospmltg bud`gosfag. Bud`gosfag ;fpmospmltg Cfblsg dlb usg l

tgrefbl` pmospmltg hroe lby trfpmospmltg bud`gotfag.

Bud`gosfag ;fpmospmltg Cfblsg fs spgdfhfdl``y jovgrbga iy elss ldtfob.

Bobspgdfhfd gbzyeg tmlt dltl`yzgs tmg trlbshgr oh pmospmory` jroups to O;S

to hore OQS.

&ud!gosfag 8f.mos.mltg 1fblsg;

Bob-spgdfhfd gbzyeg tmlt dltl`yzgs tmg trlbshgr oh pmospmory` jroups to O;S to hore OQS.

8yrfefafbg ybtmgsfs Qmg Syrfefafbg fs 1ytosfbg! Arldf`! Qmyefbg. #b

gssgbdg wmy pyrfefafbgGs lrg mlba`ga afhhgrgbt`y. SyrfefafbgGs lrg vgry

spgdfl`! tmg afhhgrgbdg igtwggb Arldf` lba 1ytosfbg fs tmg prgsgbdg oh lb

efbg jroup tmfs fs #=S$*QBQ9

Syrfefafbg "fosybtmgsfs fs vgry doep`g> wg lrg jofbj to stlrt ohh wftmW$3) #Wrfafbg $obo.mos.mltg(

1g``s mlvg to mlvg l egdmlbfse to trlbshgr ft hroe A=S to A;S lba AQS.

Qmgrg lrg l`so :fblsgs hor Arldf`. Qmg spgdfhfd obg hor A=S fs Wrfay!ltg

1fblsgdobvgrts A=S to A;S. jlfb you sgg &ud!gosfag af.mos.mltg

7fblsg tmfs dobvgrts A;S to AQS (ljlfb bob-spgdfhfd ldts ob l``

Bud`gotfags). Bow AQS dlb ig dobvgrtga to 1QS ($b`y Qrfpmospmltg hore).

ybtmgsfs o, DQ3 jlfb tmg ob`y afhhgrgbdg igtwggb Arldf` lba 1ytosfbg fs

tmg prgsgbdg oh lb lefbg jroup fb dytosfbg. `utlefbg wf`` aobltg fts sfagdmlfb to Arldf` to dobvgrt ft to 1ytosfbg. "y 1QS sybtmgtlsg(*g?ufrgs QS)

jlfb `utlefbg fs aobltfbj lb lefbg jroup to urldf` to hore 1QS.

ybtmgsfs o, DQ3;




24/66

Nugstfob 4my ao you tmfb7 Wrldf! fs bot usga fb 8&L?$bg jooa rglsobfs 1QS dlb ig dobvgrtga ild: to AQS fb tmg prgsgbdg oh oyjgb or soegsupgrofag (oyjgbltga gbvfrobegbt) tmg ioba tmlt :ggps tmg Bftrojgb fb

1ytosfbg fs wgl: lba ft fs hlfr`y glsy to dobvgrt 1QS to AQS. ;B rgplfrgbzyegs wf`` rgdojbfzg prgsgbdg oh Arldf` lba wf`` gdfsg ft. #h urldf` wls

tmgrg! you wf`` jgt l ?uftg l hgw gdfsfobs lba elby otmgrs.

*gry e.ortlbt gb2yegtmlt ob`y ldts ob *fio bud`gotfags fb tmgfrafpmospmltg hore9 Qmg gbzyeg ob`y ldts ob *fiobud`gotfags fb tmgfr

afpmospmltg hore. #t dobvgrts l bud`gotfag B;S to aB;S(eglb 'Gmyaroy`

jroup fs efssfbj)

/orYfiobud`gotfag Ygaudtlsgto wor: Bud`gotfag eust ig fb afpmospmltg

hore. 4o tmfs Yfiobud!gotfag Ygaudltlsg gbzyeg wf`` ldt ob ;S to horea;S! A;S to hore aA;S! 1;S to hore a1;S! ;S to hore a;S ! lba

1;S to hore a1;S.

/oreltfob oh aBQSs(4leg Bob-4pgdfhfd (Bud`gosfag afSmospmltg Cfblsg)

wf`` ldt ob agoybud`gotfags 4 +$B #Q4 #B Q3 ;#S3$4S3Q

/$*=9

9oreltfob o, Qmyefbg Qmyefbg fs mlba`ga fb l vgry spgdfl` wly>

dobvgrsfob oh Arldf` to Qmyefbg fs mlba`ga iy two afhhgrgbt gbzyegs.

;fhhgrgbdg igtwggb Arldf` lba Qmyefbg fs tmg prgsgbdg oh l egtmy` jroup fb

Qmyefbg jofbj to fbvo`vg obg oh tmg egtmy` aobors.




25/66

7mlt mlppgbs hfrst fs you hore aAQS! iut dg``s lrg ubli`g to hore Arldf` tmlt

fs lttldmga to agoyrfiosg! eo`gdu`gs tmlt sybtmgsfzgs ;B dlb fbdorporltg

AQS fb ;B (tmfs fs l S*$"+=) to prgvgbt tmfs dg``s usg lb gbzyeg

dl``ga aAQSlsg (lb gbzyeg tmlt d`glvgs aAQS vgry rlpfa`y d`glvgs two

pmospmltgs ohh aAQS. s soob ls aAQS fs horega ft fs rlpfa`y dobvgrtga toaA=S(eobopmospmltg).

Bud`gotfags fb trfpmospmltg hore dlb ig fbdorporltga fbto ;B bot fb

eobopmospmltg. Qmfs gbzyeg gbsurgs tmlt Arldf` fs bot fbdorporltga fbto

;B so you hore aA=S ! lba tmfs aA=S wf`` sgrvg ls l suistrltg hor l

*GY% $3OYQL&Q YGLDQO&( Qmfs fs tmg Qmyefay`ltg ybtmlsg

Ygldtfob) tmfs rgldtfob wf`` ob`y fbvo`vg tmg trlbshgr oh dlriob. Qrlbshgr oh

1lriob hroe BJ!BM =gtmy`gbg

Qgtrlmyaroho`ltg lba laas ft to Arldf` to hore Qmyefbg. #b tmfs prodgss you

l`so hore ofafzgs Q3/ fbto afmyaro,o!ltg! wmfdm fs vgry ubusul` tmfs

tmyefaf`ltg sybtmlsg gbzyeg wf`` o6faf2g Q'9 to afmyaro,o!ltg#tmfs mls

sfjbf,fdlbdg( .

$C 4$ 7 4Q*Q $// wftm aA=S ljlfb wg lrg egtmy`ltga ft to jfvg

aQ=S(wmfdm fs aobg iy Qmyefay`ltg 4ybtmlsg) !1lriob hroe BJ!BM

=gtmy`gbg Q3/ fs trlbshgrrga to aA=S to hore aQ=S lba fb tmfs prodgss

BJ!BM =gtmy`gbg fs dobvgrtga to ;f3yaroho`ltg . Qmgb gbzyeg;f3yaroho`ltg *gaudtlsg wf`` dobvgrt afmyaroho`ltg ild: to

Qgtrlmyaroho`ltg(Q3/) tmgb Q3/ dlb ig dmlrjga ljlfb wftm l egtmy` jroup

hroe tmg hfrst `gdturg wftm sgrfbg sgrvfbj ls tmg sourdg(4grfbg aobltg dlriob

to Q3/.)

Ljlfb Qmyefay!ltg ybtmglsg dobvgrts aW$3 to aQ$3 lba

afmyaro,o!ltg rgdobvgrtga ild7 to Qgtrlmyaro,o!ltg.




26/66

*glsob wmy tmfs fs feportlbt fs igdlusg you dlb fbmfift tmgsg gbzyegs.

/or lep`g #=S ;gmyarojgblsg dlb ig usga tmgrlpgutfdl``y.

tg. ; Qmyefay!ltg ybtmlsg;

Ygjgbgrltfob o, Qgtrlmyaro,o!ltg;




27/66

Qmyefay!ltg ybtmlsgwmfdm ljlfb dobvgrts aA=S to aQ=S fs tlrjgtga iy

l bueigr oh arujs (/aA=S hor glep`g) ljlfb tmgsg arujs lrg dl``ga

Ybtfegtlio`ftgsT #h you iòd: "fosybtmgsfs oh Q=S! wftm Qmyefay`ltg

sybtmlsg fbmfiftors! you rgaudg dlbdgr dg`` pro`fhgrltfob.

Yl!tftrg6ga5#Wsga Durrgbt!y( wmfdm fs usga hor doòrgdtl` dlbdgr5fs l

Qmyefay`ltg sybtmlsg fbmfiftor

8fmyaro,o!ltg Ygaudtlsg#bmfiftors lrg dl``ga Ybtfho`ltgsT

. =gtmotrgltg lba Qrfegtmoprfe (tlrjgts ildtgrfl` afmyaroho`ltg

rgaudltlsg)8fmyaro,o!ltg Ygaudtlsgwmfdm dobvgrts ;3/ ild: to Q3/ fs

l`so tlrjgtga iy l bueigr oh arujs.

*gry Irfg,!y afsduss &ud!gotfag Irgl7ao>b Arfd dfa! afrgdt egtlio`ftg

oh Bud`gotfags. `` iro:gb aowb to Arfd dfa. Sofbt fs tmgrg fs l bueigr oh

bzyegs tmlt dobvgrt =S! #=S! O=S! =S! to eo`gdu`g dl``ga;lbtmfbg

lba ft fs tmg;lbtmfbg! wmfdm igdoegs tmg suistrltg hor lb gbzyeg dl``ga;lbtmfbg &-falsgtmlt dobvgrts (;lbtmfbg to 9rfd 3dfa.) A`tfeltg`y

egtlio`fzfbj bud`gotfags to Arfd dfa. 7g gdrgtg A*#1 1#; ls wg wouà

gpgdt.

"OWQ#gvgrg ,oot .lfb(

7mfdm fs dmlrldtgrfzg iy lb gdgss oh Arfd ldfa lba rgaudga urfd ldfa

gdrgtfob. Qmfs fs trgltga wftm l`òpurfbo`wmfdm fs lb fbmfiftor oh-lbtmfbg

o-falsg(wmfdm dobvgrts lbtmfbg to Arfd dfa) `òpurfbl` fs l pro-aruj tmlt

fs dobvgrtga to oypurfbo`(fb tmg `fvgr) ($ypurfbo` fs wmlt fbmfiftslbtmfbg O6falsg.)

botmgr trgltegbt hor out fs wftm l eo`gdu`g dl``ga*ro%gbgdfa(ldts ob

bgpmrob) ft fbmfifts rglisorptfob oh urfd ldfa lba tmfs wf`` l`òw Arfd ldfa to

ig gdrgtga9

gvgrg Doeifbga eeuboag,fdfgbdy;

;ghgdts fb tmg proaudtfob oh `yepmodytgs (Q lba " dg``s)

#bafvfaul`s dlbbot eoubt lb feeubg rgldtfob ljlfbst fbvlafbj pltmojgbs>pltfgbts rg?ufrg l iobg elrrow trlbsp`lbt hor survfvl`. *glsob wmy pgop`g

agvgòp tmfs dobaftfob fs igdlusg tmgrg fs l aghfdfgbdy fb bud`gotfag

dltlio`fse. 4pgdfhfdl``y fb irgl:aowb oh 3urfbgs)

Cbow tmlt l dlusg oh 4gvgrg 1oeifbga #eeuboaghfdfgbdy fs3agbosfbg

aglefblsg aghfdfgbdy (eost doeeob dlusg),wf`` dlusg l iufàup fb

agbosfbg bud`gotfags!agbosfbg aglefblsg fs liubalbtg`y gprgssga fb




28/66

`yepmodytgs. ;ghfdfgbdy dlusgs iufàup oh agoylagbosfbg ! wmfdm fs tofd

to dg``s. Bueigr oh *glsobs wmy ;goyrfiobud`gotafgs lrg tofd.

Surfbg bud`gosfag pmospmory`lsg aghfdfgbdy (eudm rlrgr) rgsu`ts fb iufàup

oh agoyjulbosfbg trfpmospmltg! wmfdm fs tofd to Q `yepmodytgs9 Qmfs

gbzyeg aghfdfgbdy hggaild: lba dlusg l iufàup oh egtlio`ftgs

(AS4Q*=).

*=="* "A#+;AS $/ ;B4#B BA1+$Q#;4 hggas ild: ob

"+IB,DGQ+#G "G#,DQL'G) (fd(dobvgrts agbosfbg to

agoylagbosfbg dlusfbj tmg iufàup oh agoylagbosfbg! wmfdm fs tofd to

dg``s.

+f:g Qlrjgtfbj 1lbdgr wftm splrljfblsg.

@gdturg ; &ud!gfd Ldfas

Dgbtrl! aojel o, eo!gdu!lr ifo!ojy "foòjfdl` fbhoreltfob hòws hroe

;B to *B to protgfb9 A`tfeltg`y ftGs tmg strudturg oh protgfb lba to soeg

dobtgt tmg strudturg oh *B tmlt fs agtgrefbfbj tmg hubdtfob oh l ifoòjfdl`

prodgss. #t fs tmg do``gdtga hubdtfob oh tmgsg afhhgrgbt protgfbs fbsfag tmg dg``

tmlt pgreft ifoòjfdl` hubdtfob ob mow orjlbfses wor:.

;Bs lif`fty to dopy ftsg`h! mow tmg strudturg oh ;B fs li`g to rgp`fdltgftsg`h! tmg prodgss tmlt rgp`fdltgs gboefd fbhoreltfob. Clrzlf wf`` tl`: liout

Qrlbsdrfptfob! trlbshgr oh fbhoreltfob hroe ;B to *B lba trlbs`ltfob

hroe *B to protgfb. 3ow wmgb tmgsg hubdtfobs lrg egssga up tmgy dlusg

afsglsgs. Abagrstlba mow *gp`fdltfob! Qrlbsdrfptfob lba Qrlbs`ltfob lrg

rgju`ltga! wmlt mlppgbs fh tmgy lrg efs-rgju`ltga.

#=S$*QBQ Q3= #4 3$7 4Q*A1QA* #4 *+Q; Q$

/AB1Q#$B.

Bud`gfd dfas fbdùags#go&yrf%obud`gfd ldfalba"f%obud`gfd ldfa. òt

oh e*B aobGt mlvg spgdfhfd strudturg! t*B strudturg fs vgry

ubf?ug(feportlbt fb Qrlbs`ltfob) . &sr*B fb rfiosoeg fs l doepobgbt oh

tmg %M4 rfiosoeg.

/odus elfb`y ob ;B strudturg lba mow ft fs rg`ltga to fts lif`fty to

aup`fdltg ftsg`h.




29/66

7mlt fs ;B8

1oeputgrs usg M! hor tmgfr doag! mow fs tmlt doag storga8 #t fs storga fb "fts!

you mlvg eljbgts fbsfag ifts wmfdm dlb ig posftfvg or bgjltfvg! tmlt hf`g fs

storga fb M! doag! tmlt fs storga ob tmg mlra arfvg.

5< o, C8 .rfbtfbjfs tmg !Q!1! ilsgs!

Doe.utgr ,f!gfs tmg gbg! tmlt fs tmg hf`g tmlt agsdrfigs tmg wmo`g strudturg

oh oi,gdt.

rob O6fag #s tmg eltgrfl` tmlt el:gs up tmg eljbgt fb tmg 3*; ;*#6.

;B fs tmg eltgrfl`! bot ygt tmg jgbg! ;B fs @A4Q l dmgefdl`

(agoyrfiobud`gfd dfa) Qmlt dmgefdl` fs lblòjous to tmg eljbgt (el:gs

up #rob ofag). ;B fs tmg eltgrfl` tmlt storgs tmg fbhoreltfob. ! Q (A)!1!

fs tmg doafbj systge.

C8 .!lstfd oikgdt #out.ut) fs lblòjous to tmg S*$Q#B.

1oeputgr hf`g fs tmg gbg 'lra arfvgdlb ig tmg jgboeg.

Qmg fagl fs tmlt ;B fs bot tmg jgbg! doag. ;B #4 Q3 =Q*#+ Q3Q

4Q$*4 ! Q(A)! 1! 1$;4 $B #Q. =l:g dobbgdtfobs.

@glrbfbj Oikgdtfvgs ,or 3lrt o gts o, G6.grfegbts;

9rgagrfd7s "rf,,ftms G6.grfegbt;# usgrs lrg bot l`òwga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


30/66

Youjm trlfb #&ob/*fru!gbt( ; ;obGt mlvg s`fey dolt so efdg wf``

proili`y `fvg.

L dmgefdl! rgsfstlbt to mglt fs rgs.obsfi!g ,or tmg mgrgafty o, vfru!gbdg fb

trg.tododdus .bgueobflg

9rgagrfd7 "rf,,ftmHs G6.grfegbt # usgrs lrg bot l``owga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


31/66

B3 * Y8&B*>+ $&Y Q# #Y*Q' &$ 6*Y9+BD *B

QY8Q&D&DD9 8B9"&B*3

Qmg Os>l!a Lvgry=s G6.grfegbt; /frst (3glt-:f``ga seootm strlfb lba

efga wftm *oujm 4trlfb) *gsu`t tmg eousg afgs.

"of`ga strlfb (3glt-:f``ga seootm strlfb) wls trgltga wftm Srotglsg hfrst lba

tmgb efgs ft wftm tmg *$A3 4Q*#B.

3rotglsg; Srotgfb tmlt wf`` agjrlag l`` protgfb

3glt-:f``ga seootm strlfb efga wftm roujm strlfb 2*blsg Ygsu!t Qmg

eousg afgs9 4o you tl:g iof`ga ildtgrfl hroe seootm strlfb! you trglt ft wftm

;blsg wmfdm wf`` dmop up ;B! irgl:aowb ;B fbto sel`` pfgdgs lba ef

ft wftm *oujm 4trlfb Ygsu!t #4 Q3 =$A4 +#649

$47+; 6*0 OS*#=BQ! wmfdm smowga tmlt ;B fs rgspobsfi`g

hor tmg mgrgafty oh vfru`gbdg fb 4trgptododdus pbgueobflg

Os>l!a LvgryHs G6.grfegbt #


32/66

Qmg bgt ifj Nugstfob 3ow aogs ;B plss ob jgbgtfd fbhoreltfob hroe

obg jgbgrltfob to tmg bgt8 7mlt fs tmg egdmlbfse8

/roe obg orjlbfse to fts ohhsprfbj

/roe dg`` to dg`` wftmfb tmg sleg orjlbfse. Qmg lbswgr `fgs wftmfb tmg ;B

strudturg.

4trudturg wf`` ig l el,or tmge tmroujmout tmfs doursg999

7ltsob lba 1rfd: ob`y iuf`t l eoag` oh ;B tmlt hft l`` tmg ;Q. Qmgfr

eoag` oh ;B sujjgstga tmlt l dopyfbj egdmlbfse.

Qmg two strlbas oh ;B mlvg doep`gegbtlry sg?ugbdgs! wmgb two strlbas

oh ;B lrg sgplrltga! gldm strlba dlb ig usga l tgep`ltg! hor sybtmgsfs oh

two bgw alujmtgr strlbas.

"y dobtrlst tmg fbdorrgdt eoag` proposga iy Slu`fbj lba 1orgy afa bot

sujjgst l dopyfbj egdmlbfse.

@glrbfbj Oikgdtfvgs ,or 3lrt usgrs lrg bot l``owga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


33/66

8flegtgr o, 8&L aoui!g mg!f6fs 'M B4Q*$=4 or 'MMW-M egtgrs

Qmgrg fs l protgfb tmlt mg`ps ;B po`yegrlsg stly ob tmg ;B. Qmfs

prgvgbts po`yegrlsg hroe doefbj ohh (tmfs protgfb fs dl``ga>4`fafbj

D`lep) or S1B tmfs protgfb mg`ps po`yegrlsgs stly ob! mls l mo`g tmlt fs

%Mbjstroes wfag! you dlb feegafltg`y proposg l egdmlbfse ob mow

"s`fafbj d`lep (or S1B) mg`ps protgfb stly ob ;B ft fs ilsfdl``y l aobut

tmlt hores l rfbj lrouba l ;B eo`gdu`g lba l`òws po`yegrlsg to stly ob!

so :bowfbj plrlegtgrs fs vgry feportlbt.

$bg ilsg plfr to tmg bgt fs liout %.< bjstroes wfag. 3ow

elby ilsg plfrs lrg tmgrg fb 3uelbs8

%.'"f``fob "lsg plfrs

3ow òbj fs ;B wmgb you strgtdm ft out8

%MWHip (%.< MW-Me)IMMW-e wmfdm fs < egtgr9 (Cbowfbj tmfs

bueigr l`òws you to :bow mow òbj fs l pfgdg oh ;B wmgb you strgtdm ft

out hroe 3uelb dg``.

Bueigr oh "lsg plfrs pgr turb fs liout M.Jip pgr turb. =l,orfty oh ;B

fbsfag dg``s fs fb tmg "-/ore> "-hore ;B fs l rfjmt-mlbaga aoui`g mg`f.

;frgdtfobs your hfbjgrs lrg pofbtfbj lrg tmg afrgdtfob you bgga to tl:g up.




34/66


35/66

Lbtf/Dob,oreltfob o, "!ydosy! Ioba)

"lsg pofbtfbj lwly hroe tmg sujlr rfbj. Qwo strlbas fb oragr to plfr

propgr`y! tmg two strlbas eust ig fb opposftg afrgdtfobs! obg JGto%G lba otmgr

JGto%G fb opposftg afrgdtfob. Sofbtfbj wly hroe tmg rfbj tmlt fs tmglbtfdobhoreltfob.

"!ydosy! Ioba #s tmg ioba igtwggb tmg sujlr rfbjlba tmg ilsg)

7my fsbGt ft fb tmg 4yb dobhoreltfob8

4ujlr-pmospmltg ild:iobg fs bgjltfvg`y dmlrjga! aobGt wlbt to ig dòsg

tojgtmgr smouà ig hlr lplrt. QmgrghorgB3 f1gs to ig fb tmg

3btfdobhoreltfob hor tmg `ydosy` ioba fb tmg >4$ore B3.

agbtf,yfbj $lkor lba $fbor "roovgs;/frst fagbtfhy tmg sujlr-pmospmltg ild:iobg! tmgb arlw l `fbg tmlt fs

tlbjgbtfl` to durvg oh ;B(Slrl``g` `fbgs) lba feegafltg`y you dlb sgg tmg

spldfbj. Asg @eo` to sgg `gdtrob agbsfty! dlb sgg jroovgs eorg glsf`y

(=fbor jroovg! wmfdm fs blrrowgr. Bow fh you jo up ob =l,or roovg ft

aogsbGt dross ovgr. =l,or roovg lba =fbor jroovg lrg sgplrltg.

$lkor "roovg5 $fbor "roovg5 ujlr/.mos.mltg ild7iobg Qmfs fs wmlt

eo`gdu`gs sgg sg?ugbdgs oh ;B.

7mgb you wlbt to hfba l spgdfhfd sg?ugbdg! you usg your gygs to òo: lt

`gttgrs. =o`gdu`gs 4 tmg strudturgs oh ;B! tmg eo`gdu`g potgbtfl``y

fbtgrldts wftm tmg sujlr-pmospmltg ild:iobg or fbsgrt ftsg`h fb =fbor roovg

or ft wf`` fbsgrt ftsg`h fb tmg =l,or roovg to fagbtfhy lba afstfbjufsm obg

sg?ugbdg hroe lbotmgr.

3ow ao eo`gdu`gs afstfbjufsm igtwggb sg?ugbdgs8 Qmrgg strudturgs tmlt

B3 >fbafbj protgfbs douà potgbtfl``y rgdojbfzg0

.4ujlr pmospmltg ild:iobg




36/66

'.=fbor roovg

%.=l,or roovg

Asghu` Qfps

7mgb agtgrefbfbj tmg afrgdtfobl`fty oh l ;B strlba fagbtfhy tmg JG lba %G

lba hfrst. Qo fagbtfhy tmg JG lba %G hodus ob obg pgbtosg *fbj lba tmgb

fagbtfhy tmg JGlba %Gdlriobs. Qmgb arlw lb lrrow.

e.ortlbt; /or tmg JG gba tmgrg aogsbGt mlvg to ig pmospmltg (7mlt fs ob

tmg JGgba ;$4BQ elttgr) 5mlt gtgrefbgs tmg frgdtfobl`fty fs tmg

ujlr Yfbj:

4oegtfegs wmgb you wlbt to sybtmgsfzg ;B hor lb gpgrfegbt! you wlbt l

hrgg %G 3yaroy` jroup! soegtfegs l pmospmltg jroup iut ft agpgbas mow

you doeefttga you lrg liout tmg strudturg.

7ltsob-1rfd: "lsg Slfrfbj fb ;B (or *B) fs tmg strudturl` ilsfd hor

doep`gegbtlry lssodfltfob igtwggb two bud`gfd ldfa strlbas. plfrs spgdfhfdl``y wftm Q (A) lba wftm 1. 7ltsob lba 1rfd: ilsg plfrfbj

fs obg :fba oh fbtgrldtfob tmlt stlif`fzgs tmg aoui`g mg`f. botmgr typg oh

hordg tmlt fs stlif`fzfbj ;B fs tmg stld:fbj oh ilsgs! wmfdm dlusg iy

myaropmoifd fbtgrldtfobs igtwggb obg ilsg plfr to tmg bgt. roeltfd *fbjs!

wmfdm mlvg l òt oh! pf g`gdtrobs liovglba ig!o>tmg rfbj. 3yaropmoifd

gbvfrobegbt :fba oh `f:g lb of` arop (+f:g of` arop`gts tmlt `f:g stfd: to gldm

otmgr) 6fbgjlr fs 3yaropmf`fd! of`y arop`gts ("lsgs stld:fbj ob top gldm

otmgr wmfdm fs hlvorli`g.) #eljfbg l dljg oh wltgr horefbj lrouba ;B

ilsgs

Ilsg tld7fbj fb &ud!gfd Ldfas

3yaropmoifd! 6lb aggr 7ll`s lba g`gdtrostltfd fbtgrldtfobs hlvor tmg

l`fjbegbt oh ilsgs fb lb l?ugous soùtfob or wftmfb l po`ybud`gotfag dmlfb!

tmg ub-stld:ga orfgbtltfob fs afshlvorga.

"-/ore ;B fs tmg eost proefbgbt fb blturg fb pmysfoòjfdl` dobaftfobs!

ubagr afhhgrgbt dobaftfobs !;B dlb mlvg -;B or D-;B.

L/8&Lfs eorg doepldt lba smortgr hor sleg leoubt oh "lsg plfrs.(*fjmt3lbaga 3g`f)

M/9ore Dfj-Dfj! +ght mlbaga mg`f elyig hfba D-/ore fb l`tgrbltfbj \1

rfdm rgjfobs.

;B (fbvfvo) eost`y houba fb "-/ore ;B.

8&L Lao.ts 8f,,grgbt 'g!fdl! 9ores;




37/66

*B l`so dlb hore 3g`fdgs. *B fs eorg `f:g tmg -/ore oh ;B.

ujlr .ud7gr dob,oreltfob;

D/=G&8O vs) D/C=G&8O

I/9OY$; #1G' gbao sujlr pud:gr) sp% dlriobs fb sujlr rfbj (lbj`g oh sp%

dlriobs fs MH.J ) Sgbtljob bggas to jfvg eorg lbj`gs to gldm dlriob! so

gvgry dlriob mls MH.J lbj`gs.

#b tmg D= gbao .ud7grtmg 'G dlriob fs mfjmgr tmlb tmg %Gdlriob. #b

tmg DC= gbao .ud7grtmg %G dlriob fs mfjmgr tmgb 'G dlriob.

7my fs L/9OY$ eorg ,lvorli!ghor *B8

"gdlusg fb *B you mlvg 'G3yaroy` jroup tmlt wouà fbtgrhgrg wftm tmg

1'Gbao sujlr pud:gr dobhoreltfob (Qmg 'G 3yaroy` jroup fb *B wouà

d`lsm wftm tmg pmospmltg.) Qmus wmy *B fs houba prgaoefblbt`y fb tmg 1%

gbao sujlr pud:gr hore (*B prghgrgbtfl``y fb /$*=.)

*B strudturg tgbas to ig eorg afvgrsg! tmg gtrl 'G 3yaroy` jroup fb

*B! wmfdm dlb hore 3yarojgb iobas wftm bgfjmiorfbj oyjgb! or fbtgrldtwftm wltgr eo`gdu`g horefbj irfajgs (gtrl dobhoreltfobs) *B strudturg fs

eorg afvgrsg.

3ow aogs l ;B "#B;#B S*$Q#B (trlbsdrfptfob hldtor) hfba l spgdfhfd

;B sg?ugbdg8

#h you wgrg l ;B ifbafbj protgfb eo`gdu`g! mow wouà you hfba l

.lrtfdu!lrsg0ugbdg8 0ou wouà hfba ft tmroujm tmg el,or jroovg. 7my8




38/66

Qmg doep`fdfty oh l sg?ugbdg prgsgbtga fb tmg el,or jroovg fs ?uftg

doep`g> eo`gdu`g dlb ig agsfjbga to rgdojbfzg plrtfdu`lr fbtgrldtfobs oh

tmg sg?ugbdgs sudm ls 3yarojgb "oba-aobor lba lddgptors. Qmg strudturl`

doep`gfty oh tmg efbor jroovg fs `gss. 4trudturl` 1oep`gfty ob tmg"fbor

jroovg fs `gss.

Qmg protgfb tmlt wlbts to hfba l spgdfhfd sg?ugbdg! eost `f:g`y wf`` hfba tmg

=@$* *$$69

Qmgrg lrg ldtul``y protgfbs tmlt wlbt to ifba to l`` ;B sg?ugbdgs> tmfs

protgfb wf`` proili`y ifba to tmg =fbor jroovg or tmg sujlr-pmospmltg

ild:iobg. $lkor G6dg.tfob;

QLQL/IO I&8&" 3YOQG&; 7mfdm fs l hfrst protgfb tmlt wf`` ifba to

proeotgr lba stlrt trlbsdrfptfob! tmlt protgfb wf`` fbsgrt ftsg`h fb tmg =fbor

jroovg.

3ow protgfbs rgdojbfzg afhhgrgbt spgdfgs iy rgdojbfzfbj el,or lba efbor

jroovgs.4trudturl` =otfhs oh ;B ifbafbj protgfbs

Qmgsg eo`gdu`gs fbsgrt tmgesg`vgs fb =l,or roovg

3g`f-turb-3g`f eotfh

"lsfd 3g`f-`oop-mg`f eotfh

"lsfd +gudfbg Dfppgr =otfh

trudturl! $otf,s o, 8&L Ifbafbj 3rotgfbs;




39/66

ujlr 3ud7gr Dob,oreltfob; D/H gbao vs) D/CH gbao;




40/66

'yarojgb/Ioba 8obor lba Lddg.tor Ltoes fb tmg $lkor lba $fbor

jroovgs o, 8&L;

3yarojgb "oba aobor lba lddgptor ltoes fb tmg =l,or lba =fbor roovg oh

;B. Botfdg mow tmg hour possfi`g ilsg plfrs lrg dmgefdl``y afstfbdt fb tmg

el,or lba efbor jroovg.

@gdturg + ;B 4trudturg lba *gp`fdltfob

@glrbfbj Oikgdtfvgs o, 3lrt ; ;gtgrefbg wmgtmgr l ;B eo`gdu`g fs

rg`lga or strgssga ilsga ob tmg strudturl` plrlegtgrs oh ;B.

;gsdrfig tmg prodgss oh ;B agblturltfob lba lbbgl`fbj (or rgblturltfob)

p`lfb wmy lbbgl`fbj two doep`gegbtlry ;B fs l sòw prodgss

;gsdrfig wmlt lrg mypo dmroeltfd lba mypgr dmroeltfd ghhgdts oh ;B.

#btgrprgt gpgrfegbtl` altl tmlt eglsurgs ;B agblturltfob lba lbbgl`fbj.

Botgs hroe *gdorafbj

#t fs possfi`g to ubwfba ;B igdlusg sf oh tmg iobas fb tmg bud`gotfags dlb

rotltg hrgg`y! fbdùafbj tmg ioba wftm tmg ilsg. "obas dlb rotltg to l`òw

dmlbjgs to ;B! tmgrghorg you dlb hroe l mg!fdl! ,oreto lb ub>ouba

.lrl!!g! strlbas.

\ugstfob;




41/66

7mlt fs tmg bueigr oh ilsg plfrs pgr turb fb rg`lga as;B8

*g`lga as;B ("-/$*= ;B fb pmysfoòjfdl` dobaftfobs.) M.J ilsg plfr

pgr turb.

Abwouba hore fs vgry ubstli`g.

%.< bjstroes lrg tmg afstlbdg hroe ip to tmg bgt.

*gegeigr wmgb soegtmfbj agvfltgs hroe blturl` hore oh ;B fts fs jofbj

to eovg ild: to tmg eorg stli`g hore. #t fs `f:g l sprfbj lba you wlbt to

doeg ild: to stltg wmgrg bueigr oh ilsg plfrs pgr turb fs M.J.

'o> ao you jo ,roe &lturl! aoui!g mg!fdl! mg!f6 to doe.!gtg!y sg.lrltga

strlbas?

0ou wf`` bgga to hordg aoui`g mg`f to ubwfba ft. Abwfba ft to tmg pofbt

wmgrg ft lèost igdoegs strlfjmt plrl``g`. 0ou bgga to put fb gbgrjy obg

hore oh gbgrjy fs mglt. 3glt up ;B slep`gs lba sgplrltg fbto two strlbas!

tmfs prodgss fs dl``ga ;BQA*Q#$B9 $r eg`tfbj oh ;B.

8gblturltfobfs l rlpfa doopgrltfvg prodgss. =ovfbj rfiiobs lrouba wf``

mg`p agblturltfob oh bgfjmiorfbj sg?ugbdgs! eg`tfbj oh obg plrt oh ;B wf``

mg`p tmg eg`tfbj oh tmg Bgfjmior.

Qmg eg!tfbj tge.grlturg Q$oh l aup`g ;B fs tmg tgepgrlturg lt wmfdm

ml`h oh tmg ;B fb tmg slep`g fs agblturga (3l`h fs fb aoui`g-mg`fdl` hore

lba tmg otmgr fs ubwouba.

#b tmg opposftg afrgdtfob jofbj hroe two sfbj`g-strlbaga ;B ild: to

lbbgl` aoui`g strlba tmfs rgvgrsg prodgss fs dl``ga (Lbbgl!fbj) or

rgblturltfob.

7mgb you lrg mgltfbj up ;B lt vgry mfjm tgepgrlturg `f:g HJ1 lba you

lrg sòw`y dmlbjfbj tgepgrlturg ild: to rooe tgepgrlturg! tmg ;B

sg?ugbdgs wf`` hfba gldm otmgr lba tmgb twfst lrouba gldm otmgr to hore

aoui`g-mg`fdl` strudturg.

$pposftg prodgss fs eorg doep`fdltga igdlusg sg?ugbdgs dlb ig l`` ovgr tmg

p`ldg! tmgy bgga to hfba doep`gegbtlry sg?ugbdgs hfrst lba tmgb plfr up lba

hfba gldm otmgr! lba tmg /#B;#B S*Q #4 tmg sòw prodgss ("gdlusg you

bgga to òo: hor tmg rftg plrtbgr). "ut obdg tmg sg?ugbdgs hfba gldm otmgr! tmghorefbj oh tmg aoui`g mg`f fs l hlst prodgss9

#h you jo QOO \WD1@% hroe HJ1 to 'J1 ! wmlt wf`` mlppgb ! you efjmt

bot hfba pgrhgdt eltdmgs! soegtfegs tmgrg wf`` ig sg?ugbdgs wftm tmg sleg

strlba oh ;B lba you hore tmgsg òops tmlt lrg doep`gegbtlry to gldm

otmgr lba hore tmgsg òdl` strudturgs lba soegtfegs youG`` hfba sg?ugbdgs




42/66


43/66

3glt dlb sgplrltg ;B! iut l`so+bdrglsfbj pM fs l`so l egt(oa to agblturg

#BLtmg myarojgb iobas wf`` igdoeg ag.rotobltga5 lba dlbbot hore

3yarojgb iobas. 7my aogs tmfs el:g ft hl`` lplrt8 Qmg sujlr Kpmospmltg

ild:iobg fs bgjltfvg`y dmlrjga lba dlusgs tmge to hl`` lplrt (-) dmlrjgs

rgpg` gldm otmgr.

B$7 fh you laa 1#; to tmg ;B! tmg ;B wf`` ljjrgjltg tmg sujlr

pmospmltg ild:iobg igdoegs `gss bgjltfvg! tmgrghorg tmgy stfd: gldm otmgr.

'o> ao you eglsurg dmlbjg fb strudturg o, 8&L8

3ow ao wg ldtul``y agtgdt eo`gdu`gs oh ;B sgplrltg hroe gldm otmgr! obg

wly fs to `oo: lt tmg A6 lisorptfob oh ;B. 6fsfi`g `fjmt mls l wlvg`gbjtm

oh


44/66

Qmg rglsob ft dmlbjgs hroe `ow to mfjm ft igdlusg fbftfl``y you mlvg as;B!

ls ft afssodfltgs ft feegafltg`y dmlbjgs to l mfjm lisorilbdg sftultfob. Qmg

efapofbt igtwggb trlbsftfobs fs eg`tfbj tgepgrlturg igdlusg tmfs fs pofbt

wmgrg ml`h oh eo`gdu`g fs stf`` aoui`g-strlbaga lba otmgr ml`h fs sfbj`g

strlbaga.

4mfdm L+3ro,f!gs Dorrgs.oba to 4mfdm &L g0ugbdgs;

B3 Ygp`fdltfob 3ow ao dg``s usg obg strlba! two strlbas ls tgep`ltgs to

sybtmgsfzg tmg bgw alujmtgr strlbas8

@glrbfbj Oikgdtfvgs ,or 3lrt

;gsdrfig tmg strudturg oh tmg suistrltgs oh ;B rgp`fdltfob

;gsdrfig tmg dmgefstry oh ;B sybtmgsfs lba tmg dltl`ytfd egdmlbfse oh

;B po`yegrlsg.

p`lfb tmg eo`gdu`lr egdmlbfse oh ;B po`yegrlsg tmlt gbsurgs tmglddurldy oh tmg po`yegrlsg rgldtfob

p`lfb mow ;B po`yegrlsg rgldtfob fs prfega.

/odus ob dmgefstry oh ;B sybtmgsfs lba eo`gdu`lr egdmlbfse oh ;B

rgp`fdltfob.

Dmgefstry o, Ygldtfob Dooefbj fb lt ltoefd `gvg`s! tryfbj to ubagrstlba

mow iobas lrg irgl:fbj! wmlt g`gdtrobs lrg lttld:fbj wmlt.

$o!gdu!lr $gdmlbfse; Dooe out stgp. +oo: lt tmg Srotgfbs9 Qmg

1mgefstry oh ;B *gp`fdltfob tmg suistrltgs oh ;B *gp`fdltfob mls twosuistrltgs .) a&Q3.

'.) 3rfegrFtge.!ltg kubdtfob Qwo strlbas! l tgep`ltg strlba mlvg lb

ss;B lba as;B. ss;B wf`` provfag l tgep`ltg strlba! afrgdts tmg

sybtmgsfs oh doep`gegbtlry bud`gfd ldfa.




45/66

Qmg prfegr strlba bggas to mlvg l %G$3 jroup tmlt wf`` ig usga to gtgba tmg

strlba. 8rfegr trlba dlb ig B3 or YB3. 3owgvgr tmg bgw`y sybtmgsfzga

proaudt fs ;B. tgba hroe tmg %G$3 ob tmg prfegr strlba fb tmg JGto %G

afrgdtfob. ;B sybtmgsfs aogs B$Q oddur wftmout l prfegr.

*gegeigr you bgga l %G$3 jroup to gtgba.

Ovgrvfg> o, tmg Dmgefstry 8&L ybtmgsfs lba tmg $o!gdu!lr $gdmlbfse

o, 8&L Yg.!fdltfob;

Qmg Dmgefstry o, 8&L ybtmgsfs;/oreltfob oh pmospmoafgstgr "oba tmroujm

4B' rgldtfob.

4o fbdoefbj aBQS! hores l 7ltsob-1rfd: ilsg plfr! ft wf`` ig posftfob so tmgpmospmltg wf`` ig vgry d`osg to tmg 3yaroy` roup. %G$3 wf`` lttld: tmg l`pml

pmospmltg oh fbdoefbj aBQS fb lb 4B' rgldtfob. 4B' rgldtfob fs doorafbltga>




46/66

$3 jroup fs tmg Bud`gopmf`g (òvgs Bud`gus oh pmospmorous). Qmg jol` fs to

hore l pmospmoafgstgr ioba! d`glvfbj pmospmorous oyjgb ioba! tmg `glvfbj

jroup fs .yro.mos.mltg)

&ud!go.mf!g; %G$3 ob tmg prfegr strlba lttld:s l`pml-pmospmltg @glvfbj

"rou.; Syropmospmltg oh tmg fbdoefbj aBQS.

7mgb aBQS fs bot doep`gegbtlry to gldm otmgr! tmg bud`gotfags lrgbGt `fbga

up propgr`y.

Dltl!ytfd G,,fdfgbdy #s strobj`y agpgbagbt ob tmg lif`fty oh tmg fbdoefbjbud`gotfag to hore doep`gegbtlry ilsg plfrfbj wftm tmg tgep`ltg.

3DY Ygldtfob Sut fb l ;B! lba l prfegr! po`yegrlsg! aBQS4 lba tmgbyou wf`` sybtmgsfzg proaudt ilsga ob tgep`ltg strlba.

7mgb you ef ;B! tgep`ltg! lba prfegr tojgtmgr wftm aBQS4 B$Q3#Bwf`` mlppgb! wftmout tmg gbzyeg (tmgrg fs lb dtfvltfob gbgrjy ilrrfgr)! you

wobGt spobtlbgous`y jo tmroujm tmfs rgldtfob ft wf`` tl:g yglrs. 0ou bggagbzyeg to òwgr ldtfvltfob gbgrjy ilrrfgr. ;B po`yegrlsg fs gbzyeg tmltfs òwgrfbj tmg gbgrjy. #bdoefbj aBQS wf`` hore pmospmoafgstgr ioba.

Qmg Dmgefstry o, 8&L ybtmgsfs; 9oreltfob o, 3mos.moafgstgr IobaQmroujm & Ygldtfob;

Qmg ldtfvg sftg oh ;B po`yegrlsg dlb dobdgptul``y ig sgplrltga fbto post-

fbsgrtfob sftg lba fbsgrtfob sftg. Qmg post-fbsgrtfob sftg fs wmgrg ftGs moàfbj




47/66

l`rglay plfrga ilsg plfrs> ft l`so moàs bud`gotfag ob prfegr-strlba tmlt dobtlfbs

3yaroy` roup! wmfdm fs jofbj to lttld: fbdoefbj aBQS.

bsgrtfob sftg fs wmgrg fbdoefbj bud`gotfag fs jofbj to hft fb! ft l`so dobtlfbs

tgep`ltg tmlt fs doep`gegbtlry to fbdoefbj bud`gotfag. (aBQS) l`so p`ldg

wmgrg ilsg plfrfbj oh bgw bud`gotfags fs jofbj to oddur.

Qmg Gb2yeg tmlt Dltl!y2gs tmg ybtmgsfs o, 8&L fs Dl!!ga 8&L

3o!yegrlsg #3o!(;

*gegeigr tmg 8&Q *BYQ*&B *Qfs wmgrg lttld:fbj bud`gotfag fs

òdltga.

bsgrtfob ftg 7mgrg fbdoefbj bud`gotfag aBQS l`so p`ldg wmgrg ilsg

plfrfbj oh bgw bud`gotfag fs jofbj to oddur.

8&L 3O@%$GYLG usgrs lrg bot l`òwga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


50/66

ft eust ig li`g to afstfbjufsm wrobj ilsg plfrs (so wmlt fts òo:fbj hor fs tmlt

you dlb hore (dorrgdt 7ltsob lba 1rfd: "lsg Slfrs.)Qmgsg 3yarojgb "obas

provfag tmlt gtrl gbgrjy tmlt you dlb afstfbjufsm dorrgdt ilsg plfr vgrsus

bot dorrgdt ilsg plfr.

Slè aoelfb l`so fbtgrldts wftm tmg efbor jroovg oh dorrgdt blsdgbt "lsg

plfr! stlif`fzfbj tmg fbtgrldtfob. 7mgb you hore iobas you hore gtrl

stlif`fzltfob gbgrjy. bgrjy wftm two 3 iobas lba tmrgg 3 iobas! tmlt

gbgrjy afhhgrgbdg fs ob`y -':dl`\eo`g. Qmlt fs bot gboujm to afstfbjufsm rftg

lba wrobj. Qmg ldtfvg sftg oh ;B po`yegrlsgs afstfbjufsmgs rftg lba wrobj

tmus lddoubtfbj hor l ifjjgr gbgrjy afhhgrgbdg tmgb -':dl`\eo`g.

Qmg gdoba "o`gdu`lr >lsfd hor po`yegrlsg lddurldy #s tmg gbzyeg wf``

dmlbjg dobhoreltfob! ubagrjogs l dobhoreltfob dmlbjg hroe lb o.gbhore

to d!osgahore. Qmg tmuei aoelfb moàs ob to tmg aoui`g mg`fdl` plrt oh tmg

prfegr-tgep`ltg ,ubdtfob! tmg tgep`ltg fs stfd:fbj out! hfbjgr aoelfb fs

h`gfi`g ft dlb dòsg! wmgb bud`gotfags doeg fb! ft wf`` ifba to hfbjgrs lba

eovg to tmg ldtfvg sftg.

#h you mlvg l dorrgdt ilsg bud`gotfag tmlt dlb plfr up wftm tgep`ltg-strlba ft

wf`` ig li`g to dòsg doep`gtg`y. "ut fh you aobGt mlvg l dorrgdt ilsg you

dlbbot dòsg doep`gtg`y.

Qmg hfbjgr aoelfb oh ;B So`yegrlsg dobsfsts oh O/'g!f6. Qmfs $-3g`f

fs plrt oh tmg hfbjgr aoelfb. 7mgb fbdoefbj aBQS dlb hore l jooa 7ltsob

lba drfd: ilsg plfr! tmgb wmo`g hfbjgr aoelfb dlb dòsg doep`gtg`y tmlt l`so

fbdrglsgs tmg hrgg-gbgrjy afhhgrgbdg igdlusg you mlvg gtrl fbtgrldtfobs tmltlrg provfaga iy+ysfbg, 3rjfbfbg, Qyrosfbgtmlt fs ob surhldg oh M-3g`f.

7mlt fs tmg dmlrjg dmlrldtgrfstfd oh +ysfbg! rjfbfbg8 (2 Sosftfvg)

1lb ifba wg`` wftm bgjltfvg`y dmlrjga pmospmltgs jroup! fb laaftfob tmg

Qyrosfbg tmlt fs vgry myaropmoifd fs jofbj to fbtgrldt wftm fbdoefbj ilsg

(tmg lroeltfd rfbj) tmfs wf`` laa gtrl gbgrjy to tg`` afhhgrgbdg igtwggb rfjmt

lba wrobj.

1lb tmfb: oh aBQS ifbafbj to tmg hfbjgr aoelfb hfrst lba tmgb dòsga up.ba fh ftGs bot tmg dorrgdt ilsg plfrs! ft wobGt dòsg doep`gtg`y. Qmfs

bud`gotfag fs doefbj to tmg ldtfvg sftg lba ip lba tmus dòsgs doep`gtg`y to

stlif`fzg tmg strudturg! wmgb ft fs stlif`fzg tmg rjfbg lba `ysfbg wf`` hurtmgr

stlif`fzg tmg pyropmospmltg `glvfbj jroup! hurtmgr afstrfiutgs tmg bgjltfvg

dmlrjg ob pyropmospmltg el:fbj ft lb gvgb igttgr `glvfbj jroup! ft l`so

stlif`fzgs tmg stld:fbj oh tmg ilsgs.




51/66

7mgb ftGs dorrgdt`y ilsg-plfrga wftm tmg doep`gegbtlry oh tmg tgep`ltg

strlba! tmfs fs tmg sgdoba ilsfs ob mow tmg gbzyeg ldtul``y gljjgrltgs tmg

gbgrjy afhhgrgbdg igtwggb l efseltdm lba eltdmga ilsg.

$b`y wmgb you jgt dorrgdt ilsg plfrfbj (7ltsob lba 1rfd:) wf`` l`òw you to

mlvg doep`gtg dòsfbj oh tmg ldtfvg sftg to l`òw tmg eovgegbt oh hfbjgr

aoelfb! tmgrgiy propgr`y l`fjbfbj tmg %G$3 jroup lba l`fjb ft so ft dlb

lttld: l`pml pmospmltg to l`òw 4B' rgldtfob to oddur ghhfdfgbt`y.

#bdorrgdt "lsg plfr! wf`` bot l`òw posftfobfbj oh aBQS fb ldtfvg sftg

propgr`y! tmfs wf`` agdrglsg tmg rltg oh 4B' rgldtfob iy M hoà to MMM hoà!

,ust =A13 sòwgr rgldtfob.

*gegeigr gvgryobg dlb jo fbto tmg ldtfvg sftg> l`` ilsgs dlb jo! mowgvgr

ob!y >mgb dorrgdt bud!gotfags5 a&Q3s gbtgr fb tmg ldtfvg sftgwf`` mlvg

1$=S+Q 1$B/$*=Q#$B dòsfbj.

1lb tmfb: oh ;B po`yegrlsg ls l bobafsdrfbltfvg gepòygr! mg or smg wf``

`gt lbyobg try out hor tmg ,oi! iut ob`y tmg obg tmlt dlb ao tmg ,oi wf`` jgt.

bzyeg wf`` `gt l`` hour aBQSs doeg fb to try! lba ob`y tmg obg tmlt wor:s

wf`` ig l`òwga to jo tmroujm lb ghhfdfgbt 4B' rgldtfob.

X Qwo =j fobs! hfrst fs stlif`fzfbj tmg lttld:fbj %G$3 jroup to el:g ft

bgjltfvg! igdoegs eudm strobjgr bud`gopmf`g lba lttld:s tmg l`pml

pmospmltg lba sgdoba =j tmlt stlif`fzgs `glvfbj pyropmospmltg lba rjfbg

lba +ysfbg fb tmg hfbjgr aoelfbs wf`` l`so stlif`fzg tmg Syropmospmltg. Qmg

=j fs ob tmg plè aoelfb lba tmg hfbjgr aoelfb> tmgrg lrg tmgsg rgsfaugstmlt dlb hore 3 iobas tmroujm =fbor jroovg oh ilsg plfr. Qyrosfbg stlif`fzgs

fbdoefbj roeltfd *fbj oh tmg fbdoefbj aBQS.

#b blturg soeg otmgr ;B po`yegrlsgs usg otmgr egtl` fobs =b!=j!Dfbd.

3o!yegrlsg bsgrtfob 9fag!fty; =o`gdu`lr "lsfd dobtrfiutgs to lddurldy oh

gbzyeg tmlt l`òws ft to el:g l efstl:g fb MM!MMMbts(bud`gotfags). Qmfs

fsbGt vgry jooa. Qmfb: liout ft fh you mlvg % "f``fob ilsg plfrs! tmlt wouà

eglb %M!MMM efstl:gs9 B$Q $$; B$A39

#b obg rouba oh 8&L Yg.!fdltfob. 3ow dlb wg el:g tmfs igttgr tl`: liout

proohrglafbj egdmlbfse8 7mfdm fbvo`vgs %G to JG gobud`glsg ldtfvfty oh

gbzyeg! wmfdm wf`` fbdrglsg lddurldy to obg efstl:g fb M ef``fob

bud`gotfags (4tf`` B$Q $$; B$A3 "AQ S*QQ0 $$;).

@glrbfbj Oikgdtfvgs ,or 3lrt ;




52/66

p`lfb tmg proohrglafbj hubdtfob egafltga iy tmg %GtoJG gobud`glsg aoelfb

oh tmg ;B po`yegrlsg.

p`lfb mow tmg JGto %G gobud`glsg aoelfb oh ;B So` fs fbvo`vga fb bfd:

trlbs`ltfob. ;gsdrfig wmlt trlbs `gsfob ;B So`yegrlsgs. ;gsdrfig mow ;B

sybtmgsfs fs prfega.

obud`glsg d`glvgs bud`gotfags (lt pmospmoafgstgr ioba) obg lt l tfeg hroe

tmg gba oh l ;B strlba.

"y dobtrlst! gbaobud`glsg duts tmg pmospmoafgstgr ioba >ftmfbl ;B

strlba.

Qmgrg lrg /#6 (J) ;B po`yegrlsgs fb "ldtgrfl lba l `ot eorg fb 3uelbs!

ilsfdl``y tmg sleg.

Qmgsg ;B po`yegrlsgs l`so mlvg gtrl aoelfbs tmlt dlb ao afhhgrgbt

hubdtfobs. ;B po`yegrlsgs !'!% mlvg tmgsg %GtoJG gobud`glsgs! fb 3o! usgrs lrg bot l``owga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


53/66

7mlt fs mlppgbfbj fb tmg ldtfvg sftg oh gobud`glsg aoelfb8

4o you mlvg lb fbdorrgdt bud`gotfag gbtgrfbj! so ft jot stud:! ft stl``ga tmgrg.

fvgs opportubfty hor % to < bud`gotfags to h`fp out! lba tmgb h`fp ft obto tmg

ldtfvg sftg oh %Gto JG gobud`glsg(rgegeigr ftGs l afhhgrgbt ldtfvg sftg hroe

tmg ;B So`yegrlsg youG`` hfba fb tmg plè aoelfb) ! fh you zooe fb fbto

ldtfvg sftg oh %G to JG gobud`glsg you wf`` obdg ljlfb sgg tmfs '-egtl`

egdmlbfse.

4fef`lr plttgrb to plè aoelfb ldtfvg sftg! tmfs fs gssgbtfl``y rgvgrsg rgldtfob

oh ;B sybtmgsfs! ft usgs =j stlif`fzfbj %G$yjgb lba lbotmgr =j

stlif`fzgs (-) dmlrjg ob tmg pmospmltg jroup lba lb fbdoefbj 3yaroy`

jroup.

Qmg &ud!go.mf!g o, tmfs rgldtfob(3yaroy` roup fs bud`gopmf`g! ft fs

lttld:fbj tmg bud`gus oh pmospmorus fts dlusfbj pmospmorus oyjgb ioba to

irgl: lba wmlt fs tmg !glvfbj jrou.%G*M- (poor `glvfbj jroup) so you mlvg

l =j dòsg to ft to afstrfiutg tmg dmlrjg (el:fbj ft l igttgr `glvfbj jroup)

wmfdm mg`ps tmg gbzyeg. =j2 mg`ps tmg agprotltfob oh wltgr. 3yaroy`

jroup tmlt fs ldtfbj ls l Bud`gopmf`g fs doefbj hroe tmg wltgr(Qmg

=ljbgsfue mg`ps tmg agprotobltfob. =ljbgsfue el:gs tmg 3yaroy` jroup

l igttgr Bud`gopmf`g.

7mgb ft fs tmg dorrgdt aQS! ft wf`` mlvg pgrhgdt jgoegtry hfttfbj! lba tmg

hfbjgr aoelfbs dlb dòsg hu``y! hldf`ftltfbj 4B' rgldtfob (wf`` ig vgry hlst

wftm dorrgdt aBQS! hores pmospmoafgstgr ioba lba eovgs ob to tmg bgt

dyd`g.




54/66

7mlt mlppgbs wmgb you mlvg tmg fbdorrgdt bud`gotfag aBQS8 7mfdm wf``mlppgb % out < tfegs

Qmgrg fs bo dorrgdt jgoegtrfd hfttfbj> tmg hfbjgr aoelfb dlbGt dòsg hu``y! so ft

wf`` ,ust 4Q++ Q3*! tmg %G$3 lba l`pml pmospmltg lrg bot l`fjbga

tmgrghorg rgldtfob fs gtrgeg`y sòw! ft ilsfdl``y doegs ohh! jogs ild:wlra3owgvgr fb MM!MMM tfegs tmgrg wf`` ig l efseltdmga ft dlb mlppgb lba

gvgb fh 4B' rgldtfob fs sòw! tmg fbdorrgdt ilsg plfr tmlt jot fbdorporltga!

bow ;B wf`` h`fp out lba gbtgr tmg gobud`glsg sftg! tmfs fs tmg tfeg ft wf``

jgt d`glvga lba jo ild: to stltg.

"ut fb Mef``fob tfegs tmfs wf`` stf`` mlppgb ft wf`` hordg ftsg`h tmroujm lba

:ggp ob jofbj lba you wf`` mlvg l efseltdm fb tmg efaa`g oh tmg ;B

4g?ugbdg (tmfs wf`` ig tl:gb dlrg oh iy ;B *gplfr wmfdm hfgs

efseltdmgs)

Q3$A3Q NA4Q#$B 7mlt mlppgbs fh tmgrg fs ;B aleljg ob

tgep`ltg strlba lba agstroys tmg lif`fty to plfr up wftm lby aBQSs. bswgr

8lusga 8o`yegrlsg: So`yegrlsg wf`` ,ust plusg tmgrg lba dlbGt ao lbytmfbj.

7orst tmfbj tmlt dlb mlppgb igdlusg you dlbbot doep`gtg tmg sybtmgsfs oh

;B! mowgvgr dg``s mlvg gvo`vga Qrlbs`gsfob ;B So`yegrlsgs.

7mlt wf`` mlppgb8 #h you mlvg l lp wmo wf`` jfvg %G3yaroy` roup! #b

oragr to sybtmgsfzg ;B you bgga %GM3 jroup to lttld: l`pml pmospmltg! f,

you mlvg l jl. tmgrg fs bo C=O' jrou.! ;B dlb ig òd:ga fb tmlt




55/66

dobhoreltfob. o you mlvg l .lusga .o!yegrlsg. So`yegrlsg wf`` ig

plusga lba tmgb ft dlbGt ao lbytmfbj (7orst tmfbj tmlt dlb mlppgb to l dg``!

igdlusg you dlbbot doep`gtg sybtmgsfs oh ;B.). 1g``s

mlvg gvo`vga Qrlbs`gsfobs ;B So`yegrlsg!

3O@ L&8 JaobGt mlvg %Gto JG gobud`glsgs! tmgsg

gbzyegs mlvg l eudm ifjjgr dlvfty fb tmg ldtfvg sftg!

eglbfbj tmlt ft dlb lddoeeoaltg l òt oh afhhgrgbt

dobhoreltfobs.

7mlt aogs ft eglb fh you mlvg l ifjjgr dlvfty8 #t dlb wor: tmroujm ft tmg

fbdorrgdt bud`gotfags efjmt l`so ig fbdorporltga! So` < lba J mlvg vgry mfjm

grror rltgs iut lrgssgbtfl`to tmg dg`` igdlusg tmgy mg`p tmg dg`` jo tmroujm

tmg prodgss wmgb you mlvg plusga po`yegrlsgs.

Qrlb!gsfob 8&L 3o!yegrlsg; (So` < lba So` J) mlvg òw lddurldy tmgy

aobGt mlvg %GtoJG gobud`glsgs or JGto %G gobud`glsgs.

Qmg òw lddurldy oh Qrlbs`gsfob ;B po`yegrlsgs l`òws tmge to fbsgrt lb

fbdorrgdt bud`gotfag opposftg to l aleljga-tgep`ltg strlba.Qmfs l`òws tmg rgp`fdltfob hor: to eovg plss l aleljg sftg. Slusga

po`yegrlsg mlppgbs vgry hrg?ugbt`y! so you aobGt mlvg wlbt to ubagrjo

lpoptosfs l`` tmg tfeg.

Ovgrvfg> o, tmg $gdmlbfstfd Ilsfs ,or 8&L 3o!yegrlsg Lddurldy;

@glrbfbj Oikgdtfvgs ,or 3lrt C;

G6.!lfb mo> tmg J= to C= G6obud!glsg aoelfb o, 8&L 3o! < fs fbvo!vga fb

&fd7 Qrlbs!ltfob




56/66

*gegeigr tmlt tmg JG to %G gobud`glsg fs $B+0 houba fb po`yegrlsg . #t fs

fbvo`vga fb rgeovfbj tmg prfegr usga fb ;B sybtmgsfs. Qmg JG to %G

gobud`glsg fs sfttfbj fb hrobt oh tmg gbzyeg lba eovfbj horwlra fh ft

gbdoubtgrs l strlba ft wf`` glt up ;B hroe tmg JG to %G. #b oragr to

ubagrstlba wmy bgga tmfs gbzyeg! you bgga to ubagrstlba mow ;B

4ybtmgsfs stlrts.

730 ;$ 0$A B; Q3#48

#b oragr to lpprgdfltg J=to C= g6obud!glsg you bgga to ubagrstlba mo>

8&L sybtmgsfs stlrts. +gts sly aoui`g-strlbaga dfrd`g fs . 1o`f jgboefd

;B! 3ow ao you stlrt sybtmgsfs mgrg8 0ou proili`y eg`t out l plrt lba

gposg (two sfbj`g-strlbaga tgep`ltgs) lba usg tmlt tgep`ltg to sybtmgsfzg.

;B po`yegrlsg bggas to mlvg .rfegr tge.!ltg kubdtfob! wmfdm eglbs

you bgga to mlvg propgr`y lbbgl`ga as*gjfob wftm l %GM3 jroup (ob iotm

strlbas lba tmgb po`yegrlsg dlb doeg fb lba gtgba fb iotm afrgdtfobs)

7mo fs sybtmgsfzfbj sel`` pfgdg oh *B8

#t bggas lb gbzyeg dl``ga .rfelsg5 wmfdm fs ldtul``y lb *B po`yegrlsgwmfdm wf`` usg tgep`ltg sg?ugbdg to sybtmgsfzg l sel`` pfgdg oh *B! lba

tmgb wf`` ig rgdojbfzg ls l prfegr-tgep`ltg ,ubdtfob iy ;B po`yegrlsg

lba gtgba ft to hore tmgsg ;B strlbas. Qmg sel`` *B prfegr fs liout -

% bt òbj.

e.ortlbt; ;B sybtmgsfs dlb ig prfega iy *B or ;B. #b blturg (fb

vfvo) you bgga to mlvg smort *B to prfeg to stlrt sybtmgsfs. 3owgvgr tmg

gbzyeg dlb ifba l sel`` pfgdg oh ;B lba dlb stlrt tmfs mow you ao your

S1* *gldtfob dlb mlppgb fb Blturg lba tmg gbzyeg hl``s ohh lba tmgb doegsild: ob lba mls to dobtfbug sybtmgsfzfbj.

4o obdg you mlvg *B fbdorporltga fbto jgboefd ;B mow ao you rgeovg

ft8 7my ao you bgga to rgeovg *B8 *B fs tgrrfi`g jgbgtfd eltgrfl`!

igdlusg fts bot stli`g! ft fs ubstli`g igdlusg ft mls tmlt 'G3yaroy` roup

wmfdm fs vgry dòsg to tmg pmospmltg lba dlb glsf`y lttld: ftsg`h lba d`glvg

ftsg`h.

*B dlb glsf`y agjrlag ftsg`h! lba mlppgbs eorg hrg?ugbt`y wmgb fb l`:l`fbgdobaftfobs (wf`` el:g tmg 'G3yaroy` jroup l igttgr bud`gopmf`g.) *B

Srfelsg fs l`so vgry grror probg! systge aogsbGt wlbt to usg *B ls l

storljg eltgrfl` igdlusg ft wf`` fbdorporltg òts oh grror. Qmg gbzyeg wf``

rgeovg ft lba to rgeovg ft! ft wf`` usg JG to %G gobud`glsg lba wmgb So`

gbdoubtgrs JG gba oh tmg strlba ft wf`` glt ft up lba rgp`ldg ft wftm ;B lba

tmltGs mow ft rgp`ldgs *B strlba. Qmfs prodgss fs dl``ga &fd7 Qrlbs!ltfob)

L &D1 fs ilsfdl!!y l jl. igt>ggb obg strlba lba tmg otmgr lba tmlt




57/66

bfd7 fs jofbj to eovg W34LY8-

4`fag JGto %G gobud`glsg oh So` fs fbvo`vga fb bfd: Qrlbs`ltfob *B fs

ubstli`g (bot igst hor storfbj jgbgtfd fbhoreltfob) *B prfelsg fs l`so grror

probg. Qmgrghorg *B prfegr bggas to ig rgeovga. Qmg JGto %G gobud`glsg

ldtfvfty oh So` rgeovgs tmg *B(lba ;B) fb hrobt oh tmg po`yegrlsg.

Qmfs prodgss fs dl``ga &fd7 Qrlbs!ltfob! ft feportlbt hor rgeovfbj tmgYB3

prfegrs lba B3 rgplfr.

&fd7 Qrlbs!ltfob fb 3O@


58/66

&fd7 Qrlbs!ltfob iy 3o! usgrs lrg bot l``owga to afstrfiutg or trlbseft tmfs dobtgbt wftmout gprgss! wrfttgb dobsgbt.


59/66

G&M%$G 3Y$LG fs jofbj to sybtmgsfzg *B hrljegbts! wmfdm fs MJ

bud`gotfags! wmfdm dlb ig usga ls l prfegr hor ;B 4ybtmgsfs. Srfegrs

lrgbGt l`wlys M-J bud`gotfags `obj. Srfegr fs l dobdgpt! tg``s us wmgrg

;B po`yegrlsg rgdojbfzgs wmgrg ft fs doep`gegbtlry to tmg tgep`ltg! wf``

tmgb gtgba lt %Ggba to sybtmgsfzg ;B. ABQ#+ %GM3 jroup fs rgdojbfzg ls

l prfegr lba stlrts gtgbafbj.

&fd7 Qrlbs!ltfob #s l prodgss tmlt dlb ig dltl`yzga iy ;B So`yegrlsg

lba tmg wly ft wor:s. 7mgb ;B So` sybtmgsfzgs ;B up to l pofbt!

wmgb ft gbdoubtgrs soegtmfbj fb hrobt! ft dlb ig l pfgdg oh *B or pfgdg oh

;B! wmgb ft gbdoubtgrs tmlt tmg JG to %G gobud`glsg :fd:s fb lba wf`` stlrt

dmgwfbj up wmltGs fb hrobt! wmgb ft fs dmgwfbj up wmltGs fb hrobt ft wf`` opgb

up bgw tgep`ltg rgjfob hor ;B So`yegrlsg ldtfvfty sftgs to :ggp puttfbj

bgw aBQSs !fbdorporltg bud`gotfags lba ls l rgsu`t tmfs posftfob fs eovga

hurtmgr up

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BIO 362 Exam 1 Package