Bio AR 2 - Plant & Animal Kingdom

7/21/2019 Bio AR 2 - Plant & Animal Kingdom

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The Plant Kingdom

Members of the plant kingdom are called Plantae. Plant

kingdom mainly comprises of eukaryotic organisms whichcan produce their own food by the process of

photosynthesis.

Photosynthesis: This is the process by which plants use

energy from the sun to convert water and carbon dioxide

into sugar and release oxygen into the atmosphere.

Plant kingdom is classied based on some criteria. Features

forming the basis of classication are elucidated.

Plants having distinct parts like stem roots and leaves.

Plant parts have tissues to transport food and water.

Plants bearing enclosed seeds or naked seeds.

Classifcation o plant kingdom!ichler classied the plant kingdom into two sub"kingdoms "

#ryptogamae and Phanerogamae.

Cryptogamae: This sub"kingdom includes plants with

hidden reproductive organs and plants do not bear $owers

or seeds. #ryptogams are further divided into three groups%

Thallophyta &ryophyta and Pteridophyta. Thallophyta are the simplest of plants that do not have a

well"differentiated body design. e.g. 'lgae do not have

leaves stems or roots.

&ryophyta are often called amphibians of the plant


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kingdom as they re(uire both a(uatic and terrestrial

conditions for the completion of their life cycle. e.g. Moss or

Funaria belongs to the group &ryophyta.

Pteridophyta include fern plants which possess theplant body differentiated into stem leaves and roots. They

also possess naked embryos in the form of spores

underneath the leaf.

Phanerogamae: This sub"kingdom includes plants that

develop seeds and have well"formed stem leaves and roots.

Phanerogams are further classied into )ymnosperms and

'ngiosperms. )ymnosperms were the rst plants to have a seed habit.

These are the plants which possess naked seeds. e.g. Pinus

cycas and other coniferous trees are gymnosperms.

'ngiosperms are highly evolved plants with $owers

fruits and seeds. They are also called as $owering plants.

These plants possess seeds enclosed inside the fruit. The

seed germinates develops into a new plant. 'ngiospermsare divided into two groups namely monocots and dicots

based on the number of cotyledons that they have.

Dierences between monocots and dicots plants: These

include the variation in seed root and in leaves.

Monocots are the plants whose seed possesses single

cotyledon while dicots are the plants which possess seeds

with two cotyledons. #otyledons are also called as seedleaves. #otyledons supply food to the growing embryos

when the seeds germinate.

The leaves in monocot plants exhibit parallel venation

while that of dicot plants include reticulate venation.

*n monocots the primary root perishes (uite early and


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gets replaced by a cluster of adventitious roots while in

dicots the primary root becomes the most prominent root

of the plant. This is called as the tap root from which

several lateral roots branch out. PLANT KINGDOM

The Kingdom Plantae includes plants which are multicellular, eukaryotic, photosynthetic andproducers. The cell walls possess mainly cellulose. The plant body may be thalloid or

differentiated into

root, stem and leaves. They may be non vascular or vascular. They have two stages in their lifecycle- a

haploid, sexually reproducing gametophytic generation and a diploid, asexuallyreproducing

sporophytic generation. The two generations alternate. This is called alternation ogenerations.

3.1. ALGA!

lgae are mostly a!uatic, autotrophic organisms. Their body is unicellular "Chlamydomonas#,$olonial "Volvox# or filamentous "Spirogyra# or thalloid "Sargassum#. They reproduce by

vegetative

"fragmentation#, ase%ual "spore formation# and se%ual methods. &e%ual reproduction involvesfusion of

similar gametes "isogamy# eg'-Spirogyra or fusion between gametes of dissimilar in si(e

"anisogamy#

eg'- some species of Chlamydomonas or one large non-motile female gamete and a small motile

malegamete "oogamy#. eg'-Fucus, Volvox.

The algae are divided into three classes based on their main pigments)"hlorophyceae"*reenalgae#

contain chlorophyll. e.g.Chlamydomonas, Volvox,Ulothrix,Spirogyra; Phaeophyceae "+rown

algae#contain fuco%anthin e.g. Ectocarpus, Dictyota, Fucus,Sargassum, Laminaria; #hodophyceae"ed algae#

contain phycoerythrin e.g.Polysiphonia, Porphyra, racilaria, !lidium


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ig. 3.1. lgae' a# Chlamydomonas,b# Spirogyra, c#Laminaria ,d#

Fucus, e#Porphyra, f#Polysiphonia.

3.. $#%OP&%T!'The bryophytes include liverwort, hornwort and mosses. They are called

amphi(ians o the

Plant Kingdom (ecause they li)e in soil (ut re*uire +ater or sexual

reproduction. They grow in

moist shady places. The dominant phase in the life cycle is haploid gametophyte.

/t may be a flattened

thallus or differentiated into stem-like, root-like and leaf-like structures. The root-

like structures are calledrhioids- The gametophyte bears se% organs called antheridia "male# and

archegonia "female# which

produce gametes called antherooids and eggs respectively. The anthero(oid fuses

with the egg to

produce ygote. The (ygote produces a multicellular sporophyte- The sporophyte

is dependent on the

gametophyte. The sporophyte reproduces ase%ually by producing spores. 0eiosis

takes place during spore

formation , hence they are haploid. The spores germinate to produce the

gametophyte.

The bryophytes are divided into three classes ) &epaticopsida "iverworts# e.g.

"iccia,

#archantia; Anthocerotopsida "2ornworts# e.g.$nthoc!ros, %otothylas,;

$ryopsida "0osses# ) e.g.


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Funaria, Sphagnum, Polytrichum.

ig. 3.. +ryophytes' "a#"iccia ,"b##archantia, "c#Funaria.

3.3. PT!#ODOP&%T!'They are the first land plants which possess vascular tissues i.e. xylem and

phloem. The plant

body is a sporophyte which is differentiated into root, stem and leaves. 0aority

of the pteridophytes

produce only one kind of spores in sporangia and the plants are called

homosporous "e.g.'-%!phrol!pis,

Lycopodium#. &ome produce two kinds of spores- megaspores "large# and

microspores"small# .&uch

plants are called heterosporous"e.g.'- S!lagin!lla, Salvinia#. The spore germinatesto produce freeliving,

photosynthetic, haploid gametophyte called prothallus. The se% organs-

antheridia and

archegonia are produced on the prothallus. ertili(ation results in the formation of

(ygote which

develops into sporophyte.


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The pteridophytes are divided into four classes- Psilopsida "4hisk ferns# e.g.' -

Psilotum,

Lycopsida "$lub mosses# e.g.'-Lycopodium, S!lagin!lla, 'phenopsida "2orse

tails# e.g.'-E&uis!tum and

Pteropsida "erns# e.g.'-%!phrol!pis, Pt!ris, $diantum, Dryopt!ris.

ig.3.3. Pteridophytes' "a# S!lagin!lla, "b#E&uis!tum, "c#%!phrol!pis.

3.5. G%MNO'P!#M'

They are called na.ed seeded plants since the seed is not

covered by fruit wall. The plant body is

a sporophyte. They gymnosperms are heterosporous- The

gametophytes are dependent on sporophytes.

The male gametophyte produces two male gametes and female

gametophyte bears archegonia. The male

gametophyte produces pollen tube to carry the male gametes

towards archegonia. fter fertili(ation the

megasporangium develops into seed.

The gymnosperms are divided into three classes- "ycadopsida

"e.g.'- Cycas#, "onieropsida"e.g.'-Pinus, C!drus, S!&uoia# and Gnetopsida "e.g.'- n!tum,

Eph!dra, in'go#


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ig. 3.5. *ymnosperms' "a# Cycas, "b#Pinus, "c# n!tum, "d# in'go

3.6. ANGIO'P!#M'

These plants are called lo+ering plants which bear flowers and

produce ruit enclosing the

seeds. The plant body is a sporophyte which differentiated into

underground root system and aerial shoot

system. The flowers have male parts "stamens# and female parts

"carpels#.The anthers of the stamensproduce pollen grains. The ovary of the carpel encloses ovules. highly

reduced haploid female

gametophyte called em(ryo sac develops inside the ovule. The pollen

grain germinates to produce the

male gametophyte "pollen tube# containing two male gametes which are

released into the embryo sac. The

two male gametes fuse with two female gametes inside the embryo sac.

This is called dou(leertiliation- fter fertili(ation the ovary develops into fruit and the

ovules develops into seeds.

ngiosperms are divided into two classes-Dicotyledonae "eg'- 0ustard,

+engal

gram etc# and Monocotyledonae "eg'- *rasses, $oconut etc#


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'/MMA#%

Plant Kingdom includes lgae, +ryophytes, Pteridophytes,

*ymnosperms and ngiosperms.

lgae are mostly a!uatic, simple , photosynthetic, thalloid forms. They

are classified into $hlorophyceae,Phaeophyceae and hodophyceae. They reproduce vegetatively by

fragmentation, ase%ually by spore

formation and se%ually by isogamy, anisogammy or oogamy.

+ryophytes are amphibians of plant kingdom. 7ominant phase of their

life cycle is a haploid

gametophyte which is simple thallus or having root-like, stem-like, leaf-

like structures. They are attached

to the substratum by rhi(oids. The gametophyte bears se% organs-antheridia "male# and archegonia

"female# which produce anthero(oids and eggs respectively. The male

and female gametes fuse to

produce a diploid (ygote which develops into the sporophyte. The

sporophyte produces haploid spores

which germinate to form gametophytes.

Pteridophytes possess well differentiated sporophyte with root, stem and

leaves. The sporophytebears sporangia which produce spores. The spores germinate form an

independent gametophyte. The

"a# "b# "c# "d#

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gametophyte bears male and female se% organs. The male and female

gametes fuse to produce a (ygote

which produces sporophyte.

*ymnosperms are naked seeded plants. The plant body is a sporophyte.

The spores are of two

types- megaspores and microspores. 0egaspores produce female

gametophyte and microspores produce

male gametophyte. fter fertili(ation the ovule develop into seed.

ngiosperms are flowering plants bearing flowers having male parts

"stamens# and female parts


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"carpels#. The anther of the stamen produces haploid pollen grains. /n

the ovary of the carpel, ovules are

present. The female gametophyte "embryo sac# develops within the

ovule. The pollen grain produces a

pollen tube which releases two male gametes. /t fuses with two femalegametes. Thus there is double

fertili(ation and triple fusion. /t is the uni!ue feature of angiosperms.

!0!#"I'!

1. 8ame the classes of algae based on the main pigment.

. 0ention the types of se%ual reproduction in algae9

3. 8ame the se% organs of bryophytes.

5. 4hy the bryophytes are called amphibians of plant kingdom9

6. 4hich are the first terrestrial plants to possess vascular tissues9:. 8ame the gametophyte of ferns.

;. 4hy gymnosperms are called naked-seeded plants9


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5. Pteridophytes

6. Prothallus

7. In gymnosperms, the seeds are not covered by fruit

walls. So they are callednaked-seeded plants

8. a 1, b -4, c -1, d 2

9. Embryo sac

10. Class Dicotyledonae and Class Monocotyledonae

Angiosperms (flowering plants)

DIVERSITY IN LIVING ORGANISMS

(NCERT Solutions, Q & A ...)

Q1(CBSE 2011): What do you mean by bio diversity?

Answer: Bio-diversity means the existence of a wide variety of species or other taxa of plants, animals

and micro-organisms in a natural habitat within a specific environment.

Q2(NCER): Why do !e "#assi$y or%anisms?


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or

Q(CBSE 2011): Why is there a need $or "#assi$i"ation and systemati" namin% o$ #ivin% or%anisms?

Answer: Classification helps us understand biodiversity better way. Biodiversity have direct and indirecteconomic benefits to humans as well as to our ecosystem. Systematic study of such biodiversity is

essential to better understand the inter-relationships in our ecosystems. ollowing are the needs to

classify them:

!. "lants and animals have valuable genetic variation information. #t will help us understand theways evolution ta$e place.

%. &umans often benefits from plants and animals in different ways. Systematic study will helpexploring other potential benefits.

'. Certain species warn us of imbalances in our ecosystem. e.g. white-rumped vultures became

almost extinct because of use of drug brufen (diclofenac) in domestic animals. *hen vultures atethese dead animals, it led to their $idney failures. Systematic study of the organisms would helpin restoring the balance in their ecosystems.

+. "lants and animals have been the inspiration for technology and engineering design. e.g.SAS and A/AS wor$ on the same acoustics principles as used by bats. Classification willhelp us revealing such more inspirations.

0. #t is estimated that the 1arth has almost 2.2 million animal, plant, and fungi species, but we3veonly discovered less than a one fourth of this. Classification gives a system for identification of$nown and un$nown organisms.

Q&(NCER): What are the advanta%es o$ "#assi$i"ation?

Answer: ollowing are the advantages of classification:

!. Classification helps us identify the living organisms easily.

%. #t ma$es study of such a wide variety of bio-life in systematic manner.

'. #t help us learning different plants and animals, similarities and dissimilarities among them.

+. 1nables us understand how complex organisms evolve over the time.

0. Classification help us understand the inter-relationships among different groups.

4. #t forms the basis of other branches of bio-sciences li$e bio-geography, environmental biology,ecology etc.

5. #t also provides a systematic way to identify $nown and un$nown organisms.

2. Classification systems are adapted internationally. 6his aids communication between scientists.


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Q': e$ine aonomy*

Answer: 6he branch of science that classify living organisms among different categories or groups is

called taxonomy. 6axonomy is the science of identifying and naming species and organising them into

systems of classification.

Q+: Who is ,no!n as $ather o$ taonomy?

Answer: Carl 7innaeus

Q-(NCER): .ive three eam/#es o$ the ran%e o$ variations that you see in #i$e$orms around you*

Answer: 6he present bio-diversity is the outcome of millions years of evolution. *e find various $inds of

range of variations among bio-life such as:

!. 8ariation in terms of si9e: icroorganisms are very small of si9e of micrometers to !;;m highlarge redwood trees and blue whales ('; meters in length).

%. 8ariations in terms of age: Some organisms li$e mos


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%. Cells are the functional and structural unit of life. "rimarily we can differentiate organisms areunicellular and multicellular. urther sub-classification or logical se - &e gave the idea of evolution.

Q1&: Whi"h re%ion o$ the earth is "a##ed the re%ion o$ me%adiversity?

Answer: 6he warm and humid tropical regions of the earth, between the tropic of Cancer and the tropic ofCapricorn, are rich in diversity of plant and animal life. 6his is called the region of megadiversity.

Q1': Name $ive "ountries that #ie in the re%ion o$ me%adiversity*

Answer: Bra9il, Colombia, 1cuador, "eru, exico, ?aire, adagascar, Australia, China, #ndia, #ndonesia

and alaysia.

Q1+: e$ine evo#ution*

Answer: 1volution is a complex process by which the characteristics of living organisms change over

generations to generations and the traits are passed from one generation to the next. ne of the main

reason for diversity in bio-life is attributed to evolution.

Q1-: Based on evo#ution4 /rimari#y ho! or%anisms are "ate%ori5ed?

Answer: Based on evolution, organisms are divided into two groups:

"rimitive or lower organisms and


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Advanced or higher organisms.

Q1(NCER): Whi"h or%anisms are "a##ed /rimitive and ho! are they di$$erent $rom the so6"a##ed

advan"ed or%anisms?

Answer:

Primitive Organisms Advanced Organisms

1. Simpe !"d# "rganisati"n. 1. $"mpe% !"d# "rgani&ati"n.

'. Ancient !"d# c(anges (aven)t c(anged

m*c('. Recent !"d# design.

+. $"nsidered at ,irst adder "n

ev"*ti"nar# scae.

+. $"nsidered at s*ccessive adders "n

ev"*ti"nar# scae.

Q1(NCER): Wi## advan"ed or%anisms be the same as "om/#e or%anisms? Why?Answer: @es. Because of complex body designs, we can consider advanced programs as complex

organisms. Additionally, complexity in design of advanced organisms increases over evolutionary time.

Q1: Name the boo, !ritten by Caro#us 7innaeus on "#assi$i"ation o$ or%anisms*

Answer: Systema aturae

Q20: 8n ho! many ,in%doms Caro#us 7innaeus divin% #ivin% bein%s?

Answer: 6wo $ingdoms i.e. "lantae ("lants) and Animalia (Animals)

Q21: Name the #eve#s o$ "#assi$i"ation /ro/osed by 7innaeus* What ha//ens to simi#arities amon%

or%anisms as !e %o $rom to/ to bottom #eve#?

Answer: Classification systems as proposed by 7innaeus use a hierarchical system in which organisms

are placed into groups, at different levels, according to the features they share. 6hese groups or levels

are(from top to bottom):

!. ingdom

%. "hylum

'. Class

+. rder

0. amily

4. enus

5. Species

Species is the lowest level in which group, we find highest level of similarities and All members of a

species are capable of interbreeding.


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9o! to memori5e "#assi$i"ation #eve#s?ing "hil-nnaeusClassedrdinaryamilies asenerous andSpecial

ingdom "hylum Class rder amily enus Species

Q22(NCER): 8n the hierar"hy o$ "#assi$i"ation4 !hi"h %rou/in% !i## have the sma##est number o$

or%anisms !ith a maimum o$ "hara"teristi"s in "ommon and !hi"h !i## have the #ar%est numbero$ or%anisms?

Answer: 6axon Species has the smallest number of organisms with maximum number of characteristics in

common. *hile taxon ingdom will have the largest number of organisms with maximum of differences

among its members.

Q2&: Name the s"ientist !ho "reated the third ,in%dom $or a## mi"ros"o/i" uni"e##u#ar or%anisms*

What did he "a## it?

Answer: After 7innaeus proposed two $ingdoms, erman biologist, 1rnst &aec$el proposed third $ingdom

for all microscopic unicellular organisms and called it "rotists.

Q2': Who identi$ied the un%i as a se/arate mu#ti"e##u#ar eu"aryoti" ,in%dom and introdu"ed $ive

,in%doms? Name the $ive ,in%doms*

Answer: . &. *hitta$er proposed five $ingdoms and identified ungi as a separate multicellular

eucaryotic $ingdom. 6he five $ingdoms are:

onera: pro$aryotic bacteria, blue-green algae or cyanobacteria

"rotista: unicellular proto9oans li$e fungi, diatoms and algae

ungi: includes multi-nucleate fungi (yeast, mushroom)

"lantae: multicellular eu$aryotes includes green plants and advanced algae

Animalia: multicellular animals

Q2+(NCER): E/#ain the basis $or %rou/in% or%anisms into $ive ,in%doms*

Answer: 6he basis for grouping organisms into five $ingdoms is:

Cell Structure: #t has two maor cellular structural divisions within living things i.e. pro$aryotes

and eu$aryotes.

umber of Cells: #t divides into unicellular and multicellular.

ode and source of nutrition: rganisms are divided based on mode of nutrition i.e. autotrophic

and heterotrophic.

"hylogenetic elationship and Body rgani9ation: Based on body organi9ation and evolution

organisms are divided into simple and complex organisms.


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ive ingdoms Classification

Q2-(NCER): What is the "riterion $or "#assi$i"ation o$ or%anisms as be#on%in% to ,in%dom ;onera

or


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Q&0: What is the "ontribution o$ Car# Woese (1) in "#assi$i"ation o$ #ivin% bein%s?

Answer: &e divided the onera $ingdom into Archaebacteria (or Archaea) and 1ubacteria (or Bacteria).

&e also regrouped the f ive $ingdoms into three domains i.e. Bacteria, Archaea and 1ucaryotes.

Q&1: Name the or%anisms !hi"h are outside the "#assi$i"ation*

Answer: 8iruses and "rions.

Q&2: =""ordin% to the $ive6,in%dom system4 !hi"h ,in%dom "ontains or%anisms !hose stru"ture

is "om/osed o$ /ro,aryoti" "e##s?

Answer: ingdom onera.

Q&&(CBSE 2011): B#ue %reen a#%ae are "#assi$ied !ith ba"teria and /#a"ed in ,in%dom ;onera*

Answer: Blue green algae or Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic bacteria but they are placed under

$ingdom onera because:

they are unicellular.

they show pro$aryotic morphological structure i.e. not well defined nucleus

Q&'(CBSE 2011): (a) What are sa/ro/hytes?

(b) Name the ,in%dom to !hi"h they be#on%*

(") What is the "e## !a## o$ $un%i made u/ o$?or

Q(CBSE 2011): 9o! do the sa/ro/hytes %et their $ood? .ive t!o eam/#es o$ a sa/ro/hyte*

Answer: (a) Saprophytes are the organisms which use use decaying organic material as food. 1xamples

are: hi9opus, yeast, mushrooms, Aspergillus, "enicillium, Agaricus.

(b) 6hey belong to $ingdom ungi.

(c) 6hey have cell-walls made of a tough complex sugar called chitin.

7ichens

Q&+: What is Symbioti"? .ive eam/#e o$ or%anisms !hi"h ehibit this re#ationshi/*

Answer: Some fungal species live in mutually dependent relationship with blue green algae. Such
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prion


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relationships are called symbiotic. 6hese symbiobic life forms are called lichens. #n lichens, the fungal

component is called the mycobiont and the algal component is $nown as the phycobiont.

Q&-: C#assi$y the $o##o!in% or%anisms into their res/e"tive ,in%doms as /er Whitta,er>s $ive6

,in%dom system*

humans, mushroom, herbs, amoeba, E.coli, euglena, mold, birds, insects, bushes, paramecium, trees,

dogs, streptococcus.

Answer:

ingdom onera: E.coli, streptococcus (bacteria)

ingdom "rotista: amoeba, euglena, paramecium

ingdom ungi: mushroom, mold,

ingdom "lantae: herbs, bushes, trees

ingdom Animalia:humans, birds, insects, dogs

Q&(NCER): What are the maor divisions in the


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Classification of "lants

Spirogyra

Q&: .ive eam/#es o$ ha##o/hyta /#ants*Answer: Algae : Spirogyra, Dlothrix, Cladophora and Chara

Q&: Why are ha##o/hytes "a##ed non6embryoni" /#ants?

Answer: 6hallophytes have simple body (thallus) and their gametes are unicellular. After fertili9ation the

9ygote does not form embryo. 6herefore these plants are called anon-embryonic plants.

Q'0: Whi"h division amon% /#ants has the sim/#est or%anisms?

Answer: 6hallophyta division.

Q'1: What is a tha##us?


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Answer: 6hallophyte has a simple plant body. 6he "lant body is not differentiated into root, stem and

leaves and is called thallus.

Q'2(CBSE): Why bryo/hytes are "a##ed the am/hibians o$ the /#ant ,in%dom?

Answer: Bryophytes are $nown as =amphibians of the plant kingdom= because these plants can live in soil

but are dependent on water for sexual reproduction.Dsually they are found in humid and damp areas.

ed oss

Q'&: 7ist im/ortant "hara"teristi"s (at #east three) o$ bryo/hytes*

Answer: Characteristics of bryophytes:

!. "lant body is differentiated to form stem and leaf li$e structures.

%. 6hese are considered first true plants.

'. 6hese are called amphibians of the plants since they live in soil and water both.

+. 6here is no specialised tissue for the conduction of water and other substances from one part ofthe plant body to another (no vascular system).

0. An embryo is formed upon fertili9ation. *ater is necessary for fertili9ation.


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oss in dense forest

Q'': .ive eam/#es o$ bryo/hytes*

Answer: unaria (moss) and archantia (liverwort)

archantia (liverwort)

Q'+: What are the uses o$ bryo/hytes?Answer: Bryophytes have good water holding capacity, therefore these are used in horticulture. 6hey are

used in medicines, construction material, smo$e filters etc.

Q'-: 9o! are bodies or%anised?

Answer: 6he plant body a "teridophyte is differentiated into roots, stem and leaves and has a simple

vasuclar system for the conduction of water and other substances from one part of the plant body to

another.


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arsilea ("teridophyte)

Q'(CBSE 2011): 9o! do tha##o/hytes and /terido/hytes di$$er $rom ea"h other? Write t!o

di$$eren"es*

Answer:

N*m. T(a"p(#tes Pterid"p(#tes

1. Pant !"d# is n"t -e di,,erentiated.Pant !"d# is di,,erentiated int" r""t

stems and eaves.

'.N" vasc*ar s#stem present ,"r

c"nd*cti"n ", -ater and ,""d s*!stances.

Simper vasc*ar s#stem present ,"r

c"nd*cti"n ", -ater and s*!stances.

+. M"st# a/*atic 0agae M"st# and pants

2. Spir"g#ra $(ara etc. 3erns Marsiea etc.

Q': Name the /#ants that are "a##ed @First vsculr ln! plnts@*

Answer: "teridophytes.Q': 3n !hat basis /#ants are divided into t!o sub6,in%doms?

Answer: *hether the reproductive organs are conspicuous (clearly visible) or not, based on this plants

are divided into two sub-$ingdoms i.e.

Cry/to%amae: on flowering or seedless plants. #ncludes 6hallophytes, bryophytes and

pteridophytes.


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/eodar (ymnosperm)

Q+1: 9o!


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N*m. G#mn"sperms Angi"sperms

'.3"-ers are represented as *nise%*a c"nes

-(ic( pr"d*ce sp"res.

Micr"sp"res are ant(ers -(ie

megasp"res are "v*es.

+. Ov*es n"t "cated in "var# Ov*es present inside "var#.

2. E%ampes7 Pines $#cas De"dar etc.E%ampes7 S*n,"-er Mai&e 5(eat

Pea !ean etc.

Q+-: 9o! =n%ios/erms are divided $urther?

Answer: Angiosperms are divided into two groups on the basis of the number of cotyledons present in the

seed.

onocotyledonous or monocots: 6hese are the plants with seeds having a single cotyledon, e.g.

mai9e, wheat, rice, etc.

/icotyledonous or dicots: 6hese are plants with seeds having two cotyledons, e.g. pea, gram,

bean, etc.

Q+(CBSE 2011): Write the di$$enen"es bet!een mono"ots and di"ots*

Answer:

8 M"n"c"ts Dic"ts

$"t#ed"ns One $"t#ed"n T-" $"t#ed"ns

Veins in eaves 9s*a# Parae Genera# neti6e

3"-er Parts In genera m*tipe

", t(ree In ,"*rs "r ,ive


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8 M"n"c"ts Dic"ts

Arrangement ", primar#

vasc*ar!*ndes

in stem

Scattered In a ring

Q+: What are the %enera# "hara"teristi"s $ound in a## anima#s?

Answer: eneral characteristics found in all animals are:

!. All animals are multi-cellular, eu$aryotic and heterotrophic.

%. All animals exhibit locomotion.

'. ost of the animals have sense organs and nervous system.

+. utrition is generally ingestive.

0. eproduction is generally sexual.

The Animal Kingdom

'nimals are the multicellular eukaryotic organisms which belong to the kingdom 'nimalia.

Criteria or classifcation

'nimals are classied on the basis of different features.

#ellular or tissue level of body organi+ation

&ody symmetry


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Type of body cavity called as coelom

Presence or absence of segmentation

Presence or absence of a backbone.

Classifcation o animal kingdom

#lassication of the kingdom 'nimalia includes *nvertebrata and ,ertebrata.

Invertebrata: *t includes group of animals that do not possess a vertebral column. *nvertebrata is classied

into different phyla such as Porifera #oelenterata Platyhelminthes -ematoda 'nnelida 'rthropoda

Mollusca and !chinodermata.

Porifera are multicellular organisms exhibiting minimal level of tissue organi+ation. They lack nervous

system. Porifera get their name from two words pori/ meaning holes/ and fera/ meaning bearing/.

Porifera includes 0ycon 0pongilla and !uplectella. e.g. 0ponges.

#oelenterates are radially symmetrical organisms which live in marine habitat except for hydra. 0ome

are solitude and some are colonial. #oelenterates get their name from two )reek words " koilos/ meaning

hollow/ and enteron/ meaning intestine/. e.g. #orals 1ydra.

Platyhelminthes are either free living or parasitic. They are triploblastic animals. Platyhelminthes get

their name from two )reek words " platy/ meaning $at/ and helminthes/ meaning worms/. e.g. Planaria. -ematoda are bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic parasitic worms. -ematoda get their name from two

)reek words " nema/ which means thread/ and ode/ which means like/. -ematodes can be free living or

parasitic. e.g. 'scaris.

'nnelida are bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic schi+ocoelomates with segmented body. 'nnelida get

their name from the 2atin word anellus/ which means 3little ring3. 'nnelids are characterised by the

presence of a circulatory system. e.g. !arthworm

'rthropoda are bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic animals with true coelom. 'rthropoda means 4oint

legs/. This phylum gets its name from the )reek words arthron meaning 4oint/ and podos meaning foot/.

e.g. *nsects. These insects breathe through their tracheae. Their circulatory system is open so blood does

not $ow through blood vessels. Molluscs are bilaterally symmetrical triploblastic gastropods with reduced coelom. Mollusca is derived

from a 2atin word which means thin"shelled and soft/. 2ocomotion in molluscs is by means of a muscular

foot. 5ater molluscs breathe through their gills while land molluscs have lungs and their circulatory system

is open.

!chinodermata are triploblastic animals with true coelomic cavity. !chinodermata are spiny skinned

organisms which get their name from the )reek words echinos/ meaning protective spines/ and derma/

meaning skin/. 0keletons of echinoderms are hard calcium carbonates. They exhibit radial symmetry.

Protochordata: These are the organisms belonging to the phylum #hordata and are primitive chordates.

Protochordates possess a notochord during their early stage of development. The notochord is a long rod"

like support that runs all along the back of the animal separating the nervous tissue from thegut. e.g.&alanoglossus

ertebrata: These are the most advanced group of animals with true

vertebral column and strong endoskeleton. ,ertebrates are grouped into

different classes based on bilateral symmetry notochord dorsal nerve cord

paired gill pouches triploblastic and coelomate. These classes are Pisces


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'mphibia 6eptilia 'ves and Mammalia.

Pisces includes all sh. These are a(uatic cold blooded organisms with a

spindle"shaped body covered by scales. Fish breathe through their

gills. 0keleton may be cartilaginous or bony in nature. Fish comprise two"

chambered heart and reproduce by laying eggs. 'mphibians are cold"blooded animals. 'mphibians can live both on land

and in water. They are the rst vertebrates to have four limbs each with ve

digits and are called tetrapods. 6espiration is by skin and lungs. They possess

a three"chambered heart. 'mphibians reproduce by laying eggs.

6eptilia are cold"blooded animals. They have four limbs with ve ngers

or toes each and hence are called pentadactyle tetrapods. 6espiration is

through lungs. 1earts are three"chambered except for crocodiles. 6eptiles

also reproduce by laying eggs.

'ves are warm"blooded animals. &irds bear three clawless digits. Theirhind limbs are strong and are developed for walking. &ones are hollow. &ody

is covered by feathers. 6espiration is through lungs. They have four"

chambered heart. They lay eggs which hatch into chicks.

Mammals are warm"blooded animals. Their skin is covered by hair sweat

glands and oil glands that regulate body temperature thereby allowing them

to live in diverse habitats. &reathing is through lungs. Four"chambered heart

is present. Mammals give birth to young ones through different modes.

Mammals like platypus lay eggs. 7angaroos give birth to under"developed

young ones that are carried in their mother8s abdominal pouch. 1umans

elephants and lions produce live offspring. Mammals have milk"producing

glands called as mammary glands to nourish their young ones.

ANIMAL KINGDOM

nimal Kingdom is characteri(ed by multicellular, eukaryotic organisms. The cells lack cell

walls. They ingest and digest food "holo(oic#, hence they are heterotrophic. 2igher forms show elaborate


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sensory and neuromotor systems. 0aority of them are motile. eproduction is mostly se%ual and

embryological development is present in them. bout 1. million species of animals are described till

now. The classification helps to assign a systematic position to newly described species.

5.1 $A'I' O1 "LA''I1I"ATION

Though different animals differ in their form and structure, there are some fundamentalsimilarities in them such as arrangement of cells, body symmetry, nature of coelom, diploblastic or

triploblastic nature of the body wall, segmentation, presence or absence of notochord etc. These featuresform the basis for the classification of animals. &ome of them are described here.

5.1.1 Le)els o organiation2 The patterns of organi(ation of cells vary in animals in spite of their

multicellular nature. The patterns of cellular organi(ation seen in animals are'-

a# "ellular le)el o organiation) /n these animals, the cells of the body form loose aggregates

e.g.'- &ponges.

b# Tissue le)el o organiation- /n these animals, cells of the animal carrying out the same function

are arranged in tissues e.g.'- $oelenterates.

c# Organ system le)el o organiation- /n these animals, tissue are grouped together to form

organs, each speciali(ed for a particular function e.g.'- members of Platyhelminthes and other higher

phyla.

5.1.. $ody symmetry' The arrangement of body parts around a central point or line determines

symmetry. &ome animals are asymmetrical which cannot be divided into two e!ual halves along anyplane passing through the centre e.g.'- sponges. &ome e%hibit radial symmetry where the animal can be

divided into two e!ual halves along any plane passing through the central a%is e.g.'- $oelenterates,

$tenophores and ?chinoderms. &till other animals e%hibit (ilateral symmetry where the body can be

divided into identical left and right halves along only one plane e.g.'- nnelids, rthropods, $hordates

.ig. 5.1. "a# adial symmetry "b# +ilateral symmetry.5.1.3 $ody +all' The body wall of the animal may be arranged in two or three embryonic layers.

ccordingly the animals are called diplo(lastic "having outer ectoderm and inner endoderm and

undifferentiated mesoglea in between them# animals. e.g.'- $oelenterates, and triplo(lastic "having outer

ectoderm, middle mesoderm and inner endoderm# animals. e.g.'- Platyhelminthes to $hordates."a# "b#


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14

ig. 5.. +ody layers "a# 7iploblastic "b# Triploblastic.

5.1.5. "oelom' The presence or absence of a cavity called coelom in between body wall and gut isimportant for classification. The animals are of three types based on the presence or absence of coeloma#

coelomates- /n these animals body cavity is absent. e.g. Platyhelminthes

b# Pseudocoelomates- /n these animals the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm e.g. schelminthes

c# !ucoelomates- /n these animals true coelom lined by mesoderm is present. e.g. nnelids to $hordates

ig. 5.3. 7iagrammatic sectional view of "a# ?ucoelomate "b# Pseudocoelomate "c# ceolomate.

5.1.6. 'egmentation' /t is also called metamerism. The body is e%ternally and internally divided into

repeated, linear series of body units called metameres or somites, e.g.'- ?arthworms.

5.1.:- Notochord' 8otochord is a supporting rod-like structure derived from mesoderm. /t may be present

in embryonic or adult stages. The animals which possess notochord are called chordates. e.g. $hordata.The animals in which notochord is absent are called non chordates, e.g.'- Porifera to 2emichordata.

5. "LA''I1I"ATION O1 ANIMAL'n outline of classification of animals is given below'Kingdom nimalia$ellular level of organi(ation "Phylum Porifera# Tissue@organ@organ system level of organi(ation

adial symmetry, 7iploblastic "Phylum $oelenterata,

Phylum $tenophora#+ilateral symmetry, Triploblastic

?ucoelomata "Phylum nnelida, Phylum


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rthropoda, Phylum 0ollusca, Phylum?chinodermata, Phylum 2emichordata,

Phylum $hordata#

coelomata "Phylum Platyhelminthes# Pseudocolomata "Phylum schelminthes#

15

Dierent Phyla o Non3chordates and their examples

1.Phylum- Poriera'- Dermal ostia and canal system are present. ?.g. Sycon"&cypha#,Euspongia

"+ath sponge#, Spongilla"resh water sponge#

ig. 5.5. Porifera' "a# Sycon "b#Euspongia "c# Spongilla.Phylum3 "oelenterata or "nidaria'- They possess cells called cnido(lasts for defence and food

capture.?.g.(ydra, )*!lia ,Physalia "Portugese man of war#,$damsia "&ea anemone#,#!andrina "+rain

coral#

ig. 5.6. $oelenterata' "a# urelia, "b# damsia.

Phylum- "tenophora '- They possess e%ternal rows of com( plates for locomotion.

?.g.Pl!uro*ranchia, Ct!nophoraig. 5.;. $tenophora'Pt!uro*rachia

5. Phylum- Platyhelminthes '- They have lat (ody- 'olenocytes4 lame cells # are present for e%cretion.

?.g.Planaria, Fasciola "iver fluke#,+a!nia "Tape worm#

5.


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worm#, uch!r!ria "ilarial worm#,$ncylostoma "2ook worm#

16

0ale emale

ig. 5.=. schelminthes' oundworm

:. Phylum- Annelida '- Their body e%hibits true segmentation4metamerism# ?.g.Ph!r!tima

"?arthworm#,%!r!is "ag worm# ,(irudinaria "eech#

5.1>. nnelida' "a# 8ereis, "b# 2irudinaria.

;. Phylum- Arthropoda '- They have paired, 5ointed appendages and chitinous exos.eleton. ?.g.

P!na!us "Prawn#,$pis "2oney bee#,-om*yx "&ilk moth#,Lacci!r "ac insect#, 0os!uitoes /$noph!l!s ,Cul!x,$!d!s0, Palamna!us "&corpion#,$rn!a "&pider#,Limulus "King crab#

ig. 5.11. rthropoda' "a# ocust, "b# Prawn, "c# &pider.


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Loligo "&!uid#.

ig. 5.1. 0ollusca' "a#Pila, "b# )ctopus.

17

=. Phylum-!chinodermata '- They are spiny3s.inned animals having radial symmetry in adult stage.

They possess water vascular system. ?.g.$st!rias "&tar fish#,)phiura "+rittle star#,Echinus "&ea urchin#,

Cucumaria "&ea cucumber#,$nt!don "&ea lily#.

ig. 5.13. ?chinodermata' "a#$st!rias, "b# )phiura.

1>. Phylum- &emichordata '- They are worm-like animals with pro(oscis, collar and trun..

espiration by many paired gills. ?%cretion is through proboscis gland. ?.g.-alanoglossus,

Saccoglossus

ig. 5.15.-alanoglossus.

5..1. Phylum2 "hordata

Phylum $hordata includes animals characteri(ed by the presence of a notochord, a dorsal hollo+ ner)ecord and paired pharyngeal gill slits.

ig. 5.16. 7iagrammatic representation of $hordata characteristics.

18

Phylum "hordata is divided as follows'

&ubphyla /rochordata and "ephalochordata are called protochordates and are all marine organisms.

1. &ubphylum /rochordata2 /n the members of this subphylum, the adult are sedentary "attached# forms


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without notochord. Their larvae have notochord in the tail region.

?g'-

$scidia, Doliolum.

. &ubphylum "ephalochordata2 /n the members of this subphylum notochord e%tends from the head to

tail region, eg'--ranchiostoma "mphio%us or ancelet#.ig. 5.1:. Arochordata' "a#$sidia, $ephalochordata'"b#-ranchiostoma.

3. &ubphylum 6erte(rata2 /t is composed of members which possess notochord only in the embryonic

stages. /n adults it is replaced by 6erte(ral column- long with basic chordate characters, they have

ventral heart with , 3 or 5 chambers, kidneys for e%cretion and paired appendages which may be fins or

limbs.Phylum "hordata

&ubphylum

Arochordata or Tunicata "8otochord in larval tail# $ephalochordata "8otochord

e%tends from head to tail#Bertebrata "8otochord is replaced

by vertebral column in adult#

7ivisiongnatha "aw absent#

$lass*nathostomata "aws present#&uper class

$yclostomata Pisces "bear fins# Tetrapoda "bear limbs#$lass $lass

1. $hondrichthyes

. Csteichthyes1. mphibia

. eptilia

3. ves5. 0ammalia

Bertebrata "8otochord is replaced

by vertebral column#

19

Dierent "lasses o 'u(phylum 6erte(rata1. $lass - "yclostomata '-They have suctorial and circular mouth without aws. Paired fins and scales are

absent.

?.g.P!tromy1on"amprey#,#yxin! "2ag fish#.

ig. 5.1;.$yclostomata'P!tromy1on

. $lass - "hondrichthyes '- They are marine fishes with cartilaginous endoskeleton. The e%oskeleton


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has placoid scales. ?.g. Scoliodon "&hark#,Pristis "&aw fish#,+rygon "&ting ray#,%arcin! "?lectric ray#.

ig.5.1


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ig. 5.. ves' "a# Struthio, "b#Pavo.

;. $lass 3 Mammalia '-They possess breast glands "mammary glands# and maority of them are

viviparous.They have hair as e%oskeleton. ?.g. )rnithorhynchus "Platypus#,#acropus "Kangaroo#,

Pt!ropus " lying fo%#,Cam!lus "$amel#,#acaca "0onkey#,(omo sapi!ns "2uman#,"attus

"at#,El!phas "?lephant#, Canis "7og#,E&uus "2orse#,F!lis "$at#.

ig.5.3. 0ammalia' "a#Platypus, "b##acropus, "c##acaca.

21

'/MMA#%

$lassification of animal Kingdom is based on some fundamental features like symmetry,levels of organi(ation, coelom, segmentation, notochord etc. +esides these each phylum or class has many

distinctive and specific features.Poriferans have cellular level of organi(ation and have ostia.

$oelenterates bear cnidoblasts . $tenophores are marine and have comb plates. Platyhelminthes have flat

body. schelminthes are pseudocoelomates with cylindrical body. nnelids are metamerically segmented

with true coelom. rthropods are the group of animals with ointed appendages and chitinous

e%oskeleton. 0ollusca have soft body covered by calcareous shell. ?chinoderms have spiny skin and

water vascular system. $hordates possess a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve cord and paired pharyngeal

gill slits. &ome are protochordates and others are vertebrates. &ome vertebrates do not possess aws

"gnantha# while maority possess aws"*nathostomata#. gnatha is represented by class $yclostomata

which are primitive. *nathostomata has two superclasses- Pisces and Tetrapoda.&uperclass Piscesincludes fishes bearing fins and includes $lasses $hondrichthyes and $lass Csteichthyes. $lass

$hondrichthyes are marine fishes with cartilagenous endoskeleton. $lass Csteichthyes are fresh water ormarine fishes with bony endoskeleton.

&uper class Tetrapoda includes animal with pairs of limbs. Tetrapoda includes $lasses- mphibia,

eptilia, ves and mammalia. mphibians are adapted to live both on land and in water. eptiles are

characteri(ed by dry and cornified skin. ves are flying animals with feathers, beaks and wings.

0ammals have features like skin covered with hair, presence of mammary glands and viviparity.

!0!#"I'!

1. 8ame the fundamental features which are considered in the classification of animals9

. 4hat is the function of comb plates9


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3. 0ention the functions of the following'

a# lame cells b# cnidoblasts

5. 8ame the phylum in which the members possess pseudocoelom.

6. The members of which phylum show the followinga#

4ater vascular system b# chitinous e%oskeleton:. 4hich chordates do not possess vertebral column in adults9

;. 8ame a chordate which has a mouth without aws.. 0embers of ---- class are generally viviparous.

22

Exercises Answers

1. Levels of organization, body symmetry, body wall, coelom, segmentation,

Notochord etc.

2. Locomotion

3. (a) Excretion. (b) Defence and food capture

4. Aschelminthes

5. (a) Echinodermata (b) Arthropoda6. Urochordata

7.PetromyzonorMyxine

8. Class : Reptilia

9. Class : Aves

10. Class : Mammalia


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indom Animalia is divided into nine phyla

Q+: 8n ho! many . Chordata (animals with bac$bone)


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Q-0(CBSE 2011): Name the /hy#um to !hi"h the $o##o!in% are in"#uded*

(i) Spider

(ii) Coc$roach

(iii) "rawn

(iv) &ousefly

Answer: Arthopada

Q-1(CBSE 2011): Write t!o im/ortant "hara"teristi"s o$ s/on%es (


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Spongilla (freshwater)

credits:wi$icommons

Q-2: What is os"u#um?

Answer: 6he body of sponge is porous and the pores are called osti. Single large openingor pore is

called the osculum.

Q-&: o s/on%es have nervous system?

Answer: o

Q-': .ive eam/#es o$


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Answer: ain features of phylum coelenterata:

!. A


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Answer:

A. 6entacles

B. outh

C. Stinging cells

/. 1pidermis

1. esoglea

. 1ndoderm

. Body Cavity

&. oot

Q-: Whi"h anima# /hy#um is "ommon#y "a##ed as $#at!orms?

Answer: "latyhelminthes (Platy G flat, helminthG worms)

Q0: Whi"h anima# /hy#um is "onsidered to be $irst tri/#ob#asti" anima#s?

Answer: "latyhelminthes. Animals of this phylum are the first simplest triploblastic animals. 6hey havethree layers i.e. endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.

resh water "lanaria

credits:wi$icommons

Q1: Write im/ortant $eatures about


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!. ostly parasitic

%. irst simplest triploblastic animals i.e. having three layers of body cells.

'. Bilaterally symmetrical

+. o true internal body cavity or coelom

0. Body is dorsoventrally flattened

4. 1xamples: "lanaria, 7iverflu$e, 6apeworm

Q2(NCER): 9o! do /ori$eran anima#s di$$er $rom "oe#enterate anima#s?

Answer:

N*m. P"ri,eran Animas $"eentrate Animas

1. $e*ar eve "rgani&ati"n. Tiss*e eve "rgani&ati"n.

'. M"st# marine and n"n8m"tie. A/*atic eit(er s"iar# i,e "r c""nia i,e.

+. E%ampes7 Sp"ngia E*pecteia etc. E%ampes7 4#dra sea anem"nes c"ras etc.

Q&: Whi"h /hy#um is "ommon#y "a##ed round!orms or /in!orms?

Answer: ematoda or Aschelminthes

Q': .ive eam/#es o$ anima#s be#on% to Nematoda*

Answer: Ascaris (intestinal roundworm), *uchereria (filarial worm), 1nterobium (pinworm).

Q+: Name a /arasiti" disease "aused by members o$ Nematoda*

Answer: 1lephantiasis caused by filarial worms (*uchereri).


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7eech

credits:wi$i commons

Q-: Name the $irst anima#s (/hy#um) that have true body "avity*

Answer: Annelida

Q: 7ee"hes and Earth!orms be#on% to !hi"h /hy#um?

Answer: Annelida

Q(CBSE 2011): i$$erentiate bet!een =nne#ida and Nematode*

Answer:

N*m. Nemat"da Anneida

1. Tiss*es !*t n" rea "rgans. Tr*e "rgans pac6aged in !"d#str*ct*re.

'.:"d# $avit# is n"t tr*e c"e"m

0pse*d"c"e"mTr*e !"d# $avit#

+. :"d# is c#indrica :"d# is segmented.

2. e.g. Ascaris 5*c(aria e.g. Leec(es Eart(-"rms Nereis

Q: Name the #ar%est %rou/ (/hy#um) o$ anima#s*

Answer: Arthropoda (animals with ointed legs). #t includes nearly > million species.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Haemadipsa_zeylanica_japonica.jpg/320px-Haemadipsa_zeylanica_japonica.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Haemadipsa_zeylanica_japonica.jpg/320px-Haemadipsa_zeylanica_japonica.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Haemadipsa_zeylanica_japonica.jpg/320px-Haemadipsa_zeylanica_japonica.jpg


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Arthropoda largest "hylum

(credits: wi$imedia)

Q0: .ive eam/#es o$ =rthro/od anima#s*

Answer: "rawns, butterflies, houseflies, spiders, scorpions and crabs etc.

Q1(CBSE 2011): What is the most stri,in% $eature o$ /hy#um =rthro/oda?

Answer: Species of phylum Arthopoda have ointed legs and a pair of compound eye on the head.

Q2: 9o! is body o$ =rthro/ods se%mented?

Answer: Arthropods have segmented and bilaterally symmetrical body which is divided into three regions:

head

thorax

abdomen

Q&: What is the ty/e o$ "ir"u#atory system /resent in =rthro/ods?
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Arthropoda.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Arthropoda.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Arthropoda.jpg


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Answer: 6here is an open circulatory system. 6he blood does not flow in well defined blood vessels. 6he

coelomic cavity is blood-filled called HhaemocoelH.

Q'(NCER): 9o! do anne#id anima#s di$$er $rom arthro/ods?

Answer:

N*m. Anneids Art(r"p"ds

1. Tr*e !"d# cavit# caed c"eem:""d ,ied !"d# cavit# caed

(aem"c"e.

'. Latera appendages ,"r "c"m"ti"n. ;"inted egs ,"r "c"m"ti"n

+. $"sed circ*at"r# s#stem Open circ*at"r# S#stem.

2. :"d# is s",t t(ere is n" (ard s6eet"n 4ard E%"s6eet"n made *p ", c(itin


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ctopus

credits:wi$ipedia

Q: 9o! is #o"omotion brou%ht in anima#s be#on%in% to ;o##us"a /hy#um?

Answer: Animals of ollusca are soft bodied and locomotion is brought about by muscular foot.

Q: Name the /hy#um to !hi"h Start $ish and Sea ur"hin be#on% to?

Answer: "hylum 1chinodermata

Q(CBSE 2011): Name the /hy#um to !hi"h this or%anism be#on%s* Write any t!o "hara"teristi"

$eature o$ the /hy#um*
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Octopus2.jpg/631px-Octopus2.jpghttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Octopus2.jpg/631px-Octopus2.jpg


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Answer: 6he organism is octopus which belongs to phylum ollusca.

Characteristic features of ollusca are:

!. 6hey have an open circulatory system and $idney-li$e organs for excretion.

%. 6he coelomic cavity is reduced

'. 6here is a foot that is used for moving around.

Q0: What is a noto"hord? What does it do?

Answer: 6he notochord is a long rod-li$e support structure (chordGstring) which runs along the bac$ of the

animal separating the nervous tissue from the gut. #t provides a place for muscles to attach for ease of

movement.

Q1: .ive eam/#es o$ or%anisms !hi"h be#on% to

Documents

Bio AR 2 - Plant & Animal Kingdom