BIO-CHEMICAL_COMPOSITIONAL_ANALYSIS_OF_A.pdf

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82 | P a g e International Standard Serial Number (ISSN): 2319-8141

Full Text Available On www.ijupbs.com

I nternational Journal of Universal Pharmacy and Bio Sciences 3(2): March-April 2014

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF UNIVERSAL

PHARMACY AND BIO SCIENCESIMPACT FACTOR 1.89***

ICV 5.13***

Bio SciencesReview Article

!!!

BIO-CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONAL ANALYSIS OF ANNONA MURICATA:

A MIRACLE FRUITS REVIEW

Trupti P. Sawant and Rajendra S. Dongre

Post Graduate Teaching Department of Chemistry, RTM Nagpur University, Nagpur- 440033.

KEYWORDS:

Annona muricata,

Acetogenins, Chemical

composition, Anti cancer.

Author for

Correspondence:

Rajendra S. Dongre*

Address:

Post Graduate Teaching

Department of

Chemistry, RTM Nagpur

University, Nagpur-

440033.

Email:

[email protected]

ABSTRACT

The present review is aimed to evaluate the miraculous nature of

Annonamuricata. Annona muricata (soursop or graviola)) of

Annonaceae family has been used worldwide as a natural medicinal

remedy for many years, and it has been reported to have a broad

range of therapeutic effects, including antibacterial, antiviral,

antifungal, antitumor, antihelmin, analgesic, hypotensive, anti-

inflammatory, and immune enhancing effects. This article

summarizes external morphology of the plant including leaves, fruit

and seeds. Also captured is the chemical analysis in which chemical

constituents like Acetogenins etc. Also captured are the medicinal

properties which have been used from centuries and the recent

developments. Natural products have been the target for cancer

therapy for several years but there is still a dearth of information on

potent compounds that may protect normal cells and selectively

destroy cancerous cells.
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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INTRODUCTION:

Annona muricataLinn. is a lowland tropical fruit-bearing tree in the Annonaceae family. Annona

muricatais also commonly known as Graviola or Soursop or Gunbanana. The name soursop is due

to sour and sweet flavour of its large fruit. Related species include cherimoya (A. cherimola) and

sugar-apple (A. squamosa); paw paw (Asimina triloba) is also in the family. The soursop is native to

tropical Central and South America and the Caribbean, but is now widely cultivated in tropical areas

worldwide, including southern Florida and Southeast Asia, from sea level to altitudes of around 1150

meters. Soursop is one of most commonly used medicinal plants in Caribbean. Pulp of the fruit is

eaten and used as an ingredient in many foods and beverages. Tea is drunk daily and often mixed

with other herbal decoctions. Soursop is a slender, small, and cold-intolerant tree, generally reaching

heights of 46 meters. The soursop is adapted to areas of high humidity and relatively warm winters;

temperatures below 5C (41F) will cause damage to leaves and small branches, and temperatures

below 3C (37F) can be fatal. The fruit becomes dry and is no longer good for concentrate. This

plant inhibits the growth of other plants growing around it, a phenomenon called allelopathic effect.

Allelopathy is the production of specific bio molecules by plant species mostly secondary

metabolites that can induce suffering or give benefit to other plant species around it [1]. The extracts

from all the parts of the plant inhibit the growth and development of other plant species such as

phyllantus spps, Panicum maximum, Tridax procumbens etc. The absorption of the extracts through

the roots of such plants affected their physiological processes such as photosynthetic, respiratory and

transpiratory rates, stomatal closure as well as reduced chlorophyll content leading to wilting,

maceration of tissues, stunted growth and finally death of the affected plants. The decoction can also

be used as wet compress on swollen feet and other inflammations. The juice of the fruits is taken

orally as herb remedy of arthritis, haematuria and liver ailments. Pulverizing the Annona seed and

mixing it with soap and water is used as effective spray against caterpillar. The annona leaves are

placed inside pillow or placed on top of the mattress to induce a good night sleep [2].

Nature is the worlds best chemist: Many naturally occurring compounds have very complicated

structures that present great challenges to chemists wishing to determine their structures or replicate

them. The plant derived herbal compounds have a long history of clinical use, better patient tolerance

and acceptance. Their high ligand binding affinity to the target introduces the prospect of their use in

chemo preventive applications; in addition they are freely available natural compounds that can be

safely used to prevent various ailments. Plants became the basis of traditional medicine system

throughout the world for thousands of years and continue to provide mankind with new remedies.

Here, an attempt is made to review on medicinal plant, Annona muricata (soursop or graviola). It has


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a wide potent anticancerous agents coined as Acetogenins which play a key role towards many

varieties of cancer, Acetogenins are potent inhibitors of NADH oxidase(nicotinamide adenine

dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase) of the plasma membranes of cancer cells. The fruit is of economic

value and hence cultivated and used widely as an edible food. The plant possess the major

pharmacological activities includes cytotoxic, antileishmanial, wound healing, anti-microbial

activity. It also has the anticarcinogenic and genotoxic effect. Phytochemical analysis of the plant

revealed the presence of tannins, steroids and cardiac glycosides which are the major phytochemical

compounds [3].

ABOUT ANNONA MURICATA PLANT:

COMMON NAMES:

English : prickly custard apple, soursop

Spanish : guanabana, zopote de viejas, cabeza de negro, catoche,anona de puntitas, anona de broquel; sinini;

Portuguese : araticum do grande, graviola, or jaca do Para

Netherlands Antilles : sorsaka or zunrzak,

Malaya : durian belanda, durian maki; or seri kaya belanda

Thailand : thu-rian-khack.

Chamorro : laguan, laguana, laguanaha, syasyap

Chuukese : saasaf, saasaf, saasap, sasaf

Fijian : sarifa, seremaia

French : anone muriquee, cacheimantier pineux,cachiman pineux,

corasol, corossol, corossol pineux,

Kosraean : sosap

Maori(Cook Islands) : ktaraapa, ktaraapa papa, naponapo taratara

Marquesan : koroso

Marshallese : jojaab

Mokilese : truka shai

Niuean : talapo, talapo fotofoto

Palauan : sausab

Pohnpeian : sae, sei

Samoan : sanalapa, sasalapa, sasalapa

Spanish : guanbana, guanbano

Tahitian : tapotapo papaa, tapotapo urupe

Tongan : apele, initia

Tuamotuan : korosor, tapotaporataraYapese : sausau[2].


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CLASSIFICATION:

Kingdom : Plantae

Subkingdom : Trecheobonta -vascular plants

Division : Mangoliophyta-flowering plants

Super division : Spermatophyte-seed bearing plant

Class : Mangoliopsida

Subclass : Mangoliidae

Order : Mangoliales

Family : Annonaceae

Genus : Annona

Species : Muricata [2].

LIFE HISTORY AND BEHAVIOR:

Life cycle habit : Perennial

Shedability : Evergreen

Bloom period : Summer

Active growth period : Year round

Growth rate : Moderate

Life span : Low life span

Grass growth type : Not a low growing grassResproutability : Will resprout

Germination requirements : Cold stratification not required

Fruit/seed abundance : Medium

Seed period end : Autumn

Seed period begin : Autumn

Fruit/seed persistence : Fruit/seed is not persistent

Seed spread rate : Slow

Vegetative spread rate : None

DISTRIBUTION:

The soursop probably originated in the West Indies and in northern South America. Wild and

cultivated species are found from sea-level to an altitude of 1,150 m throughout the West Indies and

from southern Mexico to Peru and Argentina. It is widely distributed from south-eastern China to

Australia, SE Asia, the warm lowlands of eastern and western Africa, and throughout the pacific.

The soursop is one of the most abundant fruits in the Dominican Republic and one of the most

popular in Cuba, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Colombia and north-eastern Brazil [4].


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PLANT DESCRIPTION:

Graviola (Soursop) belongs to the genus Annonaceae and comprises about 150 species. It is a small

tree of tropical South America, no more than 20 feet tall; leaves not divided into leaflets (simple) and

with entire edges (margins), alternately arranged oblong to oval leaves are leathery, very dark and

shiny green. They have a pungent odour when crushed. The tree has larger individual yellow flowers

on woody stalks (pedicels). Flowers are large and solitary, yellowish or greenish-yellow in colour.

Three outer petals are broadly ovate with heart-shaped base, inner 3 also large, elliptical and

rounded. Graviola fruit is prickly and oblong or somewhat curved; with a length of 13 inch and a

weight of up to 8 pound. The tree may bear fruits anywhere on its trunk or branches. The fruit has 40

to 100 black seeds. The creamy, aromatic pulp is used in ice cream and juice [4].

Figure 1:Annona muricatatree

SEASON:

The soursop tends to flower and fruit more or less continuously, but in every growing area there is a

principal season of ripening. In Puerto Rico, this is from March to June or September; in

Queensland, it begins in April; in southern India, Mexico and Florida, it extends from June to

September; in the Bahamas, it continues through October. In Hawaii, the early crop occurs from

January to April; midseason crop, June to August, with peak in July; and there is a late crop in

October or November [4].

YIELD:

The soursop, unfortunately, is a shy-bearer, the usual crop being 12 to 20 or 24 fruits per tree. In

Puerto Rico, production of 5,000 to 8,000 lbs per acre (roughly equal kg/ha), is considered a good

yield from well cared-for trees. A study of the first crop of 35 5 year-old trees in Hawaii showed an

average of 93.6 lbs (42.5 kg) of fruits per tree. Yield was slightly lower the 2nd year. The 3rd year,

the average yield was 172 lbs (78 kg) per tree. At this rate, the annual crop would be 16,000 lbs per

acre (roughly equal kg/ha) [4].


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PESTS & DISEASES:

Queensland's principal soursop pest is the mealybug which may occur in masses on the fruits. The

mealybug is a common pest also in Florida, where the tree is often infested with scale insects.

Sometimes it may be infected by a lace-wing bug. The fruit is subject to attack by fruit flies

Anastrepha suspensa,A. striata and Ceratitis capitata. Red spiders are a problem in dry climates [4].

REVIEW

LEAVES OF SOURSOP:

Figure 2:Annona muricataleaves Figure 3:Annona muricataflower

Soursop leaves are the most beneficial parts of this tree. They have the Acetogenins containingcompounds namely bulatacin, asimisin and squamosin. Acetogenins acts as an anti- feedent. Thus,

they are often used in killing insects and pests which die by consuming these leaves even in small

amounts. Scientific research conducted by The National Cancer Institute has proved that Soursop

leaves can effectively attack and destroy cancer cells. In addition to this, they are also used in the

treatment of several other diseases [4].

CHEMICAL COMPONENTS OF THE LEAF:

Lactones:

AnnohexocinaAnnomuricina A, B, C and EAnnomutacina

Annopentocinas A, B and C

Muricoreacina

Gigantetronemina

Murihexocina A and C

Javoricina

Soquinolines:

AnonaineAnoniine

Atherospermine


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Coreximine

Lipids:Gentisic acid

Lignoceric acid

CLA

Stearic acid [5]Chemical composition (%) of leaf oil of Annona Muri cata:

From the leaf oil, 59 compounds were identified, principally -caryophyllene (31.4%), -cadinene

(6.7%), -muurolene (5.5%) T- and -cadinols (4.3%). The second work was reported by Boyom et

al. on the leaves and seeds; in leaves: -caryophyllene (40%) and in seeds: -phellandrene (25%),

were preponderant.

Table 1. : Chemical composition (%) of leaf oil of Annona Muricata L.

Compounds KI 6

a.m.

9

a.m.

Compounds KI 6

a.m.

9

a.m.-thujene 930 tr - (E,E)- -farnesene 1506 - 0.8

-pinene 939 tr - germacrene A 1509 - 3.8

citronellene 950 tr - cis-elema-1,3-dien--

ol

1510 0.6 -

-pinene 979 tr - g-cadinene 1514 0.8 0.6

Myrcene 991 tr - -cadinene 1523 4.5 9.1

-terpinene 1017 tr - cis-calamenene 1529 0.4 0.3

p-cymene 1025 tr - trans-cadina-1(2),4-

diene

1535 0.1 -

-3-carene 1031 tr - -cadinene 1539 0.2 0.1

1,8-cineole 1033 0.1 - -calacorene 1546 1.0 0.1

g-terpinene 1060 tr - elemol 1550 1.8 0.9

cis-sabinenehydrate

1070 - 0.1 (E)-nerolidol 1563 0.6 0.6

terpinolene 1089 tr - (Z)-3-hexenylbenzoate

1567 - 0.5

Nonanal 1101 tr - spathulenol 1578 1.2 -

cis-limonene

oxide

1137 tr 0.1 caryophyllene oxide 1585 5.5 0.2

(Z)-3-hexenyl

isobutyrate

1147 tr - globulol 1585 0.7 0.6

Isopulegol 1150 tr Tr epi-globulol 1605 0.8 -

Citronellal 1153 - 0.1 humulene-epoxide II 1608 0.9 -

trans-linalooloxide (pyranoid)

1177 - 0.1 1-epi-cubenol 1629 2.3 0.3

terpinen-4-ol 1177 0.1 0.2 g-eudesmol 1632 - 0.6

methyl chavicol 1196 0.1 0.5 isospathulenol 1635 0.2 -

-terpineol 1199 0.2 - epi---cadinol 1640 4.1 8.4

(Z)-3-hexenyl 2-

methylbutyrate

1230 tr - caryophylla-

4(14),8(15)-dien-5--

ol

1641 1.1 -

-elemene 1338 0.1 0.2 epi--muurolol 1642 3.5 -


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-ylangene 1375 tr - -muurolol 1643 tr -

-copaene 1377 0.3 0.3 -cadinol 1654 8.3 7.2

-bourbonene 1388 0.4 - 5-epi-neointermedeol 1660 - 1.5

-elemene 1391 3.2 4.0 4-isopropyl-6-methyl-

1,2,3,4-

isocaryophyllene 1409 7.5 0.4 tetrahydronaphthalen-1-one

1702 0.3 -

-gurjunene 1410 - 0.2 benzyl benzoate 1760 0.2 0.2

-caryophyllene 1419 7.5 13.6 Aristolone 1763 0.1 -

-copaene 1432 0.1 - 6,10,14-trimethyl-2-

pentadecanone

1839 0.5 -

aromadendrene 1441 0.3 - eudesma-4(15),7-

dien-3 -ol

1898 0.2 -

-humulene 1455 1.8 2.4 9,10-

dehydroisolongifolene

1916 1.6 -

(E)- -farnesene 1457 0.4 0.7 Phytol 1916 2.5 -allo-

aromadendrene

1460 0.3 0.6 nC23H48 2295 0.1 -

g-muurolene 1480 1.9 1.7 nC24H50 2395 0.1 -

-amorphene 1485 0.2 - nC25H52 2494 0.1 0.1

germacrene D 1485 - 1.8 nC26H54 2593 tr -

-selinene 1490 - 1.4 nC27H56 2695 0.2 0.2

-selinene 1498 3.3 1.4 nC29H60 2895 0.2 -

-muurolene 1500 3.2 3.5

tr = traces (inferior or equal to 0.05%)

The plant material was collected at 6 a.m. and 9 a.m. to evaluate any variation during the early

morning. The yield of oil obtained by steam distillation was difficult to determine accurately, but

was less than 0.1%. In all, 82 compounds were identified by GC/MS (Table I) [6]. The volatile

fraction in the leaves was terpene rich and totally different from that obtained from the fruit, in

which alphatic and aromatic esters predominated, together with linalool and its trans oxide and traces

of -terpineol and geraniol [6].

HEALTH BENEFITS OF SOURSOP LEAVES:

Figure 4: Some Annona muricata products


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Soursop leaves are rich in several compounds including protein, calcium, fructose, fat, vitamins A

and B and the like. Thus, the leaves have excellent medicinal properties making them usable as an

ingredient in several herbal health products. The health benefits of soursop leaves are as follows.

1. Treatment of Cancer:

Soursop leaves can inhibit cancer cells and cure cancer more quickly and effectively than

chemotherapy which results in several side effects besides being expensive. In fact, research has

proved that soursop has an active ingredient that is 10000 times stronger than chemotherapy in

fighting cancer cells. Thus, soursop leaves can treat different types of cancers including prostate,

lung and breast cancers. For treatment, boil 10 soursop leaves in 3 cups of water until only one cup

of water remains, strain and cool it and drink this concoction every morning for 3-4 weeks to

determine improvement in the condition. Soursop leaves cancer treatment is one of the most potent

cures till date.

2. Treatment of Uric Acid:

Eating soursop leaves can greatly help in treating gout. In fact, many alternative medicines use

soursop leaves for the treatment of gout. For this purpose, take 6 to 10 soursop leaves which are old

but still green and wash them clean. Boil the leaves in 2 cups of water and simmer until one cup of

water remains. This concoction should be taken twice a day i.e. morning and evening for maximum

benefits.

3. Treatment of Back Pain:

Back pain is commonly experienced these days, particularly while exercising. Using chemical drugs

for back pain can cause side effects. Soursop leaves are an effective herbal remedy for treating back

pain without any negative effect. You can boil 20 pieces of soursop leaves in 5 cups of water until

only 3 cups of water are left. Drink cup of this concoction once in a day for relief.

4. Treatment of Eczema and Rheumatism:

Rheumatic diseases are commonly observed in elderly people, causing great pain. Soursop leaves are

a natural treatment for arthritis pain. For this purpose, mashes the soursop leaves until they become

smooth and apply on the areas of the body affected by pain due to arthritis and eczema, regularly

twice a day.

5. Treatment of Diabetes:

The limit of normal sugar levels ranges from 70 mg to 120 mg. The nutrients in soursop leaves are

believed to stabilize blood sugar levels in the normal range. Besides, the extracts of soursop leaves

can be used as one of the natural diabetes remedies. All this makes these leaves beneficial for

diabetics.


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6. Boosts the Immune System and Prevents Infections:

The nutrient content of soursop leaves is believed to boost the immune system and avoid infections

in the body. Boil 4/5 soursop leaves in 4 cups of water until one cup water remains and drink this

concoction regularly once in a day for beneficial results.

7. Other Benefits:

I. In addition to the benefits mentioned above, soursop leaves are extremely effective in

inhibiting the growth of bacteria, virus, parasites and tumour development. Their healing

properties make them capable of being used as an anti-seizure medication. They are also

capable of reducing fever and lowering high blood pressure. They help in treating

inflammation and swollen feet. They aid in digestion and improve appetite. Soursop leaf

consumption on a regular basis helps in improving stamina and facilitating quick recovery

from diseases [7].

II. Skin Benefits of Soursop Leaves: Due to their medicinal properties soursop leaves are

extremely beneficial for health. As pointed out earlier, they are used in the treatment of some

of the deadliest diseases. The leaves offer some skin benefits as well.

8. Treatment of Boils:

Ulcer is a skin disorder that is characterized by immense pain and even has the risk of catching

infection. Boils can occur on the body or on the face, thus interfering with your skin health and

beauty. Soursop leaves are a natural remedy to cure ulcers. You can pick some young soursop leaves

and place them on the body affected by ulcers.

9. Treatment of Eczema:

As already stated earlier, soursop leaves can treat eczema in a natural way. You can mash a few

soursop leaves and apply it on the affected areas twice a day regularly. This will help in alleviating

the pain caused by eczema besides treating it. A pulp made with fresh soursop leaves and rose water

when applied on the skin can be very useful in preventing the occurrence of blackheads and other

skin problems too [7].

Hair Benefits of Soursop Leaves:

10. Get rid of Lice:

All of us long for healthy and damage free hair. But unfortunately, the unhealthy lifestyle coupled

with exposure to harmful chemicals and environmental pollutants is responsible for several hair

problems like dandruff, split ends, hair loss, pre mature greying etc. Natural ingredients and herbal

products can be very effective in combating these problems. As far as soursop leaves are concerned,

much is not known about their benefits for hair. However, soursop leaves have the capability to


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inhibit the growth of parasites, besides other medicinal properties. Thus, applying a soursop leaf

decoction on your hair can help you to get rid of head lice [7].

FRUIT DESCRIPTION:

Figure 5:Annona muricatafruitThe soursop tree produces dark green, spiny aggregate fruits made up of berries fused together with

associated flower parts. The oval or heart-shaped and frequently irregular lopsided composite

soursop fruit is derived from the fusion of many fruitlets and can weigh more than 4 kg. The fruit

pulp consists of white fibrous juicy segments surrounding an elongated receptacle. In each fertile

segment there is a single oval, smooth hard, black seed {1/2}{3/4} in (1.252 cm) long. A fruit may

contain as few as 5 or up to 200 or more seeds. The reticulated leathery looking skin has short spines.

Its inner surface is cream-colored and granular and separates easily from the mass of white, fibrous

juicy segments which surround the central soft pithy core. In Puerto Rico, the seedling soursops are

roughly divided into three general classifications: sweet, subacid, and acid. These are subdivided as

round, heart-shaped, oblong, or angular and finally classed according to flesh consistency which

varies from soft and juicy to firm and comparatively dry. The soursop from the Annonaceae family is

found to be the most important tropical fruit that contributes much to the wider economic growth of

some of the tropical countries such as tropical America, Australia, Africa and Malaysia. The soursop

flavour possess a maximum of 114 volatile compounds that is found to be responsible for the whole

aroma profile, 44 esters, 25 terpenes, 10 alcohols, 9 aldehydes and ketones, 7 aromatic compounds,

5hydrocarbons, 3 acids, 3 lactones and 8 other miscellaneous compounds [8].

Soursop gives a flavour of custard when it is ripen condition and hence has a pleasant, distinctive

aroma and fibrous pulp that can be consumed because of its very juicy, creamy and sweet character.

The fruit has a weight of about four kilograms and it is found to be the largest in its family that lends

itself to be the processed into various other products such as juice blends, nectars, syrups, jams,

jellies and ice-creams [8].


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Figure 6: Cross section ofAnnona muricataFruit

Table 2: Nutrient Value per 100 grams servings forAnnona muricatafruit [9]

Sr. No. Nutrient Value

1

2

3

4

5

6

789

10

11

12

13

14

Vitamin: C

Calcium

Dietary Fiber

Iron

Calories

Protein

CholesterolSodiumSugars

Total Carbohydrate

Total Fat

Saturated Fat

Monounsaturated Fat

Polyunsaturated Fat

20.6

14

3.3 g

0.6

66

1 g

0 mg14 mg13.54g

16.84g

0.3g

0.05g

0.09g

0.06g

PHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF ANNONA MURICATASFRUIT:

By measurement of the respiration rate, soursop was classified as climacteric. Climacteric fruits are

often harvested in an immature state and ripened post-harvest. It is classified as a multiple

climacteric fruit owing to the berries that make up a single fruit being of different maturities and thus

ripening at different times.

Mature fruit produced a biphasic respiratory climacteric, with CO2 production reaching 100 mL/kg/h

and then 350 mL/kg/h at 25301C. Peak ethylene production (250350 mL/kg/h) occurred between

the two respiratory maxima. The respiratory climacteric of the harvested immature fruit tends to be

higher and later than that of mature fruit. As the fruit reaches maturity, there is a slight paling as the


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green chlorophyll peel colour changes to a slight yellowing green which may reflect a loss of

chlorophyll with carotenoids contributing more to overall peel colour. During the late ripening stage

the peel becomes dark brown, due possibly to chloroplast breakdown releasing polyphenol oxidases

causing oxidation and polymerization of phenols. Maturity can be detected as the skin becomes

smooth as the density of the spurs on the fruit surface reaches a minimum value (67 per12 cm2).

Also, the mature fruit is soft to the touch. Within 2 days of harvesting of soursop fruit, changes in the

molecular weight of the starch have been recorded while at 6 days from harvest only a small fraction

of the starch remains. Concomitant with the decline of ethanol fraction and starch is an increase in

ascorbic acid, total soluble solids, total soluble sugars, and total titratable acidity. Total soluble solids

increase to about 161Brix. The total sugars begin increasing 12 days from harvest at the same time

as the increase in respiration. Ethanol-soluble sugars increase rapidly as ripening progresses. Glucose

and fructose reach a maximum concentration 5 days after harvest. There is a marked decrease in pH

from 5.5 to 3.7 over the 3 days of ripening. The decrease in pH is correlated by an increase in

titratable acidity. The malic acid content begins to increase within 2 days of harvest and there is a 3-

fold increase during ripening. This increase in malic acid contributes to the acidic flavour of the fruit

and the decrease in pulp pH. Soursop volatile production varies during ripening. Prior to the rise in

respiration rate, there are few volatiles. Volatile production begins to increase drastically with

ethylene production within 2 days after the increase in the rate of respiration. The volatiles and

ethylene peak about 4 days after harvest and mark the optimum eating stage. Total ethanol-soluble

phenol first increases (10%), then declines to 50% of preclimacteric levels with the greatest decline

occurring after the climactic peak. The decline in phenols probably leads to a loss of astringency

during ripening and leads to a bland flavour of the slightly overripe fruit. Very overripe fruit has an

off-flavour due to low phenols, lower organic acids, and some fermentation. The physical, chemical,

and biochemical changes related to softening during maturation of Crioula soursop fruits (L.) were

studied in Brazil. The soursop fruits were harvested when physiologically mature and were stored at

26+/-0.60C and 88+/-12% relative humidity. During days 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5, no significant variation in

the soluble pectin content was found. Weight loss reached 5% in the fifth day, without causing fruit

shrivelling. Reductions in starch and in total pectin contents occurred during the period of greatest

enzymatic activity, respectively, of amylase and of polygalacturonase, and cell wall -galactosidase.

The most significant changes in the contents of starch and total pectin, in pectin solubilisation, and in

the activity of the enzymes amylase, pectin methylesterase, polygalacturonase, and cell wall -

galactosidase occurred from the second to the fourth day after harvest [8].


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Figure 7: A Raw Fruit Figure 8: A Ripe Bruised Fruit

TABLE 3: Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soursop Pulp and Puree [8]Physicochemical Analyses Pulp Puree

Titratable acidity (g/100g) as citric acid 1.020.43 0.610.02

Ascorbic acid (mg/100 g) 20.91.84 9.830.26

Pectinesterase (PE) activity (units/ g) 32.12.40 15.2 0.15

Cloud stability (at 660nm) 0.940.06 0.650.00

Total soluble solids (0Brix) 11.00 0.4 8.000.00

pH 3.700.06 3.700.04

Viscosity (cp) 25.600.14 19.200.16

Color 'L' 65.891.01 61.010.35

Color 'a' -2.240.10 -3.160.00

Color 'b' 6.040.55 3.830.10

Fructose, g/100 g 3.600.27 3.090.22

Glucose, g/100 g 2.970.24 2.900.29

Sucrose, g/100g 1.020.28 0.990.05

TABLE 4: Nutrient Composition (%) and Citrate (g/L) of Soursop Fruit [8]

Type of Analysis Unripe Soursop

Mesocarp

Powder

Unripe Soursop

Epicarp Powder

Ripe

Soursop

Juice

Bound moisture 2.14 4.72 75.0Total carbohydrate 84.82 84.94 12.52

Glucose NT NT 6.14

Protein 7.34 6.26 2.91

Lipid 1.68 0.62 3.25

Ash 4.02 3.43 NT

Fiber 4.33 41.15 0

Citrate NT NT 8.82

N.T.: not tested.


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TYPES OF ENZYMES INANNONA MURICATASFRUIT:

The enzymes pectinase, catalase, and peroxidase have been detected in soursop pulp. Pectinesterase

(PE) is one of the most heat-resistant enzymes present in soursop fruit which could lead to gelation

and precipitation of pectin in puree and juice with subsequent loss of cloud. Amylase was detected

during ripening and its activity increases 18-fold as the fruit ethylene increases [8].

COMPOSITIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOURSOP SEEDS:

The seeds of soursop fruit are rich in oil and protein and low in toxicants (tannins, phytate, and

cyanide) and therefore could be harnessed in human and animal nutrition. Soursop seeds contained

22.10% pale-yellow oil and 21.43% protein. The oil was bland in taste and possessed an acid value

of 0.93, a saponification value of 227.48, an iodine value of 111.07, and an acetyl value of 66.77.

The oil consisted of 28.07% saturated and 71.93% unsaturated fatty acids. The seeds yield a

yellowish-brown 70% unsaturated oil which consisted of 1233% linoleic, 4158% oleic, 16%

palmitic, and 5% stearic with a trace of myristic. This oil may have economic value as edible oil, if

some possibly toxic components can be removed. Table C shows some toxicants in the seed and seed

coat of soursop. The seed has a higher content of magnesium and zinc than the pulp, and the pulp has

a higher content of potassium and calcium than the peel or seeds. The seeds also contained 0.2%

water-soluble ash, 0.79% titratable acidity, and 17.0 mg calcium/100 g.

Figure 9: Seeds of Soursop

Chemical components of the seeds of Annona Muricata:Lactones

Annomonicina

Annomontacina

Annonacina

Annomuricatina

Annonacinona

Javoricina

It also contains:

Annomuricatina (protein)

Linoleic acid (lipid)Bullatacin


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Bullatacinone

Muricoreacin

Muihexocin C

Annom uricin A

Annom uricin B

Muricatocin AMuricatocin C

Muricapentocin [4]

TABLE 5: Some Toxicants in the Seed and Seed Coat of Soursop [8]

Parameter Seed Seed Coat

Tannin (mg/100 g) 2.6 4.9

Phytate (mg/100 g) 620.5 188.0

Cyanide (mg/kg) 3.7 10.8

PLANT CHEMICALS/PHYTOCHEMICALS:

Many active compounds and chemicals have been found in graviola, as scientists have been studying

its properties since the 1940s. Most of the research on graviola focuses on a novel set of chemicals

called Annonaceous acetogenins. Graviola produces these natural compounds in its leaf and stem,

bark, and fruit seeds. Three separate research groups have confirmed that these chemicals have

significant antitumorous properties and selective toxicity against various types of cancer cells

(without harming healthy cells) publishing eight clinical studies on their findings. Many of theacetogenins have demonstrated selective toxicity to tumour cells at very low dosagesas little as 1

part per million. Four studies were published in 1998 which further specify the chemicals and

acetogenins in graviola which are demonstrating the strongest anticancerous, antitumorous, and

antiviral properties. In a 1997 clinical study, novel alkaloids found in graviola fruit exhibited

antidepressive effects in animals. Annonaceous acetogenins are only found in the Annonaceae family

(to which graviola belongs). These chemicals in general have been documented with antitumorous,

antiparasitic, insecticidal, and antimicrobial activities. Mode of action studies in three separate

laboratories have recently determined that these acetogenins are superb inhibitors of enzyme

processes that are only found in the membranes of cancerous tumour cells. This is why they are toxic

to cancer cells but have no toxicity to healthy cells. In 1997, Purdue University published

information with promising news that several of the Annonaceous acetogenins were " not only are

effective in killing tumours that have proven resistant to anti-cancer agents, but also seem to have a

special affinity for such resistant cells." [10].

The Annonaceous acetogenins discovered in graviola include:


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Annocatalin, annohexocin, annomonicin, annomontacin, annomuricatin A & B, annomuricin A thru

E, annomutacin, annonacin, annonacinone, annopentocin A thru C, cis-annonacin, cis-corossolone,

cohibin A thru D, corepoxylone, coronin, corossolin, corossolone, donhexocin, epomuricenin A & B,

gigantetrocin, gigantetrocin A & B, gigantetrocinone, gigantetronenin, goniothalamicin, iso-

annonacin, javoricin, montanacin, montecristin, muracin A thru G, muricapentocin, muricatalicin,

muricatalin, muri-catenol, uricatetrocin A & B muricatin D, muricatocin A thru C muricin H,

muricin I, muricoreacin, murihexocin 3, murihexocin A thru C, murihexol, murisolin, robustocin,

rolliniastatin 1 & 2, saba-delin, solamin, uvariamicin I & IV, xylomaticin [10].

MOLECULAR MECHANISM of ANNONA MURICATAS FRUIT:

Annonaceous acetogenins, phytochemicals isolated from the leaves, bark and twigs of graviola, are

thought to be the active ingredients. The ethanolic extract of Annona muricata was found to inhibit

the Herpes simplex virus and effective against many cancer cell lines.

Alkaloids from graviola are detrimental to the survival of dopaminergic nerve cells in vitro. This

may result in neuronal dysfunction and degeneration. Graviola-induced cell death was inhibited by

the supplementation of glucose suggesting that cell death was caused by energy depletion [11].

TRADITIONAL USES OF ANNONA MURICATA:

According to world health organization (WHO), greater than 80% of the total worlds population

depends on the traditional medicines in order to satisfy their primary health care needs. It also

suggested in improving the technologies for cultivation of medicinal plants6. The chemical

substances of the medicinal plants which have the capacity of exerting a physiologic action on the

human body were the primary features. The bioactive compounds of plants such as alkaloids,

flavonoids, tannins and phenolic compounds were considered to be most important. The

phytochemical research that has been done based on the ethno-pharmacological information forms

the effective approach in the discovery of new anti-infective agents from higher plants.

Annona muricatafruit juice is widely consumed either raw or after processing in tropical countries

because of its very juicy, creamy and sweet character including its medicinal importance. All parts of

the graviola tree are used in natural medicine in the tropics, including the bark, leaves, roots, fruit,

and fruit seeds. Different properties and uses are attributed to the different parts of the tree.

Generally, the fruit and fruit juice are taken for worms and parasites, to cool fevers, to increase

mother's milk after childbirth, and as an astringent for diarrhoea and dysentery. The crushed seeds

are used against internal and external parasites, head lice, and worms. The bark, leaves, and roots are

considered sedative, antispasmodic, hypotensive, and nervine, and a tea is made for various disorders

toward those effects [3].


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TABLE 6: Worldwide Ethnomedical uses of Annona muricata [10]

WORLDWIDE ETHNOMEDICAL USES

Brazil for abscesses, bronchitis, chest problems, cough, diabetes, diarrhoea,

dysentery, edema, fever, intestinal colic, intestinal parasites, liverproblems, neuralgia, nervousness, pain, parasites, rheumatism, spasms,

worms

Caribbean for chills, fever, flu, indigestion, nervousness, palpitations, rash, spasms,

skin disease, and as a sedative

Curaao for childbirth, gallbladder problems, nervousness, and as a sedative and

tranquilizer

Haiti for digestive sluggishness, coughs, diarrhoea, fever, flu, heart conditions,

lactation aid, lice, nerves, parasites, pain, pellagra, sores, spasms,

weakness, wounds, and as a sedative

Jamaica for asthma, fevers, heart conditions, hypertension, lactation aid,

nervousness, parasites, spasms, water retention, weakness, worms, and as a

sedativeMalaysia for boils, coughs, diarrhoea, dermatosis, hypertension, rheumatism, and to

reduce bleeding

Mexico for diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, chest colds, ringworm, scurvy, and to

reduce bleeding

Panama for diarrhoea, dyspepsia, kidney, stomach ulcers, worms

Peru for diabetes, diarrhoea, dysentery, fever, hypertension, indigestion,

inflammation, lice, liver disorders, parasites, spasms, tumours, ulcers

(internal), and as a sedative

Trinidad for blood cleansing, fainting, flu, high blood pressure, insomnia, lactationaid, palpitations, ringworms

U.S.A. for cancer, depression, fungal infections, hypertension, intestinal parasites,tumours

West

Indies

for asthma, childbirth, diarrhoea, hypertension, lactation aid, parasites,

worms

Elsewhere for arthritis, asthma, bile insufficiency, childbirth, cancer, diarrhoea,

dysentery, fever, heart problems, kidney problems, lactation aid, lice, liver

disorders, malaria, pain, ringworm, scurvy, stomach problems, and as a

sedative

SOURSOP AS AN ANTI CANCER AGENT:

Graviola is used extensively in alternative cancer treatment and prevention; it has a high success rate.

There are phytochemicals in the leaves, seeds and stem of the guanabana which are cytotoxic against

various types of cancer cells. There is ongoing cancer-research on this plant concerning the specific

phytochemicals (Annonaceous acetogenins) that are demonstrating the strongest anticancer and

antiviral properties. It seems that in contrast with chemotherapy, that indiscriminately seeks and

destroys all actively reproducing cells, graviola selectively target enemy cells. It leaves all healthy

and normal cells undisturbed.


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Research has indicated that the Annonaceous acetogenins kill malignant cells of 12 different types of

cancer including breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, liver, lung, pancreatic and lymphoma. Sour-Sop or

the fruit from the graviola tree is a miraculous natural cancer cell killer - 10,000 times stronger than

Chemo. A study published in the Journal of Natural Products, following a recent study conducted at

Catholic University of South Korea stated that one chemical in Graviola was found to selectively kill

colon cancer cells at 10,000 times the potency of (the commonly used chemotherapy drug)

Adriamycin Research shows that with extracts from this miraculous tree it now may be possible

to: Attack cancer safely and effectively with an all-natural therapy that does not cause extreme

nausea, weight loss and hair loss, Protect your immune system and avoid deadly infections, Feel

stronger and healthier throughout the course of the treatment, Boost your energy and improve your

outlook on life. The source of this information is just as stunning: It comes from one of America's

largest drug manufacturers, the fruit of over 20 laboratory tests conducted since the 1970! What

those tests revealed was nothing short of mind numbing Extracts from the tree were shown to:

Effectively target and kill malignant cells in 12 types of cancer, including colon, breast, prostate,

lung and pancreatic cancer. The tree compounds proved to be up to 10,000 times stronger in slowing

the growth of cancer cells than Adriamycin, a commonly used chemotherapeutic drug! What's more,

unlike chemotherapy, the compound extracted from the Graviola tree selectively hunts down and

kills only cancer cells. It does not harm healthy cells [12].

HEALTH BENEFITS OF SOURSOP:

1. Curing Cancer

By eating the fruit soursop we can help to attack the cancer cells safely and naturally, without side

effects such as nausea, weight loss, or hair loss.

2. Increase Immune System

Substances contained in soursop fruit such as acetogenins, annocatacin, annocatalin, annohexocin,

annonacin, annomuricin, anomurine, anonol, caclourine, gentisic acid, gigantetronin, linoleic acid,

muricapentocin. It makes our body stay fit and improved. Help us against disease

3. Kill malignant cancer cells

Soursop leaf has an effective target and kills malignant cells for 12 types of cancer, including colon,

breast, prostate, lung and pancreatic cancer. Power works 10,000 times stronger in slowing the

growth of cancer cells compared with Adriamycin and chemo therapy is commonly used.

4. High Vitamin C

Vitamins are the most dominant in soursop fruit is vitamin C, which is around 20 mg per 100 grams

of fruit flesh. Requirement of vitamin C per person per day (i.e. 60 mg), have been met only by


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consuming 300 grams of meat soursop fruit. The content of vitamin C is high enough on soursop is

an excellent antioxidant to increase endurance and slow the aging process (stay young) and is one of

the benefits of soursop fruit that we can take.

5. Medicine for haemorrhoids and pain reliever

In addition to juice drinks are also good to cure haemorrhoids, waist pain, and help your appetite so

our appetite good.

6. Rich in Fiber

In addition to nutritional components, soursop fruit is also very rich in non-nutritional components.

One of them is to contain a lot of fiber (dietary fiber); fiber is very good for digestive health.

7. Preventing Osteoporosis

Soursop fruit contains phosphorus and calcium is high enough - very good for strong bones and to

prevent osteoporosis.

8. Increase Energy

The content of fructose in soursop can keep you fresh, and can drain energy. This is because fructose

is a simple sugar (monosaccharide) found in many fruits. This could be a good natural source of

carbohydrates for the body.

9. Help cure many diseases

Soursop fruit juice, taken twice daily, can help overcome kidney disease, liver problems, urinary

tract infection (also known as urethritis) and hematuria (blood in the urine or)

10. Preventing Bacterial infections

The fleshy part of the fruit, if applied to any cuts will accelerate the healing process and also prevent

bacterial infection.

11. Prevent nerve damage and maintain a healthy heart

The content of vitamin B1 able to accelerate metabolism, blood circulation, prevents nerve damage,

restoring the edges and central nervous disorders. The content of vitamin B2 is required for the

body's energy production, fat storage, nervous system function, and maintenance of the heart muscle

[13].

CONTRAINDICATIONS ABOUT ANNONA MURICATA:

Graviola has demonstrated uterine stimulant activity in an animal study (rats) and should therefore

not be used during pregnancy. Graviola has demonstrated hypotensive, vasodilator, and cardio

depressant activities in animal studies and is contraindicated for people with low blood pressure.

People taking antihypertensive drugs should check with their doctors before taking graviola and

monitor their blood pressure accordingly (as medications may need adjusting). Graviola has


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demonstrated significant in vitro antimicrobial properties. Chronic, long-term use of this plant may

lead to die-off of friendly bacteria in the digestive tract due to its antimicrobial properties.

Supplementing the diet with probiotics and digestive enzymes is advisable if this plant is used for

longer than 30 days [10].

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS FRUITS OF ANNONACEAE FAMILY WITH

ANNONA MURICATA:

TABLE 7: Comparative analysis of various fruits of Annonaceae family withAnnona Muricata

Medicinal Activities

Annona

Muricata

Annona

Squamosa

Annona

Cherimola

Annona

Senegalensis

Antibacterial Activity Yes Yes - -

Anti-diabetic Activity Yes Yes Yes -

Anti Genotoxic Agent Yes Yes - -

Antimicrobial activity Yes Yes Yes Yes

Antihyperlipidemic Activity Yes Yes - -

AntioxidantActivity Yes Yes Yes -

Anti-Head lice effect Yes Yes - -

Antitumour Activity Yes Yes Yes -

Cytotoxic Activity Yes Yes - Yes

Antiparasitic activity Yes - - Yes

Anti-inflammatory activity Yes Yes - Yes

Antiviral activity Yes Yes - -

Antianxiety activity Yes - Yes -

Antidiarrhoeal Activity Yes - - Yes

Antimalarial Activity Yes - - Yes

Anticonvulsant Activity - - - Yes

Wound Healing Activity Yes - - -

Anticarcinogenic Activity Yes - - -Anti-Hyperlipidemic Activity Yes - - -

Chemopreventive / Skin

Papillomagenesis Activity Yes - - -

It has been found thatAnnona Muricataexhibits its effectiveness in majority of medicinal activities.

Extracts from Graviola (Annona muricata), have been shown in research to inhibit the Herpes

Simplex virus, and to have anti-viral, anti-parasitic, anti-rhumatic and cytoxic effects. The

antinociceptive activity of orally administered ethanol extract of Annona muricata leaf was


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demonstrated in mice and rats. Annona muricata leaves have antioxidant effect and this could be one

of the contributory factors in producing its antiulcerogenic effect [11].

Acetic acid injected into peritoneal cavity is believed to be able lead to an increase of

cyclooxygenaseIt has been reported to show activity against multi-drug resistant cancer cells, and it's

cytoxic ability has been shown with a number of cancer cell lines, particularly prostate and

pancreatic cancers [14].The Annonaceous acetogenins found especially in Graviola kill malignant

cells of 12 different types of cancer including breast, ovarian, colon, prostate, liver, lung, pancreatic

and lymphoma as compared to the other fruit species of Annonaceae family [15],[16],[17].

CONCLUSIONS:

Annona muricatafruit offers significantly greater medicinal benefits as compared to the other fruits.

Apart from its various medicinal properties, acetogenins in Annona muricata show potent anti-

carcinogenic activity which selectively attack cancerous cells without harming healthy cells.

Annona muricatathus appears to meet the popular definition of a "Miracle Fruit".

COMPETING INTERESTS:

The authors declare that they donthave any competing interests.

AUTHOR'S CONTRIBUTION:

The authors have prepared this review with the detailed perusal of the literature/library work and

information represented have been thoroughly examined and approved in the framing manuscript.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The author sincerely thanks for the support given by library of Post Graduate Teaching Department

of Chemistry, R.T.M., Nagpur University, Nagpur- 440033 (MS) India to carry out this

review/literature work.

REFERENCES:

1. FN Mbagwu. The allelopathic effects of crude water extracts of Annona muricata on

common weeds, International Journal of Natural and Applied Sciences, 2006, Vol 2, No 4

:341-344

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3.

Gajalakshmi S, Vijayalakshmi S, Rajeshwari Devi V. Phytochemical and Pharmacological

Properties of Annona Muricata: A Review, Int J Pharm Sci,2012, Vol 4, Issue 2: 3-6

4.

Morton, J. In: Fruits of warm climates, 1987, Soursop: 7580.


6. Cosme Kossouoh , Mansour Moudachirou , Victor Adjakidje , Jean-Claude Chalchat c&

Gilles Figurdo. Essential Oil Chemical Composition of Annona muricata L. Leaves from
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Benin, Journal of Essential Oil Research(2007),19:4, 307-309,

7. ,

Accessed February 1, 2014.

8. Badrie N. and Schauss A.G. Soursop (Annona muricata L.):Composition, Nutritional Value,

Medicinal Uses, and Toxicology, Bioactive Foods in Promoting Health, 2010, Ch. 39: 621-

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10.Taylor L. Graviola,

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Volpe A. Annona Muricata Phytochemicals, ,


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14.Oberlies NH, Chang CJ, McLaughlin JL. J Med Chem.1997 Jun 20; 40(13):2102-6.

15.Pandey N., Barve D. International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical and Biomedical

Sciences,2011, Vol 2(4):1404-1412

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Jyothi B.A, Venkatesh K, Chakrapani P, Roja Rani A. International Journal of Phytomedicine

3 (2011) 439-447.

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